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Responsibility Measures for Conjunctive Queries with Negation
No full textInternational audienceWe contribute to the recent line of work on responsibility measures that quantify the contributions of database facts to obtaining a query result. In contrast to existing work which has almost exclusively focused on monotone queries, here we explore how to define responsibility measures for unions of conjunctive queries with negated atoms (UCQ¬). After first investigating the question of what constitutes a reasonable notion of qualitative explanation or relevance for queries with negated atoms, we propose two approaches, one assigning scores to (positive) database facts and the other also considering negated facts. Our approaches, which are orthogonal to the previously studied score of Reshef et al., can be used to lift previously studied scores for monotone queries, known as drastic Shapley and weighted sums of minimal supports (WSMS), to UCQ¬. We investigate the data and combined complexity of the resulting measures, notably showing that the WSMS measures are tractable in data complexity for all UCQ¬ and further establishing tractability in combined complexity for suitable classes of conjunctive queries with negation
Bottleneck size manipulation through the introduction of large-radius alkali ions in Na sites of a NaSICON solid electrolyte: A computational proof of concept
No full textInternational audienceNaSICON electrolytes, such as Na1+xZr2(SiO4)x(PO4)3–x (NZSP), constitute promising candidates for solid-state battery (SSB) development. Research on such fast superionic conductors has primarily focused on two key phenomena acting specifically on Na+ ion migration: (i) the Na-concentration-driven modulation effect and (ii) the incidence of substitution. While numerous experimental and computational studies have established the fundamental role of concerted migration in ionic conduction, the precise influence of bottleneck size along with its dependence on NaSICON composition remains elusive. In view of participating in this research field and following an experimentally tested strategy, suggesting that the migration bottleneck can be expanded by partially substituting diffusing Na+ ions with larger-radius alkali elements, we investigated the impact of the introduction of such point defects (i.e. K+ or Cs+ replacing Na+) on structural and Na+ diffusion aspects in the NZSP crystal structure. A proof of concept of the interest linked to this unconventional doping approach has been searched for. Theoretical investigations relying on density functional theory (DFT) and subsequent kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were involved to unravel interrelations between the ionic radius of the substituting ion and bottleneck sizes, structural changes, diffusion pathways, and ionic conductivity features. Apart from an opening of the bottleneck along the migration path as a common feature, a clear differentiation between both kinds of substituents was evidenced on various aspects, K-NZSP outperforming the undoped counterpart and effectively enabling the maximization of ionic conductivity in these envisaged NaSICON-type matrices. Furthermore, the identification─emerging from this study─of a critical bottleneck size in such systems may contribute to provide a further key clue and lead to well thought-out crystal chemical engineering of improved materials for this research area
Rethinking Central Bank Money: The Endogeneity of CBDCs and post-Keynesian Theory
No full textInternational audienceThis paper examines how Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) interact with post-Keynesian theories of endogenous money, focusing on two main issuance scenarios: conversion from existing bank deposits and discretionary issuance by the central bank. By mobilising the debate between horizontalists, structuralists and institutionalists, our analysis shows that issuing CBDCs against deposits is fully compatible with endogenous money theory. Discretionary issuance, where money would be created without prior demand for it and with no relation to banks’ financing operations, raises critical questions and challenges traditional post-Keynesian views, as it introduces an exogenous component into the money supply. However, drawing on recent theoretical advances, particularly the distinction between instrument-level and system-level endogeneity, we argue that CBDCs may transform monetary regimes without necessarily undermining the endogeneity of money at the system level. Although CBDCs do not inherently undermine the endogeneity of money, their macroeconomic impact and political acceptability depend on their design and the broader institutional context. In particular, discretionary issuance opens new possibilities for monetary policy, akin to a digital form of helicopter money, but raises important concerns regarding central bank independence, financial stability, and democratic legitimacy
Les Arkéofacts. Manuels d'archéologie presque sérieux. Tome 1, Formation et terrain : guide de survie
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Shoulder rotators isokinetic profile according to instability and/or sport specificity: Implications for rehabilitation
No full textInternational audienceObjectives: To (i) describe the shoulder rotator muscle profiles across healthy, unstable, and athletic contexts, and (ii) to compare the usual Peak Torque (PT-method) and the Angular Range (AR-method).Design: Retrospective analysis of data collected cross-sectionally.Setting: Hospital. Each participant participated in isokinetic evaluations of the shoulder rotator muscles at 60°.s-1 (concentric/eccentric) for both shoulders.Participants: 239 participants of 24.7 (7.5) years INTERVENTION: None.Main outcome measures: We recorded the PT and AR mean torque by 10°, and we calculated the antagonist/agonist ratios. We used a two-way repeated measures ANOVA with a correction for multiplicity to compare laterality (i.e., side-to-side) and contexts (i.e., no-overhead sports healthy, no-overhead sports with unstable shoulder, overhead sports healthy and overhead sports with unstable shoulder RESULTS: Concentric PT of external rotators were significantly lower in no-overhead athletes with shoulder instability than healthy no-overhead athletes (p=0.007) and than healthy overhead athletes (p=0.029). The AR highlighted significant (p<0.05) lower concentric external and internal rotator muscles strength: i) in no-overhead athletes with shoulder instability than in healthy no-overhead athletes; ii) in healthy overhead athletes than in healthy no-overhead athletes; iii) in no-overhead athletes with shoulder instability than in healthy overhead athletes. No significant difference was observed in the eccentric modality or in the PT/AR ratios. Significant side-to-side differences (p<0.05) between dominant and non-dominant sides were reported by both PT and AR methods.Conclusion: Only the concentric muscle profiles differed across context groups. The AR allowed for a more precise detection of shoulder muscle adaptations by identifying unique muscle signatures in the moment-angle relationship. These 10° angular range measurements offer complementary information and enhance the clinical utility of isokinetic profiling compared to the traditional PT-method
Histoire du basket-ball dans les Landes: concurrence et complémentarité des réseaux sportifs catholiques et laïques (1930-1960)
No full textInternational audienceThis article is situated within the field of the social history of sports practices in the 20th century. It explores the development of basketball from its introduction in the Landes department (1930) to the late 1960s. Drawing partially from and discussing previous works (Augustin, 1985), it hypothesizes that the emergence and growth of this sport are linked to the competition between secular organizations and Catholic patronages. To support this, the study relies on written propaganda sources from both spheres (institutional archives and media outlets) as well as selected testimonies (from leaders or activists). While a rivalry did indeed exist, revealing strong ideological oppositions, the study also concludes that there were unexpected and ultimately unprecedented forms of cooperation in the administration of this sport at the departmental level. This research helps to relativize and nuance the generally highlighted antagonism in the history of secular and Catholic sports, which was ultimately more pronounced in discourse than in the actual practices.L’article se situe dans le champ de l’histoire sociale des pratiques sportives au XXème siècle. Il explore le développement du basket-ball de son apparition dans le département des Landes (1930) à la fin des années 1960. Reprenant partiellement et discutant des travaux anciens (Augustin, 1985), il fait l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’amorce puis la croissance de ce sport sont liées à la concurrence entre les sociétés issues du réseau laïque et les patronages catholiques. Pour cela, il s’appuie sur des sources écrites de propagande des deux sphères (archives institutionnelles et organes d’information) ainsi que sur quelques témoignages ciblés (acteurs dirigeants ou militants). Si une rivalité a bien eu lieu, et révèle de fortes oppositions idéologiques, il faut cependant aussi conclure à des modes de coopération assez insoupçonnés et finalement inédits dans l’administration de ce sport à l’échelle du département. Cette étude permet de relativiser et de nuancer l’antagonisme généralement relevé dans l’histoire des sports laïques et catholiques, ici finalement plus vif dans les discours que dans la réalité des pratiques
Problème d'optimisation combinatoire : empilements de jetons sur des grilles particulières
No full textSoumis à la revue Petit xDans cet article nous proposons deux extensions d'un problème d'optimisation d'empilements de jetons. Initialement présenté sur des graphes grilles voire plus simplement sur grilles rectangulaires, nous présentons deux autres variantes sur des grilles triangulaires et hexagonales de côté n>=1
Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and components in relation to breast cancer risk: A nested case-control study in the E3N-Generations cohort
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Previous studies on the association between airborne particulate matter(PM), particularly PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀, and breast cancer have shown inconsistent results,potentially due to variations in particle composition. To address this, we investigatedthe relationship between breast cancer and exposure to individual PM2.5 and PM10components, as well as their combined effects, in the French E3N-Generation.Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study within the cohort (1990–2011),including 5,222 incident breast cancer cases matched to 5,222 controls. Annual meanconcentrations (μg/m³) of pollutants at residential addresses were estimated usingthe CHIMERE chemistry-transport model from 1990 to the index date. Exposureassessment included nine PM components: ammonium, sulfates, black carbon,polychlorobiphenyl-153 (PCB153), nitrates, benzo[a]pyrene, cadmium, dioxins, andSaharan dust. We evaluated single-pollutant effects using simple and logisticregression, and mixture effects using Quantile G-computation (QGC) and BayesianKernel Machine Regression (BKMR).Results: Significant positive associations with breast cancer (Odds Ratios andconfidence intervals for one SD increase (controls distribution) were found forammonium (OR=1.19; 95%CI:1.05–1.35, sulfate (OR=1.17; 95%CI:1.02–1.34), PCB153(OR=1.16; 95%CI:1.08–1.26), nitrate (OR=1.15; 95%CI:1.01–1.32,black carbon(OR=1.12; 95%CI:1.05–1.19), cadmium (OR=1.05; 95%CI:1.00–1.11). QGC showed apositive association with breast cancer for a one-quartile increase in joint exposure(OR=1.22; 95% CI:1.00–1.50) with cadmium and nitrate as major contributors. BKMRconfirmed a significant positive association between the mixture and breast cancer.Conclusion: The consistency between single-pollutant and mixture analyses supportsa role for multiple PM components acting jointly on breast cancer risk. These resultssuggest that the chemical composition of PM, rather than individual pollutants alone,is a key determinant of breast cancer risk, highlighting the importance of consideringpollutant composition in air pollution research
L’intégration du droit international dans l’ordre juridique interne, vecteur de reconfiguration du droit constitutionnel français
No full textInternational audienceينظم المادة 55 من الدستور سيادة المعاهدات على القانون، شريطة أن تكون قد تمت المصادقة عليها أو الموافقة عليها بشكل قانوني، ونشرها وتطبيقها بشكل متبادل. وكان الهدف الأصلي من هذه القاعدة، المستوحاة من كيلسن، هو ضمان حل بسيط للنزاعات بين القواعد الدستورية الفرعية، مع بقاء الدستور المصدر السيادي الذي يحدد مكانة المعاهدات في النظام الداخلي. وبعد أن أعلن المجلس الدستوري عدم اختصاصه بممارسة الرقابة على المعاهدات، أصبح القضاة العاديون، منذ قضية جاك فابر ونيكولو، هم الذين يرفضون القوانين غير المتوافقة مع المعاهدات. وقد أدى هذا الصعود في قوة مراقبة المطابقة للمعاهدات إلى إعادة تشكيل عميقة للصلة بين القانون الداخلي والقانون الدولي. ويستورد القضاة، لا سيما تحت تأثير الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان وقانون الاتحاد الأوروبي، معايير وأساليب تفسير - التناسبية، وفعالية سبل الانتصاف، والضمانات الإجرائية - التي تغذي الآن التفكير الدستوري. دون قلب التسلسل الهرمي للمعايير بشكل رسمي، تساهم هذه الديناميكية في تدويل القانون الدستوري الفرنسي وفي تحقيق التعددية حيث تظل الدستور في القمة، مع خضوعها لمتطلبات فوق وطنية.Artikel 55 der Verfassung legt die bedingte Vorrangstellung von Verträgen gegenüber innerstaatlichem Recht fest, sofern diese ordnungsgemäß ratifiziert oder genehmigt, veröffentlicht und gegenseitig angewendet werden. Diese von Kelsen inspirierte Regel sollte ursprünglich die einfache Lösung von Konflikten zwischen infrakonstitutionellen Normen gewährleisten, wobei die Verfassung die souveräne Quelle bleibt, die den Stellenwert von Verträgen in der innerstaatlichen Rechtsordnung bestimmt. Da sich der Verfassungsrat für unzuständig erklärt hat, die Übereinstimmung mit Verträgen zu kontrollieren, sind es seit Jacques Vabre und Nicolo die ordentlichen Richter, die unkonventionelle Gesetze außer Kraft setzen. Diese Zunahme der Macht der Konventionalitätskontrolle hat das Verhältnis zwischen innerstaatlichem Recht und Völkerrecht tiefgreifend verändert. Die Richter, insbesondere unter dem Einfluss der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention und des EU-Rechts, übernehmen Standards und Auslegungsmethoden – Verhältnismäßigkeit, Wirksamkeit von Rechtsbehelfen, Verfahrensgarantien –, die nun in die verfassungsrechtliche Argumentation einfließen. Ohne die Normenhierarchie formell umzustürzen, trägt diese Dynamik zur Internationalisierung des französischen Verfassungsrechts und zu einem Pluralismus bei, in dem die Verfassung an der Spitze bleibt, aber von supranationalen Anforderungen durchdrungen ist.Article 55 of the Constitution establishes the conditional supremacy of treaties over domestic law, provided that they are duly ratified or approved, published and applied reciprocally. This rule, inspired by Kelsen, was initially intended to ensure the simple resolution of conflicts between infra-constitutional norms, with the Constitution remaining the sovereign source determining the place of treaties in the domestic legal order. Since the Constitutional Council has declared itself incompetent to exercise control over conformity with treaties, it is the ordinary judges who, since Jacques Vabre and Nicolo, have been setting aside unconventional laws. This rise in the power of conventionality control has profoundly reconfigured the relationship between domestic law and international law. Judges, particularly under the influence of the European Convention on Human Rights and EU law, are importing standards and methods of interpretation — proportionality, effectiveness of remedies, procedural guarantees — which now inform constitutional reasoning. Without formally overturning the hierarchy of norms, this dynamic contributes to the internationalisation of French constitutional law and to a pluralism in which the Constitution remains at the top, while being permeated by supranational requirements.El artículo 55 de la Constitución establece la supremacía condicional de los tratados sobre la ley, siempre que sean debidamente ratificados o aprobados, publicados y aplicados de manera recíproca. Esta norma, de inspiración kelseniana, tenía inicialmente por objeto garantizar una simple resolución de los conflictos entre normas infraconstitucionales, ya que la Constitución seguía siendo la fuente soberana que determinaba el lugar de los tratados en el ordenamiento interno. Dado que el Consejo Constitucional se declaró incompetente para ejercer un control de convencionalidad, son los jueces ordinarios quienes, a partir de los casos Jacques Vabre y Nicolo, rechazan las leyes no convencionales. Este refuerzo del control de convencionalidad ha reconfigurado profundamente la articulación entre el derecho interno y el derecho internacional. Los jueces, en particular bajo la influencia del Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos y del Derecho de la Unión, importan normas y métodos de interpretación —proporcionalidad, eficacia de los recursos, garantías procesales— que ahora alimentan el razonamiento constitucional. Sin alterar formalmente la jerarquía de las normas, esta dinámica contribuye a una internacionalización del derecho constitucional francés y a un pluralismo en el que la Constitución sigue estando en la cima, a pesar de estar atravesada por exigencias supranacionales.L’article 55 de la Constitution organise la supériorité conditionnée des traités sur la loi, dès lors qu’ils sont régulièrement ratifiés ou approuvés, publiés et appliqués de manière réciproque. Cette règle, d’inspiration kelsénienne, visait initialement à assurer une simple résolution des conflits entre normes infra-constitutionnelles, la Constitution demeurant la source souveraine déterminant la place des traités dans l’ordre interne. Le Conseil constitutionnel s’étant déclaré incompétent pour exercer un contrôle de conventionalité, ce sont les juges ordinaires qui, depuis Jacques Vabre et Nicolo, écartent les lois inconventionnelles. Cette montée en puissance du contrôle de conventionalité a profondément reconfiguré l’articulation entre droit interne et droit international. Les juges, notamment sous l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et du droit de l’Union, importent des standards et méthodes d’interprétation — proportionnalité, effectivité des recours, garanties procédurales — qui irriguent désormais le raisonnement constitutionnel. Sans renverser formellement la hiérarchie des normes, cette dynamique contribue à une internationalisation du droit constitutionnel français et à un pluralisme où la Constitution reste au sommet, tout en étant traversée par des exigences supranationales.L'articolo 55 della Costituzione sancisce la supremazia condizionata dei trattati sulla legge, purché siano regolarmente ratificati o approvati, pubblicati e applicati in modo reciproco. Questa norma, di ispirazione kelseniana, mirava inizialmente a garantire una semplice risoluzione dei conflitti tra norme infra-costituzionali, poiché la Costituzione rimaneva la fonte sovrana che determinava il posto dei trattati nell'ordinamento interno. Poiché il Consiglio costituzionale si è dichiarato incompetente ad esercitare un controllo di convenzionalità, sono i giudici ordinari che, a partire da Jacques Vabre e Nicolo, respingono le leggi non convenzionali. Questo rafforzamento del controllo di convenzionalità ha profondamente riconfigurato l'articolazione tra diritto interno e diritto internazionale. I giudici, in particolare sotto l'influenza della Convenzione europea dei diritti dell'uomo e del diritto dell'Unione, importano standard e metodi di interpretazione – proporzionalità, efficacia dei ricorsi, garanzie procedurali – che ora alimentano il ragionamento costituzionale. Senza ribaltare formalmente la gerarchia delle norme, questa dinamica contribuisce a un'internazionalizzazione del diritto costituzionale francese e a un pluralismo in cui la Costituzione rimane al vertice, pur essendo attraversata da esigenze sovranazionali.O artigo 55.º da Constituição estabelece a superioridade condicional dos tratados sobre a lei, desde que sejam devidamente ratificados ou aprovados, publicados e aplicados de forma recíproca. Esta regra, de inspiração kelseniana, visava inicialmente assegurar uma simples resolução de conflitos entre normas infraconstitucionais, permanecendo a Constituição a fonte soberana que determina o lugar dos tratados na ordem interna. Tendo o Conselho Constitucional se declarado incompetente para exercer um controlo de convencionalidade, são os juízes ordinários que, desde Jacques Vabre e Nicolo, rejeitam as leis não convencionais. Este aumento do controlo da convencionalidade reconfigurou profundamente a articulação entre o direito interno e o direito internacional. Os juízes, nomeadamente sob a influência da Convenção Europeia dos Direitos Humanos e do direito da União, importam normas e métodos de interpretação — proporcionalidade, eficácia dos recursos, garantias processuais — que agora alimentam o raciocínio constitucional. Sem inverter formalmente a hierarquia das normas, esta dinâmica contribui para uma internacionalização do direito constitucional francês e para um pluralismo em que a Constituição permanece no topo, embora seja atravessada por exigências supranacionais.Статья 55 Конституции устанавливает условное превосходство международных договоров над законом, если они были должным образом ратифицированы или одобрены, опубликованы и применяются на взаимной основе. Эта норма, вдохновленная идеями Келсена, изначально была направлена на простое урегулирование конфликтов между инфраконституционными нормами, при этом Конституция оставалась высшим источником, определяющим место международных договоров во внутреннем правопорядке. Поскольку Конституционный совет заявил о своей некомпетентности в вопросах контроля за соответствием международным договорам, с момента вынесения дел Jacques Vabre и Nicolo отклонение несоответствующих международным договорам законов осуществляется обычными судьями. Это усиление контроля за соответствием конвенциям глубоко изменило взаимосвязь между внутренним правом и международным правом. Судьи, в частности под влиянием Европейской конвенции о правах человека и права Европейского союза, импортируют стандарты и методы толкования — пропорциональность, эффективность средств правовой защиты, процессуальные гарантии — которые теперь лежат в основе конституционного мышления. Не нарушая формально иерархию норм, эта динамика способствует интернационализации французского конституционного права и плюрализму, при котором Конституция остается на вершине, но при этом подвергается влиянию наднациональных требований.宪法第55条规定，条约经正式批准或核准、公布并相互适用后，即具有高于法律的效力。这条源于凯尔森思想的规则，最初旨在确保宪法以下规范之间的冲突得到简单解决，因为宪法仍是决定条约在国内秩序中地位的最高权威。宪法委员会宣布无权行使条约合规性审查权，因此自雅克·瓦布尔和尼科洛案以来，由普通法官负责废除不符合条约的法律。条约合规性审查权力的增强，深刻重塑了国内法与国际法的衔接关系。法官们，特别是受《欧洲人权公约》和欧盟法的影响，引入了比例原则、救济有效性、程序保障等解释标准和方法，这些标准和方法如今已渗透到宪法推理中。这种动态在不正式颠覆规范等级制度的前提下，推动了法国宪法的国际化进程，形成了宪法居于顶点但同时受到超国家要求影响的多元主义格局
