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La femme sous l'angle des droits fondamentaux
No full textBy their universality, fundamental rights aim to protect the most essential values of any individual. However, their efficiency presupposes respect of the principle of equality, which is not only limited to an uniform treatment : it implies different situations call for different treatments, in order to ensure real equality. Fundamental rights, by their universality, aim to protect the most essential values of every individual. Their effectiveness presupposes, however, respect for the principle of equality, which is not limited to uniform treatment: it implies that different situations call for differential treatment, in order to ensure real equality. However, women, because of their own biological and social specificities, often find themselves in special situations that justify increased protection. Yet women often end up, because of their own biological and social specificities, in special situations that justify an increased protection. This specificity leads to a distinction between two forms of protection. The first one, which is explicit, consists in providing devices designed directly for women in situations that only concern them, such as pregnancy or motherhood. The second one is implicit and acts through general rules applicable to all, but of which women end up being the main beneficiaries because of their particular exposure to certain social phenomena such as domestic violence, where women represent the vast majority of victims. Nevertheless the articulation of these two forms of protection reveals structural insufficiencies. Although numerous, the texts come up against an incomplete application and this leaves a significant gap between the proclamation of rights and their concrete effectiveness. On top of that, certain issues specific to women remain insufficiently supervised or ignored by the legislator, which maintains persistent discrimination in essential areas such as the economy or health. The analysis thus highlights the need for a two-fold approach : on one hand, strengthening the application and effectiveness of existing schemes in order to ensure their full effectiveness, and on the other hand, considering new ways for improvement to fill the current gaps and ensure a more complete and equitable protection of women's fundamental rights.Les droits fondamentaux, par leur universalité, visent à protéger les valeurs les plus essentielles de tout individu. Leur effectivité suppose cependant le respect du principe d’égalité, lequel ne se limite pas à un traitement uniforme : il implique que des situations différentes appellent un traitement différencié, afin d’assurer une égalité réelle. Or, les femmes, en raison de spécificités biologiques et sociales qui leur sont propres, se trouvent souvent dans des situations particulières qui justifient une protection accrue. Cette spécificité conduit à distinguer deux formes de protection. La première, explicite, consiste à prévoir des dispositifs visant directement les femmes dans les situations qui ne les concernent qu’elles, comme la grossesse ou la maternité. La seconde, implicite, agit par l’intermédiaire de normes générales applicables à tous, mais dont les femmes demeurent les principales bénéficiaires en raison de leur exposition particulière à certains phénomènes sociaux. Tel est notamment le cas des violences conjugales, où les femmes représentent la grande majorité des victimes. L’articulation de ces deux formes de protection révèle néanmoins des insuffisances structurelles. Les textes, bien que nombreux, se heurtent à une application imparfaite, qui laisse subsister un écart significatif entre la proclamation des droits et leur effectivité concrète. De plus, certaines problématiques spécifiques aux femmes demeurent insuffisamment encadrées ou ignorées par le législateur, ce qui entretient des discriminations persistantes dans des domaines essentiels tels que l’économie ou la santé. L’analyse met ainsi en lumière la nécessité d’un double mouvement : d’une part, renforcer l’application et l’efficacité des dispositifs existants afin d’assurer leur pleine effectivité ; d’autre part, envisager de nouvelles pistes d’amélioration pour combler les lacunes actuelles et garantir une protection plus complète et plus équitable des droits fondamentaux des femmes
It is not only whether I approach but also why I approach: A registered report on the role of action framing in approach/avoidance training effects
No full textInternational audienceResearch on approach/avoidance training (AAT) effects shows that approach (i.e., reducing the distance between the self and a stimulus) leads to more positive evaluations of stimuli than avoidance (i.e., increasing the distance between the self and a stimulus). The present experiments relied on a grounded cognition approach to extend this finding by investigating the framing-dependency of AAT effects on facial representations of target stimuli. In a Preliminary Experiment, using antagonistic types of approach (affiliative vs. aggressive) and a reverse correlation paradigm, we found that approach led to more positive facial representations than avoidance when approach was portrayed as affiliative, but this effect decreased and tended to reverse (i.e., yielding more negative facial representations) when approach was portrayed as aggressive. Two registered experiments extended these results while also addressing important limitations of the Preliminary Experiment. First, to prevent any contrast emerging from the joint use of approach and avoidance, Experiment 1 isolated the unique effects of affiliative approach, aggressive approach, and avoidance compared to a control action. We also explored whether aggressive approach and avoidance (two negatively valenced yet distinct actions) produced negative effects characterized by divergent outcomes on facial features (e.g., weak vs. dominant). Second, Experiment 2 tested the importance of the experiential component of approach/avoidance actions by comparing the AAT with a mere instructions condition. Results of Experiments 1 and 2 proved consistent with a framing-dependency of AAT effects. Unveiling the framing-dependency of AAT effects challenges some of the current theoretical views on AAT effects
La créolisation des musiques noires des États-Unis, l’intérêt des récits d’anciens esclaves recueillis dans les années 1930
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Asymptotic optimality of a class of controlled non-Markov processes
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Molecular pentaquarks from light-meson exchange saturation
No full textInternational audienceTheoretical predictions for the spectrum of heavy meson-baryon bound states are a fundamental tool for disentangling the nature of the different pentaquark states that have been observed in experimental facilities. Here we explore this spectrum in a phenomenological model that describes the heavy meson-baryon interaction in terms of a contact-range interaction, where the coupling strength is saturated by the exchange of light scalar and vector mesons, i.e. , and exchanges. Saturation determines the couplings modulo an unknown proportionality constant that can be calibrated from a molecular candidate. If we use the as input, we predict a series of molecular pentaquarks including the and , the recent and the
FISTA restart using an automatic estimation of the growth parameter
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we propose a restart scheme for FISTA (Fast Iterative Shrinking-Threshold Algorithm). This method which is a generalization of Nesterov's accelerated gradient algorithm is widely used in the field of large convex optimization problems and it provides fast convergence results under a strong convexity assumption. These convergence rates can be extended for weaker hypotheses such as the \L{}ojasiewicz property but it requires prior knowledge on the function of interest. In particular, most of the schemes providing a fast convergence for non-strongly convex functions satisfying a quadratic growth condition involve the growth parameter which is generally not known. Recent works show that restarting FISTA could ensure a fast convergence for this class of functions without requiring any knowledge on the growth parameter. We improve these restart schemes by providing a better asymptotical convergence rate and by requiring a lower computation cost. We present numerical results emphasizing the efficiency of this method
kairos: Analysis of Chronological Patterns from Archaeological Count Data
No full textA toolkit for absolute dating and analysis of chronological patterns. This package includes functions for chronological modeling and dating of archaeological assemblages from count data. It allows to compute time point estimates and density estimates of the occupation and duration of an archaeological site
Aerosol spectral optical properties in the Paris urban area and its peri-urban and forested surroundings during summer 2022 from ACROSS surface observations
No full textInternational audienceAbstract. The complex refractive index (CRI; n−ik) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) are key parameters driving the aerosol direct radiative effect. Their spatial, temporal, and spectral variabilities in anthropogenic–biogenic mixed environments are poorly understood. In this study, we retrieve the spectral CRI and SSA (370–950 nm wavelength range) from in situ surface optical measurements and the number size distribution of submicron aerosols at three sites in the greater Paris area, representative of the urban city, as well as its peri-urban and forested rural environments. Measurements were taken as part of the ACROSS (Atmospheric Chemistry of the Suburban Forest) campaign in June–July 2022 under diversified conditions: (1) two heatwaves leading to high aerosol levels, (2) an intermediate period with low aerosol concentrations, and (3) an episode of long-range-transported fire emissions. The retrieved CRI and SSA exhibit an urban-to-rural gradient, whose intensity is modulated by the weather conditions. A full campaign average CRI of 1.41−0.037i (urban), 1.52−0.038i (peri-urban), and 1.50−0.025i (rural) is retrieved. The imaginary part of the CRI (k) increases and the SSA decreases at the peri-urban and forest sites when exposed to the influence of the Paris urban plume. Values of k > 0.1 and SSA < 0.6 at 520 nm are related to a black carbon mass fraction larger than 10 %. Organic aerosols are found to contribute to more than 50 % of the aerosol mass and up to 10 % (urban), 17 % (peri-urban), and 22 % (forest) of the aerosol absorption coefficient at 370 nm. A k value of 0.022 (370 nm) was measured at the urban site for the long-range-transported fire episode
Apport de la quantification du volume d’athérome coronaire et carotidien par imagerie multimodale comme aide à la stratification du risque cardiovasculaire chez le patient diabétique en prévention primaire
No full textContext: the variability of atherosclerotic involvement in diabetic patients makes cardiovascular risk assessment in primary prevention more challenging. Novel imaging techniques, still insufficiently explored in this population, could improve risk stratification. Goals: to evaluate the role of coronary atherosclerotic volume (PAV) and carotid atheroma volume quantification in assessing cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients in primary prevention. Methods: a prospective, single-center study involving 167 diabetic patients in primary prevention. Each patient underwent coronary CT angiography with PAV quantification, 3D carotid ultrasound, and clinical and biological evaluation, with a median follow-up of 3 years for major cardiovascular events. Results: among the 167 patients included, the mean PAV was 8.92%, and the mean carotid atherosclerotic volume was 44.05 mm³. A null calcium score did not exclude significant atherosclerotic burden: 25% of patients with a zero calcium score had a PAV between 5% and 15%, and 21% had carotid plaques. Conclusion. Diabetic patients in primary prevention exhibit a significant atherosclerotic burden, even in the absence of coronary calcifications. Integrating PAV and 3D carotid ultrasound could refine cardiovascular risk stratification, warranting further prognostic evaluation in future studies.Contexte : l’hétérogénéité de l’atteinte athéroscléreuse chez les patients diabétiques complique l’évaluation du risque cardiovasculaire en prévention primaire. De nouvelles techniques d’imagerie, encore peu étudiées dans cette population, pourraient améliorer cette stratification. Objectifs : évaluer l’apport de la quantification du pourcentage d’athérome coronaire et du volume d’athérome carotidien dans l’évaluation du risque cardiovasculaire chez les patients diabétiques en prévention primaire. Méthodes : étude prospective, monocentrique, incluant 167 patients diabétiques en prévention primaire. Chaque patient a bénéficié d’un coroscanner avec quantification du PAV, d’un Doppler 3D carotidien et d’une évaluation clinique et biologique, avec un suivi médian de 3 ans pour la survenue d’événements cardiovasculaires majeurs. Résultats : parmi les 167 patients inclus, le PAV moyen était de 8,92 % et le volume d’athérome carotidien moyen de 44,05 mm³. Un score calcique nul n’excluait pas une charge en athérome significative : 25 % des patients avec un score calcique nul présentaient un PAV entre 5 et 15 %, et 21 % avaient des plaques carotidiennes. Conclusion : les patients diabétiques en prévention primaire présentent une charge en athérome significative, y compris en l’absence de calcifications coronaires. L’intégration du PAV et du Doppler 3D pourrait affiner la stratification du risque cardiovasculaire. L’impact pronostique de cette stratification devra être approfondi dans de futures études
A new member of the dynamin superfamily modulates mitochondrial membrane branching in Trypanosoma brucei.
No full textInternational audienceUnlike most other eukaryotes, where mitochondria continuously fuse and divide, the mitochondrion of trypanosome cells forms a single and continuously interconnected network that divides only during cytokinesis. However, the machinery governing mitochondrial remodeling and interconnection of trypanosome mitochondrion remain largely unknown. We functionally characterize a new member of the dynamin superfamily protein (DSP) from T. brucei (TbMfnL), which shares similarity with a family of homologs present in various eukaryotic and prokaryotic phyla but not in opisthokonts like mammals and budding yeast. The sequence and domain organization of TbMfnL is distinct, and it is phylogenetically very distant from the yeast and mammalian dynamin-related proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion/fission dynamics, such as optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) and mitofusin (Mfn). TbMfnL localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane facing the matrix and, upon overexpression, induces a strong increase in the interconnection and branching of mitochondrial filaments in a GTPase-dependent manner. TbMfnL is a component of a novel membrane remodeling machinery with an unprecedented matrix-side localization that is able to modulate the degree of inter-mitochondrial connections