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« Se détacher de la Révolution verte : l’émergence d’une agriculture sans pesticides au Punjab (Inde) »
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Improving Clinical Management of Diabetic Macular Edema: Insights from a Global Survey of Patients, Healthcare Providers, and Clinic Staff
No full textInternational audienceIn contrast with patients receiving therapy for retinal disease during clinical trials, those treated in routine clinical practice experience various challenges (including administrative, clinic, social, and patient-related factors) that can often result in high patient and clinic burden, and contribute to suboptimal visual outcomes. The objective of this study was to understand the challenges associated with clinical management of diabetic macular edema from the perspectives of patients, healthcare providers, and clinic staff, and identify opportunities to improve eye care for people with diabetes. We conducted a survey of patients with diabetic macular edema, providers, and clinic staff in 78 clinics across 24 countries on six continents, representing a diverse range of individuals, healthcare systems, settings, and reimbursement models. Surveys comprised a series of single- and multiple-response questions completed anonymously. Data gathered included patient personal characteristics, challenges with appointment attendance, treatment experiences, and opportunities to improve support. Provider and clinic staff surveys asked similar questions about their perspectives; and clinic characteristics were also captured. Overall, 5681 surveys were gathered: 3752 from patients with diabetic macular edema, 680 from providers, and 1249 from clinic staff. Too many appointments, too short treatment intervals, difficulties in traveling to the clinic or arranging adequate support to travel, out-of-pocket costs, office/parking fees, and long waiting times were noted by all as contributing to increase the burden on the patient and caregiver. Patients generally desired more in-depth discussions with their provider, which would help with information exchange and better expectation-setting. The wealth of systematic data generated by this global survey highlights the breadth and scale of challenges associated with the clinical management of patients with diabetic macular edema. Addressing the opportunities for improvement raised by patients, providers, and clinic staff could increase patient adherence to treatment, reduce appointment burden, and improve clinic capacity
Construction de cabanes par les enfants et reconfigurations des relations à la nature
No full textInternational audienceEn quoi les jeux de construction de cabanes reconfigurent-ils de façon dynamique les valeurs que les enfants attribuent à la nature ? Cette contribution mobilise le concept de médiation pour explorer la « relationnalité profonde avec l'espace », au sens « où les relations humaines, les objets, l'environnement, et même les idées, sont constamment négociés et reconfigurés », pour reprendre l’un des horizons de l’appel à communication. Les résultats sont issus d’une enquête ethnographique réalisée entre septembre 2021 et juin 2024 au sein d’un groupe local des Éclaireurs et Éclaireuses de France (scoutisme laïque). La recherche concerne tout particulièrement des enfants âgés de 6 à 11 ans. Les résultats démontrent que les discussions et les conflits autour des cabanes, par exemple au sujet des végétaux à prélever pour les construire, sont des moments de délibérations qui rappellent que les valeurs attribuées à la nature sont multiples et ne font pas l’objet d’un consensus a priori. Le concept de médiation vient ainsi enrichir la discussion conceptuelle autour des valeurs relationnelles attribuées à la nature (Chan et al, 2016) et permet de mettre en avant la pluralité des valeurs, leurs négociations et leurs reconfigurations lorsque les enfants jouent collectivement
Inhibiting Autophagy by Chemicals During SCAPs Osteodifferentiation Elicits Disorganized Mineralization, While the Knock-Out of Atg5/7 Genes Leads to Cell Adaptation
No full textInternational audienceSCAPs (Stem Cells from Apical Papilla), derived from the apex of forming wisdom teeth, extracted from teenagers for orthodontic reasons, belong to the MSCs (Mesenchymal Stromal Cells) family. They have multipotent differentiation capabilities and are a potentially powerful model for investigating strategies of clinical cell therapies. Since autophagy—a regulated self-eating process—was proposed to be essential in osteogenesis, we investigated its involvement in the SCAP model. By using a combination of chemical and genetic approaches to inhibit autophagy, we studied early and late events of osteoblastic differentiation. We showed that blocking the formation of autophagosomes with verteporfin did not induce a dramatic alteration in early osteoblastic differentiation monitored by ALP (alkaline phosphatase) activity. However, blocking the autophagy flux with bafilomycin A1 led to ALP repression. Strikingly, the mineralization process was observed with both compounds, with calcium phosphate (CaP) nodules that remained inside cells under bafilomycin A1 treatment and numerous but smaller CaP nodules after verteporfin treatment. In contrast, deletion of Atg5 or Atg7, two genes involved in the formation of autophagosomes and essential to trigger canonical autophagy, indicated that both genes could be involved differently in the mineralization process with a modification of the ALP activity while final mineralization was not altered
Reconstructing the Mid- to Late Holocene human-environments interactions in Cape Corsica (Corsica Island, Western Mediterranean) based on sedimentology, pollen analyses and geochemistry
No full textInternational audienceThis paper aims to reconstruct the interactions between human populations and their environment over the last 4500 years in Cape Corsica, a rocky peninsula situated on the northern edge of Corsica Island. During the Iron Age and Roman times, this region in the North Tyrrhenian Sea was at the crossroads of maritime trade routes, and was therefore recognized for its geostrategic position. However, little is known about its exact contribution in terms of natural resources exploitation and land use, nor regarding the general Late Holocene landscape evolution of the area. Three boreholes were drilled in three coastal lagoons situated on the eastern shore of Cape Corsica, at Biguglia, Meria and Macinaggio. To reconstruct the coastal landscape configuration together with vegetation history, land use and mineral extraction, laboratory work comprised granulometry, loss on ignition, pollen identification and elemental geochemistry. The chronostratigraphy is based on nine radiocarbon datings for all cores, and complementary 137Cs and 210Pb measurements were performed on the Meria core for recent chronology. For the northern edge of Cape Corsica, pollen results reveal that the highest human impacts on the vegetation composition were recorded during the Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age, throughout Roman times, and in the Pisan-Genoese period, respectively. For all these periods, forest and maquis opening was observed to be coeval with cereal cultivation, thus revealing development of agriculture at the northern extremity of Cape Corsica. Conversely, the Middle to Final Bronze Age and pre-Christian era were characterized by a major recovery of the maquis and scarce evidence of land use. At Biguglia lagoon in the southern part of the peninsula, the vegetation composition for the last 1100 years reveals forest opening with moderate development of agriculture and, in the 10th Cent. CE., the connection between San Damiano Island and La Marana coastal barrier. In Cape Corsica, local contamination by mineral extraction (antimony in the form of stibine) is attested in the Meria valley during the known period of exploitation and also prior to this activity, possibly dating from the Genoese or the Corsican independence periods
Artificial Intelligence in Science and Society: the Vision of USERN
No full textInternational audienceThe recent rise in relevance and diffusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based systems and the increasing number and power of applications of AI methods invites a profound reflection on the impact of these innovative systems on scientific research and society at large. The Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), an organization that promotes initiatives to support interdisciplinary science and education across borders and actively works to improve science policy, collects here the vision of its Advisory Board members, together with a selection of AI experts, to summarize how we see developments in this exciting technology impacting science and society in the foreseeable future. In this review, we first attempt to establish clear definitions of intelligence and consciousness, then provide an overview of AI's state of the art and its applications. A discussion of the implications, opportunities, and liabilities of the diffusion of AI for research in a few representative fields of science follows this. Finally, we address the potential risks of AI to modern society, suggest strategies for mitigating those risks, and present our conclusions and recommendations
Bounds and extremal graphs for monitoring edge-geodetic sets in graphs
No full textInternational audienceA monitoring edge-geodetic set, or simply an MEG-set, of a graph is a vertex subset such that given any edge of , lies on every shortest - path of , for some . The monitoring edge-geodetic number of , denoted by , is the minimum cardinality of such an MEG-set. This notion provides a graph theoretic model of the network monitoring problem. In this article, we compare with some other graph theoretic parameters stemming from the network monitoring problem and provide examples of graphs having prescribed values for each of these parameters. We also characterize graphs that have as their minimum MEG-set, which settles an open problem due to Foucaud \textit{et al.} (CALDAM 2023), and prove that some classes of graphs fall within this characterization. We also provide a general upper bound for for sparse graphs in terms of their girth, and later refine the upper bound using the chromatic number of . We examine the change in with respect to two fundamental graph operations: clique-sum and subdivisions. In both cases, we provide a lower and an upper bound of thepossible amount of changes and provide (almost) tight examples
Quaternary landscape evolution of the river Seine (France): Synthesis and new results from ESR dating and magnetostratigraphy of fluvial and cave deposits
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper we present a detailed Quaternary evolution model of the Seine valley (France). The lower Seine valley contains very specific preserved morphological features (semi-entrenched meander cut-offs) and develops in a karstified chalky plateau (Normandy Chalk). Regional geomorphological features make it possible to combine geomorphological observations, petrological investigations as well as cross-dating analysis of fluvial sediments and karstic archives. We have reviewed former chronological data through a combination of different dating methods including ESR, U-series as well as palaeomagnetism. We also present here new dating results from both cave deposits and fluvial terrace sediments through the combined use of quartz ESR dating method and palaeomagnetism. The obtained results show river evolution extending over the entire Quaternary period. The gentle incision rate and its variations highlight the influence of climate and eustatic processes, hence a partially climate-induced uplift. Results also provide new chronological markers on the fluvial deposits for future archaeological research
Cross-border Sport and Leisure: Public Action, Practices and Usage in the European Union
No full textInternational audienceThe process of European integration has received special attention from European border studies, with a particular focus on internal market issues and cross-border cooperation. Sports are often presented among the transnational activities likely to contribute to “European citizenship” and the creation of an imagined community. Despite the increase in publications in 2016 linking sports, leisure, and cross-border activities, research remains rather limited. In this special issue, we shall focus on the transnational spaces of European cross-border cooperation, as studied from the perspectives of construction and appropriation. We shall go beyond institutional analysis to offer a more comprehensive and balanced approach, taking into account both public policies and the experiences of individuals and groups involved in sports and leisure activities in three border areas. Our analysis will encompass public action, the use of sports areas, facilities and equipment, and cross-border entrepreneurs