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« Peux-tu rendre mon texte plus allemand ? » – Écrire en langue seconde avec l’intelligence artificielle
No full textInternational audienceWithin the context of writing in a second language, is artificial intelligence (AI) able to provide support to learners, especially during the essential step of their text revision? What do learners focus on, what elements constitute topics of interaction with the AI software for correction, rephrasing, and improvement? Twenty-five French undergraduate law students from the University of Bordeaux were asked to write a short text in German (version 1). They then revised it using the conversational function of ChatGPT (version 2). The analysis of the two versions of written productions and the exchanges between students and ChatGPT show that, during the revision process, their attention focuses more on vocabulary and syntax than on the content and coherence of the text. The analysis of the conversations with ChatGPT confirms this result and also reveals the conditions for obtaining relevant linguistic scaffolding from artificial intelligence, what type of scaffolding and responses it can provide, and how these interactions are used by students. These results open up pedagogical and scientific perspectives.En situation de production écrite, l’intelligence artificielle (IA) peut-elle fournir un étayage aux apprenants, notamment lors de la révision de leur texte ? Sur quels éléments porte alors l’attention des apprenants ? Quels sont ceux qui font l’objet d’une interaction avec l’IA pour être corrigés, reformulés, améliorés ? Vingt-cinq étudiants en droit de l’Université de Bordeaux de la L1 à la L3 ont été invités à rédiger un texte en allemand (version 1). Ils ont ensuite révisé cette version en utilisant la fonction conversationnelle ChatGPT (version 2). L’analyse des deux versions des productions écrites et des échanges des étudiants avec ChatGPT montre que, lors du processus de révision, leur attention porte davantage sur le lexique et la syntaxe que sur le fond et la cohérence de l’écrit. L’analyse des échanges avec l’IA confirme ce résultat et montre également quelles sont les conditions pour obtenir un étayage linguistique pertinent de la part de l’agent conversationnel, quel type d’étayage et de réponses elle peut fournir et comment ces feedbacks sont utilisés par les étudiants pour améliorer leur écrit, ce qui ouvre des pistes à la fois didactiques et scientifiques
Sommet sur l’IA : « Contrôler les infrastructures numériques, c’est contrôler le monde »
No full textNational audienceAlors que s’est ouvert à Paris le sommet sur l’intelligence artificielle (IA), cette dernière est au cœur de la bataille économique sino-américaine. Décryptant cette guerre technologique, Benjamin Bürbaumer montre que la montée en puissance de la Chine bouleverse les rapports de force mondiaux
Machine Learning to Predict Mortality in Older Patients With Cancer: Development and External Validation of the Geriatric Cancer Scoring System Using Two Large French Cohorts
No full textInternational audiencePURPOSE: Establishing an accurate prognosis remains challenging in older patients with cancer because of the population's heterogeneity and the current predictive models' reduced ability to capture the complex interactions between oncologic and geriatric predictors. We aim to develop and externally validate a new predictive score (the Geriatric Cancer Scoring System [GCSS]) to refine individualized prognosis for older patients with cancer during the first year after a geriatric assessment (GA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected from two French prospective multicenter cohorts of patients with cancer 70 years and older, referred for GA: ELCAPA (training set January 2007-March 2016) and ONCODAGE (validation set August 2008-March 2010). Candidate predictors included baseline oncologic and geriatric factors and routine biomarkers. We built predictive models using Cox regression, single decision tree (DT), and random survival forest (RSF) methods, comparing their predictive performance for 3-, 6-, and 12-month mortalities by computing time-dependent area under the receiver operator curve (tAUC). RESULTS: A total of 2,012 and 1,397 patients were included in the training and validation set, respectively (mean age: 81 ± 6 years/78 ± 5 years; women: 47%/70%; metastatic cancer: 50%/34%; 12-month mortality: 43%/16%). Tumor site/metastatic status, cancer treatment, weight loss, ≥five prescription drugs, impaired functional status and mobility, abnormal G-8 score, low creatinine clearance, and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin were identified as relevant predictors in the Cox model. DT and RSF identified more complex combinations of features, with G-8 score, tumor site/metastatic status, and CRP/albumin ratio contributing most to the predictions. The RSF approach gave the highest tAUC (12 months: 0.87 [RSF], 0.82 [Cox], 0.82 [DT]) and was retained as the final model. CONCLUSION: The GCSS on the basis of a machine learning approach applied to two large French cohorts gave an accurate externally validated mortality prediction. The GCSS might improve decision making and counseling in older patients with cancer referred for pretherapeutic GA. GCSS's generalizability must now be confirmed in an international setting
High-precision direct decay energy measurements of the electron-capture decay of Tc
No full textInternational audienceA direct measurement of the ground-state-to-ground-state electron-capture decay () value of Tc has been conducted employing the high resolving power phase-imaging ion-cyclotron-resonance technique with the double Penning trap mass spectrometer JYFLTRAP. The resulting value for Tc is 324.82(21) keV, exhibiting a precision approximately 19 times higher than the value adopted in the newest Atomic Mass Evaluation (AME2020) and differing by 1.2. Furthermore, by combining this refined value with nuclear energy-level data for the decay-daughter Mo, a potential ultra-low Q-value transition, possibly of allowed type, Tc (9/2, ground state) Mo (320(1) keV), was evaluated for future long-term neutrino-mass determination experiments. The ground-state-to-excited-state electron-capture decay value () of this transition was determined to be 4.8(10) keV, confirming it to be energetically allowed with a confidence level of exceeding 4. The captures of electrons occupying the L and higher shells for this transition are energetically allowed, giving a value of 2.0(10) keV for the closest distance of to the allowed binding energy of the L1 shell. To predict partial half-lives and energy-release distributions for this transition, the atomic self-consistent many-electron Dirac--Hartree--Fock--Slater method and the nuclear shell model have been employed. Dominant correction terms such as exchange and overlap corrections, as well as shake-up and shake-off effects, were included in the final results. Moreover, the normalized distribution of released energy in the electron-capture decay of Tc to excited states of Mo, is compared with that of Ho, which is being used for electron-neutrino-mass determination
Virtual reality in clinical evaluation of Unilateral Spatial Neglect, anatomy of current trends: A scoping review
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundVirtual technologies (VR) could respond to several challenges in Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN) assessment, particularly the lack of sensitivity and ecological validity of traditional paper-and-pencil tests. A scoping review was conducted to explore current trends in this area.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, IEEE, ACM, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for VR USN assessment. The Joanna Briggs Institute methodological guidelines for scoping reviews were used to inform our methodology.ResultsThirty-one publications were included. There were two populations: healthy adults (n = 349) and post-stroke individuals (n = 903). A classification based on tasks and type of interaction used was proposed. Correlations with paper and pencil tests (PPTs) were often significant when the task structure was similar to PPTs but was lacking for activities with more dynamic components. The ecological validity of the tasks was assessed in comparison with the Catherine Bergego Scale (n = 4) and a real-world navigation task (n = 1). Using VR, USN disorders have been characterized using a wide range of indicators.ConclusionsFew studies have addressed ecological validity, yet the use of VR in the assessment of the USN in this scoping review shows an undeniable contribution compared to traditional pencil-paper tests, especially for capturing the patient's behavior toward the far extrapersonal space, essential in daily life
SONOPS Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study: Study of the Nitrous Oxide Perception and Use in French Dental Students
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction and aims: EMONO (equimolar oxygen-nitrous oxide mixture) is widely used in dentistry to achieve sedation for dental care. In addition, pure nonmedical nitrous oxide (N2O) has become a very popular psychoactive substance among health students. Thus, for dental students, the perception of a same substance, N2O, which can either be used as medicine in the form of EMONO in their daily practice, or consumed illegally for recreational purposes in the form of pure nonmedical N2O, is of concern. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of N2O (EMONO and pure nonmedical N2O) use among French dental students.Methods: A cross-sectional multicentre study was carried out in six French dental schools. A self-administered questionnaire was offered to 2nd to 6th-year odontology students about their position with regard to N2O and its potential use. Results:The prevalence of N2O use among the 1124 responding students was 50.4%, with heterogeneity according to dental school. 84% of the students who used N2O did so at least once for recreational purpose, while 16% used it only in the context of care and/or training.Students with recreational N2O use were more likely to use other substances than students with care/training use. Nearly three-quarters of the students sought and experienced euphoria and laughter. Conclusion:Nearly half the students in our study reported having used N2O recreationally, most of them regularly, a much higher prevalence than among nonhealthcare students.</div
Bacterial Conjugation in the Ruminant Pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae is Influenced by Eukaryotic Host Factors
No full textInternational audienceABSTRACT Bacterial conjugation plays a pivotal role in the evolution and adaptation of genome-reduced mycoplasmas. Despite their fast evolution rate, the conjugative properties of these organisms remain largely understudied, particularly in vivo . In the present study, the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae was used as a model organism to document the conjugative properties of mycoplasmas in environments of increasing complexity, from axenic to cell and organotypic culture conditions. Compared to axenic mating conditions, mycoplasma co-cultivation with goat epithelial cells or bovine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) resulted in enhanced mating frequencies with high rates of M. agalactiae Integrative and Conjugative Element (ICEA) self-dissemination. These results were conditioned by the presence of eukaryotic cells in the culture and influenced by competition between mating partners but were not limited to M. agalactiae , as similar results were observed with Mycoplasma bovis. Mycoplasma conjugation ex vivo was further characterized by analyzing mycoplasma chromosomal transfer (MCT), a newly discovered mechanism of horizontal exchange of chromosomal DNA that generates mosaic genomes. Although closely associated with ICEA transfer, MCT was detected at low rates under cell and organotypic culture conditions suggesting a complex interplay between these two conjugative processes or a poor viability of the MCT progeny. Finally, mating experiments under nutrient-deprived conditions identified nucleotide stress as a potential factor influencing the modulation of mycoplasma conjugation by eukaryotic host cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that horizontal gene transfer in vivo is likely underestimated and provide valuable models to further studying mycoplasma conjugation ex vivo . IMPORTANCE Conjugation is an evolutionary shortcut that bacteria use to exchange genetic information with their neighbors. Despite the fast evolution rate of the genome-reduced mycoplasmas, their conjugative properties remain largely understudied, particularly in vivo . Here we used the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae to study how mycoplasmas conjugate in co-culture with hosts-derived cells and tissues. Interestingly, conjugation was stimulated when mycoplasmas were co-cultured with eukaryotic cells. This was documented by monitoring the self-propagation of a mobile genetic element known as Integrative and Conjugative Element (ICE) and the exchange of chromosomal DNA leading to the formation of mosaic genomes. While ICE transfer was observed at high frequency, only a few mosaic genomes were detected in the presence of eukaryotic cells. Further data point towards nucleotide stress as a possible factor modulating mycoplasma conjugation in cellular environments. These results suggest that mycoplasma-host interactions may stimulate conjugation in vivo
Investigating the Olfactory Impact of Monoterpenic Compounds on Fruity Aroma Perception in Model Red Wine Solutions
No full textInternational audienceThis study investigated the impact of monoterpenic compounds on red wine fruity aroma perception in different matrices and at different concentrations typically found in red wines. Fruity aromatic reconstitutions (FAR) containing sixteen esters that represent the fruity pool of red wine and eight monoterpenic compounds at low, medium, and high concentrations were prepared in dilute alcohol solution (FAR-DAS) and in dearomatized red wine (FAR-DRW). Sensory analysis applied to the olfactory detection threshold of the fruity pool revealed that alpha-terpineol, at the subthreshold level, and 1,8-cineole, at the suprathreshold level, significantly boosted the olfactory detection threshold of the fruity pool. The results of sensory profiles showed that the presence of a mixture of monoterpenic compounds at a medium concentration in FAR-DAS and in FAR-DRW induced changes in fruity perception. Their addition increased the intensity of black-berry fruit descriptors, such as fresh and jammy blueberry and blackcurrant fruit notes. Moreover, the presence of alpha-terpineol (130 mu g/L), 1,8-cineole (4 mu g/L), and linalool (38 mu g/L), respectively, increased the fresh raspberry, fresh and jammy blueberry, and jammy blackcurrant notes in FAR-DAS. Across all matrices, the presence of monoterpenic compounds at medium levels consistently amplified black-berry fruit notes. This research provides insights into the impact of monoterpenic compounds on red wine fruity aroma, shedding light on specific enhancing effects of certain monoterpenic compounds via perceptual interactions at various concentrations and in different matrices
Tailoring nanodiamonds for high-contrast EPR imaging: size, surface properties, and spectroscopic performance
No full textInternational audienceElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a tool that provides sensitive detection of uncoupled electron spins for a variety of applications. This technique enables the specific detection and quantification of radical species while also being able of generating high-contrast, background-free images. However, the EPR labeling and imaging techniques encounter limitations mainly due to the instability of organic radicals from organic probes, which can influence the reliability and scope of the experiment. In that context, the use of nanodiamonds (NDs) in EPR may be a promising route for understanding their unique properties and potential biomedical applications. The ability to perform EPR imaging in combination with the stable intrinsic properties of paramagnetic centers within these particles raises the possibility of extending nanodiamondbased imaging capabilities. Herein, we present a preliminary demonstration of a practical spectroscopy and imaging application using nanosized diamond particles (<18 nm) for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI). The discretization of two different nanodiamond production sources among the most studied NDs (HPHT or detonation) allows further characterization of their physicochemical properties. In addition, we have investigated variations in the physicochemical properties of nanodiamonds, including size effects and surface treatments. Finally, we provide experimental evidence of the conditions required for optimal spectroscopic and imaging resolution (R < 1 mm) as well as achievable EPR sensitivity
Assessing the Risk of Relapse After In Vitro Fertilization in Women With Multiple Sclerosis
No full textInternational audienceBackground and objectives: Older studies reported an increased risk of relapse after in vitro fertilization (IVF) in women with multiple sclerosis (MS), which has not been confirmed by more recent works. All these studies had several limitations, such as small sample sizes, absence of a control population, or lack of neurologic validation of the relapses. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of relapse after IVF in women with MS.Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all women with MS who underwent IVF between 2009 and 2019 and a control group of women with MS who did not undergo IVF matched on age, MS duration, number of relapses, and MS-specific treatments in the previous year. Data on MS (disease duration, treatments, and relapses) were from the French MS Registry (OFSEP), whereas data on IVF (number of procedures, stimulation protocol type, and outcomes) were from the French national health insurance database. For this, the 2 databases were linked by indirect matching.Results: In total, 115 women with MS underwent 199 IVF procedures (mean age at first IVF: 33.9 ± 4.0 years; 45.2% had ≥2 IVF procedures), and 175 IVFs (88.0%) could be matched to specific patients. The risk of relapse in the 3 months after index date was the same in both IVF group and control group (0.06 relapse per patient-year), as confirmed also by the before-after analysis in the IVF group (0.06 vs 0.08).Discussion: This study, using a 10-year clinical and administrative dataset, did not find any increased risk of relapse after IVF. The maintenance of disease-modifying therapies until IVF was a determining factor in reducing the risk of relapse