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Modeling and Parameter Estimation of Tumor Spheroids from Bottom-View Imaging: Beyond the Spherical Assumption
No full textTumor spheroids are widely used in vitro models for studying tumor growth and treatment response, yet their analysis is often limited by incomplete geometric measurements. In practice, only a two-dimensional bottom view is available, which can lead to strong biases when spheroids deviate from an ideal spherical shape, in particular for flattened aggregates. We propose a mechanistic modeling and data assimilation framework that accounts for both poor data quality and model uncertainty. A biologically motivated partial differential equations model with axial symmetry is introduced and reduced to a low-dimensional system compatible with sparse observations and ellipsoidal shapes. Uncertainties in initial conditions and parameters are handled using a Luenberger-type observer coupled with a reduced-order unscented Kalman filter. The approach is validated on synthetic data and applied to experimental in vitro spheroid data under propranolol treatment, illustrating how model-based integration of limited measurements improves the interpretation of spheroid growth dynamics and treatment-induced morphological changes
Cognac distillation wines host specific Oenococcus oeni strains representing a novel genetic lineage
No full textInternational audienceOenococcus oeni is the lactic acid bacteria species best adapted to wine. It proliferates during alcoholic fermentation and typically becomes the most abundant species during malolactic fermentation. A large diversity of O. oeni strains is present in all wine-producing regions. These strains group into several genetic lineages, which are more product-specific rather than linked to geography. I. e. strains of one genetic lineage are often detected in the same wine type produced in distant regions. This study aimed to investigate the biodiversity of O. oeni involved in malolactic fermentations of Cognac wines produced for distillation. These wines have several specific characteristics: they are low-pH white wines, low in alcohol, produced without added sulfites, and from a single grape variety (Ugni blanc). Nearly 3500 O. oeni isolates were obtained from 132 wines collected from 24 cellars across the main cognac-producing areas. 458 different strains were identified by genotyping, representing in between 1 and 249 isolates. A distribution analysis showed a large diversity of strains in each wine and cellar. Forty-nine strains were sequenced and a phylogenomic tree was reconstructed including 247 previously published genomes of strains from other regions and products. This tree revealed a new genetic lineage harboring exclusively Cognac strains whose predominance on Cognac wines was further confirmed by a specifically developed quantitative PCR test. The results highlight the existence of a new sub-lineage indicative of the domestication of O. oeni strains to a single type of wine, and across an entire wine-producing region.</div
"Que le monde ne va point de mal en pis". Nicolas de Rampalle pourfendeur du déclinisme des Anciens
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Improving electrochemical aptasensor sensitivity for Bacillus cereus spore detection in food safety applications
No full textInternational audienceRapid detection of Bacillus cereus spores is essential for preventing food contamination and spoilage. Many existing methods detect B. cereus vegetative cells rather than spores and cannot be applied directly to foods. Here, we present a combination of aptamers targeting different moieties on the surface of B. cereus spores with rapid electrochemical detection. When DNA aptamers, previously selected for B. cereus spores, were immobilized on screen-printed gold electrodes, they exhibited higher binding capacity than individual aptamers, suggesting a synergistic effect. Additionally, the mixture of rhodamine-labelled aptamers enabled spatial fluorescent visualization of the B. cereus endospore structure, confirming the increased binding efficiency. The electrochemical aptasensor based on three aptamers exhibited a wide dynamic range (102–107 CFU/mL) and low limit of detection (∼1 CFU/mL) using just 15 μL of sample. Validation in spiked salad, using direct spore sensing in rinse water and comparison with the culturing method, confirmed its sensitivity and specificity. These combined aptamer approaches, achieving rapid (15 min) and single-step detection may also be suitable for detecting other foodborne pathogens
Hybrid fault detection and identification strategy for PV systems combining statistical data-driven and Kalman filter algorithms
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Décrocheurs de portraits du chef d’Etat, désobéissance civile, droit de résistance et judiciarisation de l’action militante
No full textInternational audienceفي عام 2019، قام نشطاء من مجموعة ”العمل غير العنيف-COP21“ (وهي مجموعة تعارض السياسات التي تساهم في تغير المناخ، وتدعي أنها غير عنيفة وتدعو إلى العصيان المدني) بإنزال صور رسمية لإيمانويل ماكرون في العديد من قاعات المدن، من أجل ”إظهار“ مطلبهم بالتنفيذ الفوري لتدابير سياسية جذرية لصالح البيئة. في غضون بضعة أشهر فقط، تم إنزال أكثر من مائة صورة.قامت السلطات بقمع هذه الأعمال بشدة، بطريقة تتناسب عكسيًا مع الأضرار التي لحقت بها. وكانت الردود القانونية متباينة، مما أدى إلى شعور بعدم اليقين.وقد عززت هذه القرارات التي طال انتظارها تكتيكات النشطاء السياسية والقانونية. - أولًا، القيام بأعمال مذهلة قادرة على تنبيه الرأي العام؛ وثانيًا، تكبد مجموعة متنوعة من القرارات القانونية الصادرة عن المحاكم الابتدائية، ثم قام النشطاء المدانون بالطعن أمام محكمة النقض. وأخيرًا، كان علينا أن ننتظر حكم الشعبة الجزائية في الاستئناف.يجدر بنا أن نتأمل هنا مفاهيم العصيان المدني، وحتى مقاومة القمع، التي تكفلها المادة 2 من إعلان حقوق الإنسان والمواطن (رغم أن هذا لم يذكر في الطعون). هل يجب علينا أن ندين أو نوافق أو نتفهم؟Im Jahr 2019 hängten Aktivisten von Action non violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, eine Gruppierung, die sich gegen eine Politik wendet, die zum Klimawandel beiträgt, ihre Gewaltlosigkeit einfordert und sich auf zivilen Ungehorsam beruft) in mehreren Rathäusern offizielle Porträts von Emmanuel Macron ab, um ihre Forderung nach der sofortigen Umsetzung radikaler umweltpolitischer Maßnahmen „sichtbar“ zu machen. Innerhalb weniger Monate wurden über hundert Porträtabnahmen gezählt.Die Machthaber gingen hart gegen diese Aktionen vor, wobei der Schaden umgekehrt proportional war. Die Antworten der Gerichte fielen unterschiedlich aus und führten zu einem Gefühl der Unsicherheit.Die mit Spannung erwarteten Entscheidungen bestätigten die politisch-juristische Taktik der Aktivisten. - Zunächst sollten spektakuläre Aktionen durchgeführt werden, um die öffentliche Meinung zu alarmieren; dann sollten verschiedene Entscheidungen von Richtern in der Hauptsache getroffen werden, woraufhin die verurteilten Aktivisten den Kassationsgerichtshof anriefen. Schließlich musste man auf die Entscheidung der Strafkammer über die Rechtsmittel warten.Hier ist es angebracht, die Begriffe ziviler Ungehorsam oder sogar Widerstand gegen Unterdrückung zu hinterfragen, die in Artikel 2 der Erklärung der Menschen- und Bürgerrechte garantiert werden (obwohl letzterer in den Berufungen nicht erwähnt wurde). Soll man verurteilen, nicken oder verstehen?In 2019, activists from Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, a group that opposes policies that contribute to climate change, claims to be non-violent and advocates civil disobedience) took down official portraits of Emmanuel Macron in several town halls, in order to ‘make visible’ their demand for the immediate implementation of radical political measures in favour of the environment. In just a few months, over a hundred portraits were taken down.The powers that be cracked down hard on these actions, in a way that was inversely proportional to the damage done. The legal responses were varied, leading to a feeling of uncertainty.These long-awaited decisions corroborated the activists' political and legal tactics. Firstly, to take spectacular action to alert public opinion. Secondly, they risked a variety of legal decisions handed down by the lower courts, with the convicted activists then appealing to the Court of Cassation. Finally, waiting for the Criminal Division to rule on the appeals.Here, we need to consider the concepts of civil disobedience and even resistance to oppression guaranteed by article 2 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (although this was not put forward in the appeals). Should we condemn, acquiesce or understand?En 2019, activistas de Acción no violenta-COP21 (ANV-COP21, un grupo que se opone a las políticas que contribuyen al cambio climático, se declara no violento y aboga por la desobediencia civil) descolgaron retratos oficiales de Emmanuel Macron en varios ayuntamientos, con el fin de «hacer visible» su exigencia de la aplicación inmediata de medidas políticas radicales en favor del medio ambiente. En pocos meses se han retirado más de un centenar de retratos.El poder reprimió duramente estas acciones, de forma inversamente proporcional a los daños causados. Las respuestas jurídicas fueron variadas, lo que provocó una sensación de incertidumbre.Estas esperadas decisiones corroboraron la táctica política y jurídica de los activistas. - En primer lugar, llevar a cabo acciones espectaculares capaces de alertar a la opinión pública; en segundo lugar, incurrir en diversas resoluciones judiciales dictadas por los tribunales inferiores, recurriendo después los activistas condenados ante el Tribunal de Casación. Por último, esperar a que la Sala de lo Penal se pronunciara sobre los recursos.Merece la pena considerar aquí los conceptos de desobediencia civil, e incluso de resistencia a la opresión, garantizados por el artículo 2 de la Declaración de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano (aunque esto no se mencionó en los recursos). ¿Debemos condenar, consentir o comprender?En 2019, des militants d'Action non violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, groupement s’opposant aux politiques contribuant au dérèglement climatique, revendiquant sa non-violence et se réclamant de la désobéissance civile) ont décroché des portraits officiels d'Emmanuel Macron dans plusieurs mairies, afin de « visibiliser » leur revendication visant à la mise en œuvre immédiate de mesures politiques radicales en faveur de l’environnement. En quelques mois, plus d’une centaine de décrochages de portraits furent recensés.Le pouvoir en place réprima durement ces actions, de façon inversement proportionnelle au préjudice. Les réponses juridictionnelles furent d’ailleurs variées, entraînant un sentiment d’incertitude.Ces décisions, très attendues, corroboraient la tactique politico-judiciaire des militants. Opérer, dans un premier temps, des actions spectaculaires à même d’alerter l’opinion publique. Encourir, dans un second temps, une variété de décisions de justice rendues par les juges du fond, les activistes condamnés saisissant alors la Cour de cassation. Attendre enfin que la chambre criminelle statue sur les pourvois.Il convient en fait ici de s’interroger sur les notions de désobéissance civile, voire de résistance à l’oppression garantie par l’article 2 de la Déclaration des droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (quoique ce dernier ne fut pas avancé dans les pourvois). Doit-on condamner, acquiescer ou comprendre ?Nel 2019, gli attivisti di Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, un gruppo che si oppone alle politiche che contribuiscono al cambiamento climatico, si dichiara non violento e propugna la disobbedienza civile) hanno tolto i ritratti ufficiali di Emmanuel Macron in diversi municipi, per “rendere visibile” la loro richiesta di attuazione immediata di misure politiche radicali a favore dell'ambiente. In pochi mesi sono stati tolti più di cento ritratti.I poteri forti hanno dato un duro colpo a queste azioni, in modo inversamente proporzionale al danno arrecato. Le risposte legali sono state diverse e hanno generato un senso di incertezza.Queste decisioni tanto attese hanno confermato le tattiche politiche e legali degli attivisti. - In primo luogo, realizzare azioni spettacolari in grado di allertare l'opinione pubblica; in secondo luogo, incorrere in una serie di decisioni legali emesse dai tribunali di grado inferiore, con gli attivisti condannati che hanno poi fatto ricorso alla Corte di Cassazione. Infine, abbiamo dovuto attendere che la Divisione Penale si pronunciasse sui ricorsi.Vale la pena di riflettere sui concetti di disobbedienza civile, e persino di resistenza all'oppressione, garantiti dall'articolo 2 della Dichiarazione dei diritti dell'uomo e del cittadino (sebbene non sia stato menzionato nei ricorsi). Dovremmo condannare, acquietarci o comprendere?Em 2019, os activistas da Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, um grupo que se opõe às políticas que contribuem para as alterações climáticas, afirma ser não-violento e defende a desobediência civil) derrubaram retratos oficiais de Emmanuel Macron em várias câmaras municipais, a fim de “tornar visível” a sua exigência de implementação imediata de medidas políticas radicais a favor do ambiente. Em poucos meses, foram retirados mais de uma centena de retratos.Os poderes públicos reprimiram duramente estas acções, de forma inversamente proporcional aos danos causados. As reacções dos tribunais foram variadas, o que provocou um sentimento de incerteza.Estas decisões, há muito esperadas, corroboram as tácticas políticas e jurídicas dos activistas. - Numa primeira fase, acções espectaculares de sensibilização da opinião pública; depois, numa segunda fase, várias decisões judiciais proferidas pelos tribunais de primeira instância, tendo os activistas condenados recorrido para o Tribunal de Cassação. Por fim, tivemos de esperar que a Divisão Penal se pronunciasse sobre os recursos.Vale a pena considerar aqui os conceitos de desobediência civil e mesmo de resistência à opressão, garantidos pelo artigo 2º da Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão (embora este último não tenha sido mencionado nos recursos). Devemos condenar, aceitar ou compreender?В 2019 году активисты Action non-violente-COP21 (ANV-COP21, группа, выступающая против политики, способствующей изменению климата, заявляющая о своей ненасильственной позиции и пропагандирующая гражданское неповиновение) сняли официальные портреты Эммануэля Макрона в нескольких мэриях, чтобы «сделать видимым» свое требование о немедленной реализации радикальных политических мер в интересах окружающей среды. Всего за несколько месяцев было снято более сотни портретов.Власти предержащие жестко пресекали эти акции, причем в пропорциональном отношении к нанесенному ущербу. Юридическая реакция была различной, что вызывало чувство неопределенности.Эти долгожданные решения подтвердили политическую и правовую тактику активистов. - Вначале - эффектные акции, направленные на привлечение внимания общественности; затем, во вторую очередь, различные судебные решения, вынесенные судами низшей инстанции, после чего осужденные активисты подавали апелляцию в Кассационный суд. И наконец, мы должны были дождаться решения Уголовной палаты по апелляциям.Здесь стоит задуматься о понятиях гражданского неповиновения и даже сопротивления угнетению, гарантированных статьей 2 Декларации прав человека и гражданина (хотя в апелляциях это не упоминалось). Должны ли мы осуждать, попустительствовать или понимать?2019 年，“21 世纪非暴力行动”（ANV-COP21，一个反对助长气候变化的政策、声称非暴力并倡导非暴力反抗的团体）的活动家们在多个市政厅取下了埃马纽埃尔-马克龙的官方肖像，以 “彰显 ”他们要求立即实施有利于环境的激进政治措施的诉求。短短几个月内，就有一百多幅肖像被取下。当权者对这些行动进行了严厉打击，打击力度与造成的损失成反比。法律上的反应各不相同，导致了一种不确定感。这些期待已久的决定证实了活动人士的政治和法律策略。- 首先，开展能够引起公众舆论警觉的壮观行动；其次，下级法院做出各种法律判决，被定罪的活动分子随后向最高上诉法院提出上诉。最后，我们不得不等待刑事法庭对上诉做出裁决。在此，值得思考的是《人权和公民权利宣言》第 2 条所保障的公民不服从甚至反抗压迫的概念（尽管在上诉中并未提及）。我们应该谴责、默许还是理解
Mechanistic insights into the thermal ground-state recovery of salicylidene aniline photoswitches
No full textInternational audienceSalicylidene aniline (SA) and its derivatives are attractive photochromes for many applications thanks to the environmental sensitivity of their photoswitching. While a large volume of work has been dedicated to understanding the photochemistry of SA, the mechanism by which the trans-keto photoproduct returns to the initial cis-keto form is underexplored in solution. This thermal relaxation has often been previously assumed to proceed via a trans-keto to cis-keto isomerization, as in the solid state. Through a combination of experimental lifetime measurements of such anils with various substituents and theoretical calculations, we show that in solution the thermal recovery is unlikely to occur via direct isomerization of the trans-keto form. Measured lifetimes are on the order of 10−4–10−5 s for all SA derivatives and are incompatible with theoretical predictions. We instead propose three alternative recovery mechanisms, involving an initial proton abstraction, addition, or enolization step before isomerization, which are consistent with experimental lifetimes and further supported by a strong primary isotope effect in deuterated ethanol. Overall, thermal relaxation of SA-based photochromes in solution is shown to be dependent on not only molecular substitution, but also environmental factors, making prediction of the lifetime of the photoproduct a complex problem
Applying WHO Prioritization Criteria for Moderate Wasting: Programmatic Implications
No full textCited by: 0; All Open Access, Gold Open Access, Green Open AccessInternational audienceThe World Health Organization's 2023 recommendations for managing moderate wasting provide criteria for prioritizing children to receive specially formulated foods (SFF) rather than counseling alone. However, the practical programmatic impact of such prioritization is unclear. This secondary analysis aimed to describe the caseload and treatment outcomes among moderately wasted 6- to 59-month-old Malian children, categorized into higher-priority (HP) and lower-priority (LP) groups. All children admitted with a MUAC ≥ 115 to < 125 mm without nutritional edema received SFF (500 kcal/day) until they achieved a MUAC ≥ 125 mm for 2 consecutive visits. HP criteria were < 2 years old, WAZ < −3 SD, or MUAC 115–119 mm; LP criteria were ≥ 2 years, WAZ ≥ −3 SD, or MUAC ≥ 120 mm. We reported the caseload per priority criterion and compared treatment outcomes, including recovery and anthropometric changes, between LP and HP children. Of the 35 685 children included in the analysis, 95% met at least one priority criterion. The proportion of children recovered was similar between LP and HP children, regardless of the criterion used. MUAC-for-age z-score and WAZ weekly changes showed similar trajectories. Furthermore, although classified as LP, children > 2 years exhibited lower WAZ throughout treatment compared to children < 2 years. Most moderately wasted children (MUAC < 125 mm) met at least one priority criterion, raising concerns about the feasibility and rationale of the prioritization approach. The similar recovery rates in higher- and lower-priority groups after both received SFF highlight the need for research to assess the impact of different interventions. © 2025 The Author(s). Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Determining the optimal operating conditions of SOFCs electrolytes based on evolution of their electronic transport number with temperature and oxygen partial pressure: A case study of the Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ electrolyte
No full textInternational audienceOptimizing the performance of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) or Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) necessitates a thorough understanding of the electrolytes' transport properties under the device's operating conditions, whether through experimental data or established transport laws. This study investigates the electrical properties of Gd-doped ceria as a potential electrolyte material for SOFC applications. The electrical behavior of Gd-doped ceria was analyzed over a broad range of oxygen partial pressures (from 10−36 to 1 bar) and temperatures (200 °C to 900 °C) to establish the Patterson diagram, i.e., the variation of the total electrical conductivity as a function of the oxygen partial pressure (on logarithmic scales) for various temperatures. Additionally, the average transport number of the Gd-doped ceria electrolyte was evaluated under varying oxygen partial pressure gradients and temperatures using a specific semi-permeation method and compared with data derived from the Patterson diagram. The results collected in this study indicate that the use of Gd-doped ceria as an SOFC electrolyte requires precise control of oxygen partial pressure (particularly below 10−24 bar at 600 °C) or the hydrogen-to-water ratio at the hydrogen electrode to prevent efficiency degradation of the electrochemical system and to determine optimal operating conditions.</p
Undesignable motifs in structural RNAs and combinatorial consequences
No full textInternational audienceRNA design aims at constructing RiboNucleic Acids (RNA) sequences that perform a predefined biological function, usually modeled by multiple constraints on the sequence and structure level. In its most popular setting, called the inverse folding problem, designed RNAs should adopt a predefined target secondary structure, preferentially to any alternative structure. It was previously observed that some secondary structures are undesignable, i.e. no RNA sequence can fold uniquely into the target structure while satisfying some criterion measuring how preferential this folding is compared to alternative conformations.We show that the proportion of designable secondary structures decreases exponentially with the size of the target secondary structure, for various popular combinations of energy models and design objectives. This exponential decay is, at least in part, due to the existence of undesignable motifs, which can be generically constructed, and jointly analyzed to yield asymptotic upper-bounds on the number of designable structures. Finally, we define a lower bound of the minimal ensemble defect of a secondary structure. We show that, across uniformly distributed secondary structures, such lower bound admits a normal limiting distribution whose two parameters, the expected value and the variance, both grow linearly with the size of secondary structure.</div