Portail HAL U-Bordeaux
Not a member yet
125366 research outputs found
Sort by
Entre Autonomie et Séparatisme, le défi constitutionnel Italien: L’exemple sicilien
No full textInternational audienceبعد التحرير، تمكنت الجزر الإيطالية من التفاوض مع الحكومة المركزية على وضع خاص منحها استقلالية واسعة، مما أبرز طابعها الخاص. وتعد صقلية مثالاً نموذجياً على ذلك. ومع ذلك، بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية، كان الرغبة في الاستقلال قوية للغاية. نجح براغماتية القادة السياسيين في الجزر، التي شاركهم فيها القادة الوطنيون، في إيجاد طريق وسط سلمي، كما في حالة الأقاليم المتمتعة بالحكم الذاتي في إسبانيا، ولكنه لم يستبعد حدوث حركات قومية في المستقبل.Nach der Befreiung konnten die italienischen Inseln mit der Zentralregierung einen Sonderstatus aushandeln, der ihnen weitgehende Autonomie gewährte und damit ihren besonderen Charakter unterstrich. Sizilien ist dafür ein paradigmatisches Beispiel. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war der Wunsch nach Unabhängigkeit jedoch sehr stark. Der Pragmatismus der politischen Führer der Inseln, der von den nationalen Führern geteilt wurde, schaffte es, wie im Fall der spanischen Autonomien, einen friedlichen Mittelweg zu finden, der jedoch zukünftige nationalistische Bewegungen nicht ausschloss.After the Liberation, the Italian islands were able to negotiate a special status with the central government that granted them broad autonomy, thus highlighting their unique character. Sicily is a prime example of this. However, after the Second World War, the desire for independence was very strong. The pragmatism of the island's political leaders, shared with that of the national leaders, succeeded in creating, as in the case of Spanish autonomies, a peaceful middle ground, but one that did not rule out future nationalist movements.Tras la Liberación, las islas italianas pudieron negociar con el Gobierno central un estatuto especial que les concedió una amplia autonomía, lo que puso de manifiesto su carácter específico. Sicilia es un ejemplo paradigmático. Sin embargo, tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el deseo de independencia era muy fuerte. El pragmatismo de los dirigentes políticos insulares, compartido con el de los dirigentes nacionales, logró crear, al igual que en el caso de las autonomías españolas, una vía intermedia pacífica, pero que no excluía futuros movimientos nacionalistas.Après la Libération, les îles italiennes ont pu négocier avec le gouvernement central un statut particulier qui leur a accordé une large autonomie, marquant ainsi leur caractère spécifique. La Sicile en est un exemple paradigmatique. Cependant, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le désir d'indépendance était très fort. Le pragmatisme des dirigeants politiques insulaires, partagé avec celui des dirigeants nationaux, a réussi à créer, comme dans le cas des autonomies espagnoles, une voie médiane pacifique, mais qui n'excluait pas de futurs mouvements nationalistes.Dopo la Liberazione, le isole italiane sono state in grado di negoziare uno status specifico con lo Stato centrale, concedendo loro un'autonomia molto ampia che caratterizza la loro specificità. La Sicilia ne è un esempio paradigmatico. Tuttavia, la pressione per l'indipendenza era forte all'indomani della Seconda guerra mondiale. Il pragmatismo dei politici isolani, condiviso con quello dei leader nazionali, ha dato vita, come nel caso delle autonomie spagnole, a una via di mezzo, pacifica ma non esclusiva rispetto alle future spinte nazionaliste.Após a Libertação, as ilhas italianas conseguiram negociar com o governo central um estatuto especial que lhes concedeu ampla autonomia, marcando assim o seu caráter específico. A Sicília é um exemplo paradigmático disso. No entanto, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o desejo de independência era muito forte. O pragmatismo dos líderes políticos insulares, partilhado com o dos líderes nacionais, conseguiu criar, como no caso das autonomias espanholas, um caminho mediano pacífico, mas que não excluía futuros movimentos nacionalistas.После освобождения итальянские острова смогли договориться с центральным правительством об особом статусе, который предоставил им широкую автономию, подчеркнув таким образом их специфику. Сицилия является тому ярким примером. Однако после Второй мировой войны стремление к независимости было очень сильным. Прагматизм политических лидеров островов, разделяемый лидерами страны, позволил, как и в случае с испанскими автономиями, найти мирный компромисс, который, однако, не исключал будущих националистических движений.解放后，意大利的岛屿与中央政府谈判，获得了特殊地位，从而享有广泛的自治权，这标志着它们的独特性。西西里岛便是典型的例子。然而，二战后，独立的愿望非常强烈。岛屿政治领袖与国家领袖共同展现的务实态度，成功地开辟了一条和平的中间道路，如同西班牙的自治模式，但这并不排除未来民族主义运动的可能
Managing game species in a polarized world: transparency as a key for rebuilding social trust?
No full textInternational audienceThis commentary follows up on Rodríguez-Estival et al. (2025), which examined how misinformation and social polarization undermine trust in science, using recreational hunting as a case study. We agree that hunting — and game species research — crystallizes these tensions because it intertwines scientific expertise with political and sociocultural dimensions. We posit that rebuilding public trust in game species management requires greater transparency in the decision-making process. Such transparency entails clarifying the role of expertise and strengthening the involvement of public institutions, both by fostering participatory approaches that emphasize dialogue, knowledge transfer, and collaboration, and by improving coordination of data collection and the standardizing indicators
Differential Taphonomic Behavior of Flint Types: Experimental Insights and Implications for the Middle Stone Age Assemblages of Wadi Lazalim in the Northern Sahara (Kebili, Tunisia)
No full textInternational audienceSeveral syn and post-depositional processes are responsible for different degrees of site and assemblage formation and disturbance. Understanding the processes that lead to archaeological site formation is essential for interpreting past human activities, settlement patterns, and occupation dynamics. Among these processes, water flow is commonly recognized as a major factor influencing site and assemblage formation and integrity. Lithic taphonomy can add valuable information to the understanding of these natural processes. To better evaluate how different flint types react to both mechanical and chemical stresses, we carried out controlled and sequential experiments on knapped flint artifact replicas. These were realized on two different flint varieties, recognized in the archaeological assemblage of a Middle Stone Age open-air site located at Wadi Lazalim (Southern Tunisia). Our methodological framework is based on a sequential tumbling experiment that simulates the remobilization of artifacts by water. The resulting post-depositional surface modifications (PDSM) were observed and recorded. In addition, a sample of flint replicas underwent chemical alteration in a controlled environment, allowing us to document and measure both patina formation and changes in surface roughness. These experimental results were then compared with a sample of archaeological materials, providing the basis for a preliminary and exploratory hypothesis concerning the taphonomic processes at the site. Here, we observed that most of the alterations appear to be linked to patina formation, whose variable degree and kind are more strongly correlated with differences in raw material texture rather than to the co-occurrence of artefacts from different chronological spans
Beyond formal implements: How expedient bone tools shaped winter survival strategies at Shuidonggou Locality 12
No full textInternational audienc
Comprehensive analysis and quantification method of Non-Intentionally Added Substances (NIAS) from Alkanox 240 formed during the polypropylene extrusion process
No full textInternational audienc
Pickering emulsions stabilized by microgels: Three regimes of surface coverage
No full textInternational audienceOil-in-water Pickering emulsions can be stabilized by poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide based microgels that adsorb, deform and entangle at the droplets interface. The surface coverage, Γemulsion, defined as the mass of microgels per unit interfacial area, likely plays a key role in the emulsion properties as stability and responsiveness. The objective of the present study is to link Γemulsion to the concentration of microgels used during the emulsification process. Γemulsion was monitored by combining droplet size analysis, UV–visible quantification of non-adsorbed microgels and Cryo-SEM visualization of the droplets interface, for a microgel concentration range over almost two decades. We demonstrate the existence of three regimes. At low microgel concentration, in the particle-poor regime, the well-known “Limited Coalescence” process takes place. All the microgels adsorb, the droplet size distribution is narrow and the mean droplet size is inversely proportional to the microgel concentration: a constant minimum value of Γemulsion characterizes this domain. For higher microgel concentrations, microgels partition between the interface and the bulk continuous phase. In this intermediate “Excess” regime, both adsorbed and non-adsorbed microgel increase, proving that microgels compress at the interface to maximize their adsorption. At higher microgel concentrations, a third regime named “Saturation” regime is observed for the first time. Γemulsion then reaches a constant high plateau value while the drop size distribution becomes polydisperse, showing that the fragmentation process dominates over the coalescence. These findings should open new perspectives to better tailor emulsion properties using deformable particles as stabilizers
Context dependency of tree diversity effects on standardized substrates decomposition: Role of tree functional composition, mycorrhizal type and climatic conditions
No full textInternational audienceTree diversity influences litter decomposition both directly, through changes in litter quality and composition, and indirectly, by altering the local decomposition environment (LDE). However, the role of the LDE in shaping litter decomposition rates remains less explored than the direct effects. A standardized decomposition experiment using cellulose and wood substrates was conducted over the course of a year across seven tree diversity experiments in Europe and North America to explore how tree diversity, through its influence on the LDE, impacts decomposition rates. Tree functional diversity enhanced the decomposition rate of high‐quality substrate (cellulose) but had no effect on the decomposition rate of low‐quality substrate (wood). The impact of LDE was context‐dependent, with decomposition rates being highest under favourable climatic conditions, such as moderate temperatures and high precipitation. Contrary to the common assumption that litter decomposes faster in broadleaved and arbuscular (AM)‐dominated stands, our findings show that decomposition was faster in mixtures containing coniferous species and ectomycorrhizal (EM)‐associated trees, suggesting that LDE plays a larger role than initially thought. Synthesis . This study highlights the crucial role of LDE in shaping decomposition rates. While tree functional diversity generally enhances decomposition under favourable climatic conditions, LDE played a more significant role than previously recognized in EM stands, suggesting that faster decomposition rates in AM stands are primarily due to litter quality. These findings emphasize the context‐dependent nature of decomposition and the importance of considering LDE in understanding how tree diversity influences decomposition processes
Directional light scattering in Mie-resonant Si particles with ultra-thin Au shells
No full textInternational audienceMetamaterial research has sought to create nanostructures with strong directional optical scattering to control light propagation at the nanoscale. Core–shell architectures comprised of both resonant cores and resonant shells are suggested as candidate particles in which the spectral overlap of the electric and magnetic dipoles is controlled to create strong directional scattering. In this study, Au-decorated Si core–shell (Si@Au) particles are presented, studying the role of the architecture (particulate, discontinuous shells vs continuous) and dimensions of the shell. The core–shell particles are synthesized by first creating Si particles, through the thermal disproportionation of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), which are then decorated with ≈4 nm diameter Au nanoparticles. The resonant behavior of the core–shell particles is characterized using electron energy-loss spectroscopy mapping and optical single-particle scatter spectroscopy. These observations are supported by T-matrix simulations and Mie-theory calculations of the scattering spectra, which show that, compared to Si, Si@Au particles demonstrate a dampened magnetic dipole resonance for smaller Si core diameters (100–130 nm) and an enhanced magnetic dipole resonance for larger Si core sizes (150–200 nm). The study indicates that the previously reported hybridized modes do not exist in particulate Au shells around a Si core and can only exist in continuous plasmonic shells. Thus, it is shown here how important it is to be as precise as possible regarding the nanomaterial architecture used in simulations. No configuration of Si@Au core–shell particles with a particulate shell could be found that strongly enhanced directional scattering, and a continuous shell may do so only modestly. However, the simulations show that the synthesis of thin, continuous Ag shells might represent an alternative route towards achieving good directional scattering properties.</p
Variational autoencoder for inference of nonlinear mixed effect models based on ordinary differential equations
No full textInternational audienceWe propose a variational autoencoder (VAE) approach for parameter estimation in nonlinear mixed-effects models based on ordinary differential equations (NLME-ODEs) using longitudinal data from multiple subjects. In moderate dimensions, likelihood-based inference via the stochastic approximation EM algorithm (SAEM) is widely used,but it relies on Markov Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) to approximate subject-specific posteriors. As model complexity increases or observations per subject are sparse and irregular, performance often deteriorates due to a complex, multimodal likelihood surface which may lead to MCMC convergence difficulties. We instead estimate parameters by maximizing the evidence lower bound (ELBO), a regularized surrogate for the marginal likelihood. A VAE with a shared encoder amortizes inference of subject-specific random effects by avoiding per-subject optimization and the use of MCMC. Beyond pointwise estimation, we quantify parameter uncertainty using observed-information–based variance estimator and verify that practical identifiability of the model parameters is not compromised by nuisance parameters introduced in the encoder. We evaluate the method in three simulation case studies (pharmacokinetics,humoral response to vaccination, and TGF-β activation dynamics in asthmatic airways) and on a real-world antibody kinetics dataset, comparing against SAEM baselines