Електронний архів Національного фармацевтичного університету
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Test items with explains for preparing for license examination KROK-1 “Pharmacy” (BOTANY)
No full textThe textbook represents the tasks from the bank of tests Krok 1 “Pharmacy”. The bank was created by the Testing Center of MEH of Ukraine during 2002-2015. The short explanations are provided to the right answers with illustrations in the textbook. The tests consist of the basis of the task and the resolving part with only one right answer.
Edition purpose:
to acquaint students of 2-4 courses with the tests which are used for the current, total control and license examination;
to prepare students of 4 courses for license examination «Krok 1»;
to help students of 2 and 4 courses with mastering of the program material of the discipline «Pharmaceutical botany»
Strategic aspects in management of potential innovative development of pharmaceutical industry
No full textОбґрунтована актуальність й основні риси інноваційної моделі розвитку вітчизняної фармації. Визначені головні індикатори розвитку інноваційних процесів у фармацевтичній галузі. Доведено, що одним із найбільш перспективних організаційно-економічних механізмів стимулювання інноваційного розвитку фармації є створення фармацевтичних / біофармацевтичних кластерів. На підставі експертного опитування визначені переваги кластерної моделі інноваційного розвитку фармації і досліджені фактори, що гальмують її впровадження.Обоснована актуальность и основные черты инновационной модели развития отечественной фармации. Определены главные индикаторы развития инновационных процессов в фармацевтической отрасли. Доказано, что одним из наиболее перспективных организационно-экономических механизмов стимулирования инновационного развития фармации является создание фармацевтических / биофармацевтических кластеров. На основании экспертного опроса определены преимущества кластерной модели инновационного развития фармации и исследованы факторы, тормозящие ее внедрения.It has substantiated the urgency and main features of innovative development model of domestic pharmacy. The main indicators of innovative processes development in the pharmaceutical industry are identified. It has proved that one of the most promising organizational and economic mechanisms for stimulating the innovative development of pharmacy is the creation of pharmaceutical / biopharmaceutical clusters. On the basis of the expert survey, it has determined certain advantages of the cluster innovative development model of pharmacy and it has investigated the factors that inhibiting its implementation
Особливості впровадження процесної моделі комерціалізації об’єктів інтелектуальної власності у фармації
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Cardiovascular calcium channel blockers: historical overview, development and new approaches in design
Get PDFRole of calcium and calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle contraction. Calcium is a key component of the excitation–contraction coupling process, which occurs within the cardiovascular system. It acts as a cellular messenger to link internal or external excitation with cellular response. Increased cytosolic concentrations of Ca2+ result in the binding of Ca2+ to a regulatory protein, either troponin C in cardiac and skeletal muscle or calmodulin in vascular smooth muscle. This initial binding of Ca2+ uncovers myosin binding on the actin molecule, and subsequent interaction between actin and myosin result in muscle contraction. All these events are reversed once the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ decreases. In this situation, Ca2+ binding troponin C or calmodulin is diminished or removed, binding sites are concealed, actin and myosin no longer interact and muscle contraction ceases [1,2]. Mechanisms of calcium movement and storage. The regulation of cytosolic calcium levels occurs via specific influx, efflux, and sequestering mechanism (Fig. 1) [3]. Intracellular calcium increases via the voltage-gated channels, receptor-mediated channels, Na2+/Ca2+and Na2+/H+-exchangers store-operated channels. Influx via either receptor-operated or voltage-dependent channels has been proposed to be the major entry pathway for
Ca2+. Receptor-operated channels have been defined as those associated with cellular membrane receptors and activated by specific agonist-receptor interactions. In contrast, potential-dependent channels, also known as voltage-dependent or voltage-gated calcium channels, have been defined as those activated by membrane depolarization. The Na+/Ca2+ exchange process can promote either influx or efflux because the direction of Ca2+ movement depends upon the relative intracellular and extracellular ratio of Na+ and Ca2+. The «leak» pathways, which include unstimulated Ca2+ entry as well as entry during the fast inward Na+ phase of an action potential, play only a minor role in calcium influx. Ca2+ decreases via the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump, plasma membrane calcium ATPase pump, permeability transition pore, and Na2+/Ca2+ exchangers. In addition to these influx and efflux mechanisms, the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria function as internal storage/release sites. These storage sites work in concert with the influx and efflux processes to assure that cytosolic calcium level are appropriate for cellular needs. While influx and release processes are essential for excitation–contraction coupling, efflux and sequestering processes are equally important for terminating the contractile process and for protecting the cell from the deleterious effects of Ca2+ overload [4–6]
The efficacy of goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) tincture and metformin combination in the early stages of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats
Get PDFThe effects of goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) tincture (1 ml/kg intragastrically), metformin
(100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) or their combination were studied in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. On the 4th
day after alloxan injection, β-cells underwent destructive changes and death, the number of pancreatic islets was reduced, proliferation processes were intensified in the places of typical α-cells localization. The studied combination normalized the state of the islets counteracting cell death and limiting excessive proliferation foci (evidently α-cells), the last effect was not observed after monotherapy in both cases. The tincture and metformin normalized the histological structure of the liver counteracting hepatocytes death, which was intensified in diabetic rats. The protective effect of metformin on the structure of the vascular wall both in the pancreas and the liver was maintained after combined use of this drug with the tincture. This combination also partially restored insulinemia and insulin resistance index, while the effect on glycemia and TNF-α level in plasma was not manifested within the term of the study and under conditions of anaesthesia. The correlation between TNF-α and insulinemia indicates the possible participation of the mechanisms related to this cytokine in the tincture protective effect in regard to β-cells. Combined use of goutweed tincture with metformin allowed increasing plasma albumin level, which was not observed after monotherapy with metformin
Фитотерапия варикозного расширения вен
Get PDFКраткая характеристика заболевания - Варикозное расширение вен. Сборы, которые при этом применяться и их химический состав