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    Collapse of Coherent Large Scale Flow in Strongly Turbulent Liquid Metal Convection

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    Metallic Materials and Their Applications in Aerospace and Advanced Technologies

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    Assessment of Risks Induced by Countermining Unexploded Large-Charge Historical Ordnance in a Shallow Water Environment—Part I: Real Case Study

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    International audienceThe goal of the work presented in a two-companion paper is to pave the way for reliably assessing the risks of damage to buildings on the shore, induced by the detonation of unexploded historical ordnance (UXO) of large weights in variable shallow water environments with a water depth less than 50 m. The risk assessment is quantified through the seismic magnitude on the Richter scale, induced by the detonation of charges of different weights (between 80- and 680-kg TNT-equivalent). This metric is investigated experimentally using a coupled seismo-acoustic approach within the framework of a UXO clearance (countermining) campaign in the Mediterranean Sea. Analysis of real acoustic and seismic data shows that, compared to a charge detonation in water, a similar detonation on the seabed generates seismic signals of lower frequencies and higher amplitudes that propagate in the seabed. The larger the charge weight, the higher the seismic amplitude. Besides the explosion-coast distance, the ground properties also affect the signals. The sediments favor a longer signal duration and the presence of late dispersive and very low-frequency signals with a large amplitude, whereas the rocky grounds better preserve the high-frequency energy propagation. For the local environment considered in this study, a charge detonation on the seafloor generates seismic events of higher magnitudes compared to a detonation in water. However, these magnitudes are likely low enough to prevent any large damage in the nearby inland infrastructures

    Effect of CNT additives on the electrical properties of derived nanocomposites (experimentally and numerical investigation)

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    International audienceIn this work, two simulations models have been developed to study the electrical percolation and the electrical conductivity of epoxy-based nanocomposite containing Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes. The models are based on resistor-model and finite element analysis. The former was evaluated using MATLAB code and the finite element analysis using DIGIMAT software. The maximum tunnelling distance and its influence on the percolation probability and final electrical conductivity were studied. Electrical measurements on the samples were conducted for numerical validation. The experimental data showed a percolation achievement around 2 wt%, which was confirmed in the numerical simulations. This study provides evidence of the effectiveness of the resistor model and finite element method approach to predict the electrical conductivity of nanocomposites

    Amélioration de l'efficacité des accélérateurs laser-plasma

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    To generate high energy electron beams, conventional accelerators use radio frequency waves to accelerate charged particles to relativistic speeds. However, the accelerating electric field produced is limited to a few tens of megavolts per metre, mainly due to a breakdown phenomenon. Very large facilities are therefore needed to reach sufficiently high energies. For example, the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC), which is the world's longest linear accelerator, accelerates electrons up to 50 GeV over a distance of 3.2 km. Laser-Plasma Accelerators can produce electric fields exceeding 100 GV/m, that are about three orders of magnitude larger than those obtained by radiofrequency-cavity accelerators. They could thus allow for a drastic decrease of the size of accelerators for scientific, medical and industrial applications. Yet, several bottlenecks have to be solved before these applications can be really implemented. It is notably necessary to demonstrate the efficient production of high-quality, multi-GeV electron beams at a high-repetition rate.The doctoral project tackles this problem by exploring new methods for increasing the energy of the electron beams thanks to techniques that are compatibles with arbitrarily high laser powers and repetition rates and that can be combined with controlled injection methods. Indeed, high energy or controlled injection electron beams have been obtained separately during the last fifteen years, but never combined. This thesis presents the work carried out on the guiding techniques as well as on the electron injection techniques which allowed to obtain experimentally good quality beams at high energies. This work was done in particular through the optimisation of a new optic designed at the Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, the axiparabola, as well as the development of gas jets specific to laser-plasma acceleration.Pour générer des faisceaux d'électrons à hautes énergies, les accélérateurs conventionnels utilisent des ondes radiofréquences pour accélérer des particules chargées à des vitesses relativistes. Cependant, le champ électrique accélérateur produit est limité à quelques dizaines de mégavolts par mètre, dû notamment à un phénomène de claquage. Il faut donc des installations de très grande taille pour atteindre des énergies suffisamment élevées. Ainsi, l'accélérateur linéaire de Stanford (SLAC), qui est l'accélérateur linéaire le plus long au monde, accélère des électrons jusqu'à 50GeV sur 3.2km. Les accélérateurs laser-plasma peuvent produire des champs électriques dépassant 100 GV/m, soit environ trois ordres de grandeur plus grands que ceux obtenus par les accélérateurs à cavités radiofréquences. Ils pourraient ainsi permettre une diminution drastique de la taille des accélérateurs pour des applications scientifiques, médicales et industrielles. Cependant, plusieurs verrous devront être levés avant que ces applications puissent voir le jour. Il sera notamment nécessaire de démontrer la production efficace de faisceaux d'électrons de haute qualité, à des énergies de plusieurs GeV et à un taux de répétition élevé.Le projet doctoral s’attaque à cette problématique en explorant de nouvelles méthodes pour augmenter l'énergie des faisceaux d'électrons grâce à des techniques qui sont compatibles avec des puissances laser et des taux de répétition élevés et qui peuvent être alliées avec des méthodes d'injection contrôlée. En effet, des faisceaux d'électrons à haute énergie ou avec une injection contrôlée ont été obtenus séparément durant les quinze dernières années, mais jamais de manière combinée. Cette thèse présente les travaux réalisés sur les techniques de guidage ainsi que sur celles d'injection des électrons qui ont permis d'obtenir expérimentalement des faisceaux de bonne qualité à hautes énergies. Ce travail s'est fait notamment au travers de l'optimisation d'une optique nouvellement conçue au Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, l'axiparabole, ainsi que sur le développement de jets de gaz spécifiques à l'accélération laser-plasma

    Ordonnancement des tests de compatibilité électromagnétique sur des véhicules avec CP Optimizer

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    International audienceCe projet porte sur une problématique récente chez Renault: il s'agit d'affecter et d'ordonnancer des tests électromagnétiques sur des véhicules dans le laboratoire de compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) au technocentre. Le problème est assez original et contraint. Par rapport à la littérature, nous pourrions classer le problème comme un problème d'ordonnancement multicritère à machines spécialisées non parallèles à traitement par p-Batches (les véhicules sont les machines) avec des contraintes de fenêtres de temps des machines et des contraintes de ressources.L'objectif du projet était en premier lieu de comprendre et de modéliser la problématique en vue de répondre aux besoins des planificateurs et d'économiser en nombre de séances nécessaires pour la planification et en deuxième lieu d'expérimenter le solveur d'IBM, CP Optimizer sur ce type des problèmes. Les résultats étaient satisfaisants d'un point de vue planificateurs, le modèle compilé sur des instances récentes (prototypes des véhicules Renault à lancer prochainement) permet un gain de 10% en nombre de séances par rapport à la planification actuelle. Le projet est en phase d'industrialisation

    La dualité convexe comme accélération d'un algorithme de Branch-and-Bound dédié à l'optimisation parcimonieuse

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    International audienceLa dualité convexe comme accélération d'un algorithme de Branch-and-Bound dédié à l'optimisation parcimonieus

    An efficient Benders decomposition for the p-median problem

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    Acoustic Predictors of Active Fluid Expulsion From a Hydrothermal Vent Field, Offshore Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

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    International audienceUnderstanding fluid expulsion is key to estimating gas exchange volumes between the seafloor, ocean, and atmosphere; for locating key ecosystems; and geohazard modelling. Locating active seafloor fluid expulsion typically requires acoustic backscatter data. Areas of very-high seafloor backscatter, or “hardgrounds,” are often used as first-pass indicators of potential fluid expulsion. However, varying and inconsistent spatial relationships between active fluid expulsion and hardgrounds means a direct link remains unclear. Here, we investigate the links between water-column acoustic flares to seafloor backscatter and bathymetric metrics generated from two calibrated multibeam echosounders. Our site, the Calypso hydrothermal vent field (HVF) in the Bay of Plenty, Aotearoa/New Zealand, has an extensive catalogue of vents and seeps in <250 m water depth. We demonstrate a method to quantitatively link active fluid expulsion (flares) with seafloor characteristics. This allows us to develop predictive spatial models of active fluid expulsion. We explore whether data from a low (30 kHz), high (200 kHz), or combined frequency model increases predictive accuracy of expulsion locations. This research investigates the role of hardgrounds or surrounding sediment cover on the accuracy of predictive models. Our models link active fluid expulsion to specific seafloor characteristics. A combined model using both the 30 and 200 kHz mosaics produced the best results (predictive accuracy: 0.75; Kappa: 0.65). This model performed better than the same model using individual frequency mosaics as input. Model results reveal active fluid expulsion is not typically associated with the extensive, embedded hardgrounds of the Calypso HVF, with minimal fluid expulsion. Unconsolidated sediment around the perimeter of and between hardgrounds were more active fluid expulsion sites. Fluids exploit permeable pathways up to the seafloor, modifying and refashioning the seafloor. Once a conduit self-seals, fluid will migrate to a more permeable pathway, thus reducing a one-to-one link between activity and hardgrounds. Being able to remotely predict active and inactive regions of fluid expulsion will prove a useful tool in rapidly identifying seeps in legacy datasets, as well as textural metrics that will aid in locating nascent, senescent, or extinct seeps when a survey is underway

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