IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia (IMJM)
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Treatment Outcomes and Factors Associated with Poor Treatment Outcome in Pahang, Malaysia
Get PDFIntroduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a formidable public health concern in Malaysia. Malaysia’s national treatment success rate is still below the ideal 90% positive outcome recommended by the End TB Strategy (2015-2035). In this study, we evaluated the treatment outcomes and associated predictors of smear or culture positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in chest clinic of Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA), Pahang from January 2012 to December 2016. PTB cases in HTAA were crosschecked with TB registry and patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. Data was collected using a standardized clinical report form and analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: There were a total of 342 patients recruited. Majority were Malaysian (94.2%), male (67.8%) and Malay (80.0%). The treatment success rate was 55.26%, with a cure rate of 42.98%. The high portion of defaulters (21.05%) in our study population was amongst the most striking findings. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the factors associated with unfavourable treatment outcome were time in treatment, case after treatment interruption or failure and poor compliance. Univariate analysis revealed that male, hepatitis, smoking and intravenous drug user were found to be significant factors associated with poorer treatment outcomes. Conclusion: Achieving a higher patient retention rate is a significant factor in increasing effectiveness of treatment services. Thus, our study recommends stricter Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course (DOTS) and an enhanced understanding of the real barriers to patients’ treatment regimen adherence in order to overcome them
Hearing Impairment from the Islamic Perspective: A Review
Get PDFIntroduction: This discussion paper aims to synthesise available literature on hearing sciences from Islamic perspective and to relate this to the current hearing care practices. The paper focuses on several main scopes: i) the importance of sense of hearing from Islamic and scientific perspectives ii) impacts of hearing impairment iii) limitations in understanding and practicing Islamic teaching due to hearing impairment, iv) Islamic responsibility towards people with hearing impairment, v) current available methods to facilitate Islamic practices among hearing impaired people, and vi) incorporating Islamization in hearing care practice. Design: Narrative review and synthesis Method: Related publications and references were identified through several ways: i) by structured searches in PubMed, Google scholar, Web of Knowledge and Science Direct using the combinations of ‘Islam’, ‘hearing impairment’, ‘hearing loss’, ‘hearing’, ‘social’, learning’, ‘memory’, ‘disability’, ‘Islamic responsibility’, and ‘learning for deaf’ as key words, ii) by inspecting the reference lists of relevant articles, and iii) by identification of relevant references from Quran and Hadith by authors who have background in Quranic studies. Results: The number of publications within the audiology field, which address the aforementioned scopes, is rather limited. Additionally, a review and synthesis of literature from other related fields such as medical, health, and education, with references from Quran and Hadith, were also carried out to facilitate the discussion of the above mentioned scopes. Conclusion: This paper concludes that there is an emerging trend for the studies of hearing and Islam in the literature. Facilitating hearing impaired people in understanding and practicing Islam becomes a shared obligation for parents, society, and the patients themselves. This discussion also identifies that there is a need for more contributions from Muslim scholars in integrating and implementing the Islamic principles in current hearing care practices
Identification of Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (bHCG) Expression in Frozen Cleavage Embryo of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Patients: An Essential Approach for Better Outcome towards Human Being Inheritance in Line with Maqasid Syari’ah Concept
Get PDFExpression of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (bHCG) mRNA in early cleavage cell stages is important in predicting embryo viability at blastocyst stage of development. Embryo viability is crucial for in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment to be successful in terms of increment of implantation and pregnancy rate. In order to establish fertilization outside the human body, optimum condition mimicking the natural body environment like hormones and growth factors as well as impeccable timing must be established. Imam Muslim narrated from Hudhayfa ibn Asad that the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said: “After the sperm-andovum drop (nut.fa) has been [in the uterus] forty-two days, Allah sends it an angel that gives it form and fashions its hearing, sight, skin, flesh, and skeleton”. Therefore the aim of this study is to find the significant association of bHCG expression with early cell stage cleavages and its relationship as predictive marker for potential embryo implantation. Our study focuses on leftover frozen embryos from eight patients consists of six pregnant patients and two non-pregnant patients. We assessed the human bHCG mRNA expression at different cell cleavage stages in these frozen embryos using reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results have shown three out of eight patients with five to ten cells of blastomeres were expressed with bHCG. This study indicated that bHCG was expressed on frozethawed late cleavage stage of embryos in IVF patients
Islamic Ethical Paradigm on Poor Compliance in the Management of Bronchial Asthma
Get PDFChildhood asthma is known to cause heavy economic burden due to increased hospital visits and prolonged hospital care due to its exacerbations. Despite the advancement of in-hospital management to control asthma, poor compliance has been an astounding problem in the management of the acute asthma attack. An 8-year-old boy, who was known as persistent bronchial asthma since 5 year of age, have had frequent visits to the clinics and hospital due to poorly controlled asthma symptoms. During this episode, he presented with worsening shortness of breath. He often misses his daily medication due to parental assumption that the patient is able to manage asthma by himself. His non-compliance towards medications has led to patient’s absenteeism from school and deterioration in his academic performance. Islam is a religion that emphasizes on provision of individual’s and community’s health. This is achieved through taking an optimal care of one’s health and aimed at maintaining disease control state. Parents have the duty to provide their children with good and healthy living throughout the childhood period, and not to neglect them in any way. Islam stresses the importance not only self-care in the society but also preservation of others’ health especially by the Muslim doctors. Conservation and protection of individual’s right to health especially children require group effort of both parents and medical personnel
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on the Islamic Perspective Slots (IPS) in Biomedical Science Curriculum among Biomedical Science Students of International Islamic University Malaysia
Get PDFThe Islamic perspective slot (IPS) is a strategy to enhance the agenda of Islamisation of Knowledge in the curriculum of the Department of Biomedical Science (DBMS) at the Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences (KAHS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Here, the outcome of a 4-year implementation of the IPS is assessed by determining the knowledge, attitude and practices on the IPS in the Biomedical Science curriculum among IIUM Biomedical Science students. A cross-sectional study was performed using convenience sampling on 205 students administered with a self-guided questionnaire. The total score for each knowledge, attitude and practice were computed to find the association using SPSS. The total mean and standard deviation of knowledge, attitude and practice score were found to be 20.18±3.60, 89.47±12.99 and 38.22±6.94 respectively. There was weak positive correlation between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.286; p<0.001), and knowledge and practice (r=+0.246; p<0.001), and fair positive correlation between attitude and practice (r=+0.564; p<0.001). Significant association was also established between year of study and knowledge (p<0.001), attitude (p<0.001) and practice (p<0.001). Additionally, there were significant differences between gender with knowledge (p = 0.009) and attitude (p=0.016). However, there was no significant difference between gender in terms of practice (p=0.059). Educational background did not appear to influence knowledge (p=0.198), attitude (p=0.147) and practice (p = 0.876). The study revealed that overall students’ score on knowledge is moderate, whereas score on attitude is good and score on practice is low. The results revealed that the current practice involving the IPS is yet to achieve satisfactory outcome, improvements must be made and the study to be repeated again after improvements are made
Parents’ Satisfaction on Children’s Dental Care Received at the Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia
Get PDFIntroduction: Part of the undergraduate training in dental school is treating dental patients under close supervision of trained supervisors. Islam emphasises the highest quality in service rendered. Aim: To evaluate parent’s satisfaction with their children’s dental care provided by undergraduate dental students at the Student Polyclinic, Kulliyyah of Dentistry (KOD), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Materials and Methodology: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. A self-administered questionnaire with questions on accessibility and availability, physical environment, service quality, interpersonal communication, cost of treatment, efficacy and treatment outcome was distributed to parents whose children received dental treatment anytime January 2013 to October 2013. Data collected was analysed using the Independent Sample T-Test, and Mann-Whitney Test. Results: 70 questionnaires were completed and analysed. The results showed that the average level of parental satisfaction was high. The parents were most satisfied with students’ interpersonal communication. The level of satisfaction of parents of female children is higher than parents of male children although the difference was not significant. No significant differences were found in relation to which parent accompanied the child for treatment and the parent’s education level. However, the parent’s level of satisfaction is associated with type of occupation, where non-health-related workers expressed higher level of satisfaction (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Parents were generally satisfied with the care that their children received, mainly with the aspect of students’ interpersonal communication and physical environment of the clinic. The results also indicated that level of satisfaction is associated with the nature of the parent’s occupation
Sequencing-Based Analysis for the Identification of Bacteria Associated with Severe Early Childhood Caries (SECC)
Get PDFSevere early childhood caries (SECC) is a microbialinfection that severely compromises the dentition ofyoung children.The aim of this study is toidentify bacteria associated with SECC and compare bacterial species between SECC and caries-free children. Bacterial samples were isolated from dental plaque samples of 3 to 6-yearold preschool children and the status of dental caries at the surface level was evaluated using World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria for decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DFMS). 30 samples from the interproximal part were collected and genomic DNA was extracted using MasterPure™ Gram Positive DNA Purification Kit. Polymerase Reaction (PCR) was conducted on the genomic DNA extracted to amplify 16S rRNA gene and successfully amplified 16S rRNA gene from the samples was sent for sequencing.This research was approved by the IIUM Research Ethic Committee (IREC). Using the selected kit, genomic DNA was successfully extracted and PCR amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNAgeneusing universal bacterial primers was achieved giving a product of 1500 bp. Results from sequencing when analysedusing BLAST from the NCBI website, identified bacteria from the genus Vibrio, Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter from SECC samples while for caries-free samples Granulicatella was identified
Addressing Islamic Values in Medical Imaging Professionalism
Get PDFThis paper presents a conceptual framework in aligning the integration of Islamic values into the Medical imaging practices through the aspect of Islamic Personality (IP). IP is a form of moral quality in the psychological aspects of a human, which is governed by the belief in Allah as the One God and Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) as His servant and His messenger. This work is seen within the context of harmonizing Islamic values to the currently accepted professional attributes in medical imaging. The medical imaging practice is comprised of various domains; basic principles in healthcare and medical imaging, patient care, use of technology, the technicalities or procedures, quality, safety, economic, research and professionalism. In order to conceptualize the IP as applicable for Muslim Medical imaging practitioners’ ten professional guidelines were examined. The extracted professional attributes were sorted into common themes within the context of the above domains. From the examination of the guidelines, the expected professional attributes of medical imaging practitioners are closely related to the concepts in Islamic ethics (‘ilm al-akhlaq) and circle around character building. There are nineteen common professional personality traits that were determined from the Medical imaging professional guidelines; 1) respectful, 2) safe practice, 3) safe activity, 4) equality, 5) trustworthy, 6) honesty and integrity, 7) truthful, 8) responsible and accountable, 9) compassionate, 10) wisdom, and 11) being up-to-date, 12) competence, 13) teamwork, 14) self-reflection, 15) dignity, 16) ethical behaviors, 17) adhere to laws and regulations, 18) effective communication, and 19) continuity of knowledge and skills development. Some of these traits were interpreted within the Islamic perspectives as applicable for Muslim Medical imaging practitioners. The outlined conceptual framework could be a model for improvement in the practice of Muslim Medical imaging practitioners in terms of IP. In conclusion, the professional attributes as addressed in the current professional guidelines are feasible to be aligned with the IP to form a set of Islamic personalities that are applicable for Muslim Medical imaging practitioners
Anatomy of Musculoskeletal System in the Light of the Qur’an and Hadith
Get PDFThe integration of human knowledge between the medical and health care sciences with revealed knowledge was established since the era of Al-Razi (Rhazes), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), AlZahrawi (Albucasis) and others. However, the glorious period of Islamic medicine gradually declined after the period of 'Abbasiyyah and 'Uthmaniyyah. At present, many scholars tend to separate the modern medicine and the revealed knowledge, resulting in the disconnection between these two fields. There is little to suggest the presence of reference collections that integrate the Qur’an and Hadith with medicine. This review aimed to fill that gap. Relevant Qur’anic verses and authentic Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him; henceforth PBUH) in relation to a specific field in medicine i.e. the anatomy of human musculoskeletal system was extracted. The musculoskeletal system is unique in which it forms the ‘backbone’ of normal human posture. The system plays a vital role in maintaining human daily activities. From this review, it is noted that many Qur’anic verses and Hadith relate to the musculoskeletal system. A few examples include the number human joints and its relationship with the daily prayers (Salah), the daily charitable act recommended to all Muslim, the coccyx bone that is indestructible and shall be the source for human resurrection during the hereafter, and others. These examples necessitate for a more in-depth analysis to enlighten the revealed knowledge from the medical perspective
Identifying the Potential of Qur’anic Recitation on the Proliferation of Chondrocytes Derived from Rabbit Articular Cartilage: Work in Progress
Get PDFIntroduction: In Islamic practice, the use of Qur’anic recitation in treatment can be traced back to the times of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). This preliminary study aims to identify the potential of Qur’anic recitation of Surah Al-Fatihah on the proliferation of chondrocytes derived from rabbit articular cartilage. Cartilage tissue engineering offers an alternative way to facilitate cartilage regeneration in-vitro. Materials and Methods: The cellular model was established using a serially cultured and expanded chondrocytes in-vitro. The model was assigned into three groups. The first group was exposed to the Surah Al-Fatihah, recited 17 times based on the five times daily prayer unit (Raka’ah) obligated upon Muslims. The second group was exposed to an Arabic poem recitation. The third group was not exposed to any sound and served as the control. All groups were subjected to the growth profile analysis. The analysis was conducted at different passages starting from passage 0 to passage 3. Results: The results showed that the cells proliferation based on the growth kinetic analysis is higher for the cells exposed with Qur’anic recitation as compared to the Arabic poem and control groups. Conclusions: The proliferation process of the rabbit articular cartilage might be influenced with the use of Qur’anic recitation and as well as Arabic poem recitation. Exposure to the Western poem recitation and mute sound will be added for future study. It is hoped that this study could shed some light on the potential use of the Qur’anic recitation to facilitate cartilage regeneration in tissue engineering studies