International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Law Journal
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Legal Development in Cross-Border Marriages Among Malay Muslims in Malaysia
Get PDFCross-border marriages have received a considerable amount of attention in recent years. Patterns and characteristics of cross-border marriages appear to differ widely among the world’s region and races. This article aims to discuss the legal development and history of cross-border marriages from the perspective of Muslim Malay couples in Malaysia and generally, under the English law. An analytical legal approach is used in this study to explore the legal developments in such cross-border marriages. The findings of this work are expected to fill the gap in the legal literature on marriages in Malaysia and also provide reference for designing a new improved policy and regulatory framework to deal with the problem
APPLICATION OF PROFIT AND LOSS SHARING MODES IN TRADE FINANCING FOR SMALL-SCALE BUSINESSES: AN ALTERNATIVE TO DEBT BASED FINANCING
Get PDFThe current article analyses the application of Islamic financing modes based on equity participation for small and medium scale enterprises in short-term trade financing. In lieu of debt based modes such as murabahah favoured by Islamic banks in trade financing, the application of musharakah based alternatives is explored, with especial attention to practical aspects of relevance from a shari‘ah perspective arising in their implementation. Financing goods ready for sale, and financing purchase of stock are examined, comparing the joint-equity based structure with the debt-based structures, and identifying issues of importance. The equity based approach being applied as an all-embracing scheme encompassing purchase of raw material or trade goods to their final sale could be a viable and fairer alternative to debt based financing methods in vogue currently. Adopting suitable equity based structures, especially in the context of short-term financing for small-scale businesses, may provide considerable efficiency and convenience without the involvement of the drawbacks inherent to debt financing structures. Eliminating elements of debt financing from the equity-based modes so as to reveal their full potential and to realise their socio-economic objectives requires further study and continuous fine-tuning of the modes proposed
A JUDICIAL PERSPECTIVE ON ISLAMIC FINANCE LITIGATION IN MALAYSIA
No full textIn the last four decades, Malaysian jurists and Sharî’ah scholars have immensely contributed to the field of Islamic finance sufficient to attract international recognition and acceptance. This has turned Malaysia to a vibrant global hub for Islamic financial services. In furtherance of this enviable position, a new legal framework was recently introduced which is expected to reemphasize the pragmatic and resilient nature of the Islamic finance industry. This paper therefore provides a judicial perspective on the recent reforms in the legal framework of Islamic finance industry, examines the dynamics of Islamic finance litigation, and highlights the important role of the judiciary and other dispute resolution institutions in shaping the future of the industry. In Malaysia, the nature of the trading concepts, upon which the Islamic finance facilities are based, are the major sources of disputes since the Islamic finance industry operates within a conventional framework and related disputes are litigated in the civil courts. It is therefore argued that the biggest challenge for the courts in the exercise of its judicial function is the application of relevant laws to Islamic finance transactions. The paper concludes that strengthening the legal architecture of the industrywill necessarily lead to the development of competitive products that are not only Sharî’ah-compliant but alsoconventionally viable. This can be achieved through the channelling of Islamic finance disputes to an alternative forum for appropriate dispute resolution. ABSTRAKDalam empat dekad yang lalu, cendekiawan Malaysia dan pakar Syariah telah memberi sumbangan yang besar kepada bidang kewangan Islam yang cukup bagi menarik pengiktirafan dan penerimaan antarabangsa. Ini telah menjadikan Malaysia suatu hab global bertenaga untuk perkhidmatan kewangan Islam. Bagi meneruskan kedudukan yang dicemburui ini, satu rangka kerja undang-undang baru telah diperkenalkan baru-baru ini yang diharap lebih menekankan kepada lumrah pragmatik dan berdaya tahan industri kewangan Islam. Oleh itu, kertas kerja ini memberikan perspektif kehakiman terhadap pembaharuan mutakhir dalam rangka kerja undang undang industri kewangan Islam, mengkaji dinamik litigasi kewangan Islam, dan menjelaskan peranan penting badan kehakiman dan institusi-institusi penyelesaian pertikaian yang lain dalam membentuk masa depan industri ini. Di Malaysia, lumrah konsep perdagangan, yang mana menjadi dasar kemudahan kewangan Islam, adalah punca utama pertikaian sejak industri kewangan Islam beroperasi di dalam rangka kerja konvensional dan pertikaian berkaitan telah dilitigasikan di mahkamah sivil. Maka ia telah dibahaskan bahawa cabaran terbesar bagi mahkamah pada menjalankan fungsi kehakimannya adalah aplikasi undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan urus niaga kewangan Islam. Kertas kerja ini menyimpulkan bahawa pengukuhan rangka kerja undang-undang industri akan membawa kepada pembangunan produk yang berdaya saing yang bukan sahaja patuh Syariah tetapi juga berdaya maju dari sudut konvensionalnya. Ini boleh dicapai melalui penyaluran pertikaian kewangan Islam kepada forum alternatif untuk penyelesaian pertikaian yang sesuai
MECHANISM OF ENFORCEMENT AND EXECUTION OF MUSLIM MAINTENANCE ORDER: COURT - BASED SYSTEM
No full textThe weaknesses of the enforcement and execution of a court order always become the reason for noncompliance with court orders issued by the Syariah Court. In other words, the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms enhances compliance with orders issued by the Syariah Court. Many looked at the weaknesses of enforcement as the weaknesses of the Syariah court as the agency for implementing justice and thus undermining the position of the Islamic law. However, very little attention has been given in the literature as regards what constitutes the mechanism of enforcement and execution of a maintenance order in the Syariah Court. Hence, the purpose of this article is to examine the mechanism used pertaining to non-compliance maintenance orders. The content analysis approach was used as it is appropriate to identify the mechanism used by the selected Syariah courts in settling the enforcement and execution cases. Through the content analysis method, the background of the cases as well as the approach of the court players were identified, respectively. The data from the study then were presented in descriptive form to explain the frequency and the percentage of variables studied. The study suggests that the process of giving judgment relating to maintenance should be improved. In addition, the assimilisation between non-legal and legal processes should be well organised to ensure the effectiveness of the enforcement and execution processes. The weaknesses found should be addressed in future studies to identify the best method for better implementation. ABSTRAKKelemahan-kelemahan di dalam penguatkuasaan dan pelaksanaan sesuatu perintah mahkamah sentiasa menjadi penyebab kepada ketidakpatuhan terhadap perintah-perintah mahkamah yang dikeluarkan oleh Mahkamah Syariah. Dalam ertikata lain, keberkesanan mekanisma penguatkuasaan meningkatkan pematuhan terhadap perintah yang dikeluarkan oleh Mahkamah Syariah. Kelemahan penguatkuasaan dilihat sebagai kelemahan Mahkamah Syariah itu sendiri sebagai sebuah agensi untuk melaksanakan keadilan yang mana turut memberi kesan kepada undang-undang Islam. Walaubagaimanapun, tidak banyak literatur yang membincangkan mengenai apa yang dikatakan sebagai mekanisma penguatkuasaan dan pelaksanaan perintah berkaitan nafkah di Mahkamah Syariah. Oleh itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mekanisma yang digunakan sekiranya berlaku ketidakpatuhan terhadap perintah-perintah berkaitan nafkah. Pendekatan analisis kandungan digunakan kerana ianya sesuai bagi mengenalpasti mekanisma yang digunakan oleh Mahkamah-mahkamah Syariah terpilih dalam menyelesaikan kes-kes berkaitan penguatkuasaan dan pelaksanaan. Melalui metode ini, latarbelakang kes dan juga pendekatan pegawai-pegawai mahkamah dikenalpasti. Data yang diperolehi daripada kajian kemudiannya dibentangkan dalam bentuk deskriptif bagi menjelaskan frekuensi dan peratusan varians yang dikaji. Kajian mencadangkan bahawa proses bagaimana sesuatu perintah berkaitan dengan nafkah itu dikeluarkan hendaklah dipertingkatkan. Seterusnya, asimilasi di antara proses bukan perundangan dan perundangan sepatutnya lebih tersusun untuk memastikan keberkesanan proses penguatkuasaan dan pelaksanaan. Kelemahankelemahan yang dikenalpasti hendaklah dinyatakan di dalam kajian akan datang bagi mengenalpasti metode yang terbaik bagi pelaksanaan yang lebih baik
THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CORPORATE LIABILITY FOR HOMICIDE: THE EXPERIENCE IN NIGERIA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM
Get PDFIn recent times, corporate homicide has become an increasingly global phenomenon. These global incidences make it imperative to have a legal framework for holding corporations liable for deaths either of employees or members of the public that occur as a result of their activities. The challenge however is in applying the traditional criminal law elements of actus reas and mens rea to a corporation, since the criminal law had developed with the natural person in mind. The aim of this paper is to examine the legal framework for corporate liability for homicide sharing the experience in Nigeria and the UK. The paper discusses the application of criminal law elements of actus reas and mens rea to a corporate body in order to justify corporate liability for homicide. It also examines the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 of the UK which is the first legislation on corporate homicide together with theposition in Nigeria. The paper finds that the legal framework in Nigeria is inadequate to secure corporate liability for homicide. The UK provisions can thus serve as a useful model in this regard
FOUNDATIONS OF MORAL RIGHTS IN ISLAMIC SOURCES AND HISTORY OF AUTHORSHIP IN ISLAMIC CIVILISATION
Get PDFMoral rights play an important role in modern copyright systems. They are part of the bundle of copyright authors’ exclusive rights. Moral rights entitle copyright holders to claim paternity of the creative work, preserve its integrity and- in some jurisdictions- to withdraw the work from the market. Copyright literature in the Arab world introduces moral rights as concepts which emerged and developed in Europe. This literature does not systematically and comprehensively refer to the existence of historical traditions on moral rights in Islamic sources and history of authorship. Yet, concepts related to moral rights emerged in Islamic societies hundreds of years before their formation and development in Europe. Therefore, in countries with dominant Muslim populations the protection and enforcement of moral rights should be thought of as relevant to the cultural and local context and not as a product of Western civilisation. This paper introduces evidence which shows that concepts of moral rights such as attribution and integrity are part of Islamic religious culture and traditions of authorship. This evidence is based on the main sources of Islamic Sharī’ah and the traditions that emerged from the recording of these sources. In addition, this evidence is inferred from the development of authorship in Islamic civilisation
ESTABLISHING AN OMBUDS FUNCTION: THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK APPROACH AND LESSONS LEARNED FOR OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANISATIONS
Get PDFOver recent years, many organisations, both public and private, have been establishing an ombuds function as an informal conflict resolution mechanism to resolve work-place disputes and concerns. This article examines the establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms in international financial organisations (IFOs) including the World Bank Group and the major regional development banks in Africa, Asia, Latin-America, and Europe. The article examines the Asian Development Bank's approach in establishing an ombuds function. The articles concludes with suggestions in moving forward of the ombuds offices in the IFOs and the lessons learned for other IFOs
PROTECTION OF WIFE’S RIGHT TO MAINTENANCE IN ISLAMIC LAW AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE MALAYSIAN ISLAMIC FAMILY LAW
No full textIslamic law guarantees the protection of married women’s right to maintenance upon their husbands. The significant role of maintenance in the continuity of the marriage union in Islamic law cannot be overemphasised. The Malaysian statutory law in this context is indeed a model. The Constitution’s mandatory prescription for the application of Islamic family law on Muslims is an awesome feature. The Islamic Family Law Act is a replica of the classical texts for easy application. This paper presents the legal framework on maintenance law in Muslim marriages and the legal implication of its violation. Emphasis is laid on the classical texts of Shari’ah from the Qur’an, Sunnah and juristic opinions. Statutory and judicial authorities from the Malaysian legal system are referred to, where applicable. It is observed that the preponderant view among the four Sunni Schools is that of the majority, and interestingly, is the applicable ruling in the Malaysian family law. ABSTRAKUndang-undang Islam menjamin perlindungan kepada hak wanita-wanita yang telah berkahwin terhadap nafkah oleh suami-suami mereka. Kepentingan peranan nafkah di dalam kesinambungan sesuatu ikatan perkahwinan di bawah undang-undang Islam tidak boleh terlalu ditekankan. Di dalam konteks ini, statut perundangan di Malaysia boleh dijadikan model. Penetapan mandatori Perlembagaan berkenaan dengan pemakaian undang-undang keluarga Islam kepada orang-orang Islam adalah merupakan satu ciri yang sangat menarik. Akta Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam merupakan satu replika bagi teksteks klasik untuk pemakaian yang lebih mudah. Kertas kerja ini membentangkan rangka perundangan bagi undang-undang nafkah di dalam sesuatu perkahwinan orang Islam dan akibat perundangan jika ianya tidak dipatuhi. Penekanan diberikan kepada teks-teks klasik Shari’ah berdasarkan al-Quran, Sunnah dah pendapatpendapat juristik. Rujukan dibuat kepada statut dan penghakiman daripada sistem perundangan Malaysia. Adalah diamati bahawa pendapat yang lebih berpengaruh daripada keempat-empat Mazhab ialah pendapat majoriti, dan menariknya, merupakan peraturan yang terpakai di dalam undang-undang keluarga di Malaysia
DELIMITING THE SOCIAL BOUNDARIES OF COMPETITION LAW IN ASEAN: A COMMON APPROACH?
Get PDFThis paper examines the interface between the economic and social elements of competition law in ASEAN. Generally, the aim of competition law should be to protect the process of competition, promote market efficiencies and enhance consumer welfare in the countries. Nevertheless there is a concern arising from such interface. Competition law strives to ensure competition and economic efficiency but market structure and behavior which harm competition or lead to inefficiency may have positive impact on the society. Along these lines, this paper looks into the social applications of competition legislation of Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia. Variations between different ASEAN Members are expected to influence any discussions on this issue but social objectives of competition law, and social exclusions are among others the tools used to further social goals in the laws of the ASEAN Members that have been analysed. To address the possibility of political and special interest capturing such social interpretations of competition law, this paper proposes a model that requires increasing reliance on economic analysis and the use of proportionality principle to minimise subjectivity
THE ROLE OF ARBITRATION IN THE RESOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL DISPUTES
Get PDFThere are several methods of dispute resolution which are available to parties in international commercial contracts. However, arbitration has been enjoying overwhelming patronage and dominance over all other dispute resolution methods that are at the disposal of disputants. The article examines the role of arbitration in the resolution of international commercial disputes with a view to portraying its significance in the resolution of commercial disputes that have certain foreign elements. In doing so, the article considers the arbitration agreement, how it features in commercial contracts and the necessary elements for its recognition and enforceability. The article further examines the factors responsible for the significant role of arbitration and its prevalence in the resolution of international commercial disputes. In view of such task and in order to critically bring out the attractive role of arbitration, the article discusses advantageous features of arbitration such as the parties’ freedom, neutrality of the arbitrators, the applicable law and the seat of arbitration, flexibility of the process, confidentiality and transnational enforcement of awards. In view of these merits, it is recommended that parties to international commercial transaction should have arbitration agreement in their contracts in order to allow reference to arbitration in resolving their future commercial disputes