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Can we be friends with AI? What risks would arise from the proliferation of such friendships?
Get PDFIn this paper we analyse friendships between humans and artificial intelligences, exploring the various arguments that have been or could be offered against the value of such friendships, and arguing that these objections do not stand up to critical scrutiny. As such, we argue that there is no good in-principle reason to oppose the development of human-AI friendships (although there may be some practical defeasible reasons to worry about such friendships becoming widespread). If we are right, there are important implications for how friendship is conceptualised and valued in modern times. Furthermore, if human-AI friendships are in principle valuable, the moral responsibilities for how governments and corporations should act in regards to AI friends are quite different to those generated by human-AI friendships being dis-valuable
Responsibility Before Freedom: closing the responsibility gaps for autonomous machines
Get PDFThe introduction of autonomous machines (AMs) in human domains has raised challenging questions about the attribution of responsibility; referred to as the responsibility gap. In this paper, we address the gap by positing that entities cannot be granted the freedom of action unless they can also recognise the same right for others—and be subject to blame or punishment in cases of undermining the rights of others. Since AMs fail to meet this criterion, the users who utilize an AM to pursue their goals can instead grant the machine their (the user’s) right to act autonomously on their behalf. Thus, an AM’s right to act freely hinges on the user’s duty to recognise others’ right to be free. Since responsibility is attributed before an entity is given the freedom to act, the responsibility gap only arises when we ignore the fact that AMs have no right of acting freely on their own. We also discuss some attractive features of the approach, address some potential objections, and compare our theory to existing proposals. We conclude by arguing that holding users responsible for the behaviour of AMs promotes a responsible use of AI while it indirectly motivates companies to make safer machines
People’s Perception and Expectation of Moral Settings in Autonomous Vehicles: An Australian Case
Get PDFWhile Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) can handle the majority of driving situations with relative ease, it is indeed challenging to design a system whose safety performance will fit every situation. Technology errors, misaligned sensors, malicious actors and bad weather can all contribute to imminent collisions. If we assume that the wide-spread use and adoption of AVs is a necessary condition of the many societal benefits that these vehicles have promised to offer, then it is quite clear that any reasonable ethics policy should also consider the various user expectations with which they interact, and the larger societies in which they are implemented. In this paper we aim to evaluate Australian’s perception and expectation on personal AVs relating to various ethical settings. We do this using a survey questionnaire, where the participants are shown 6 dilemma situations involving an AV, and are asked to decide which outcome is the most acceptable to them. We have designed the survey questions with consideration for previous research and have excluded any selection criteria which we believed were biased or redundant in nature. We enhanced our questionnaire by informing participants about the legal implications of each crash scenario. We also provided participants with a randomised choice which we named an Objective Decision System (ODS). If selected, the AV would consider all possible outcomes for a given crash scenario and choose one at random. The randomised decision is non-weighted, which means that all possible outcomes are treated equally. We will use the survey analysis, to list and prioritise Australian’s preferences on personal AVs when dealing with an ethical dilemma, that can help manufacturers in programming and governments in developing AV policies. Finally, we make some recommendations for further researchers as we believe such questionnaires can help arouse people’s curiosity in the various ways that an AV could be programmed to deal with a dilemma situation and would encourage AV adoption
