Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (BMRE)
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Typomorphic features of the quartz of various mineral paragenesis from the gold mineralization in Karakshatau Mountains (West Uzbekistan)
No full textAs a result of complex studies - geological-structural, morphostructural analytical, mineralogical mapping of quartz formations, detailed geochemical work and analysis of geochemical fields – forecasting prospecting features of gold ore taxon’s: ore zone; ore field; deposit and ore body. They are characterized by groups of criteria: morphostructural, stratigraphic-lithological, structural-tectonic, magmatic, geophysical, metasomatic, mineralogical, geochemical factors and attributes, and a geological-genetic model of the gold-bearing ore-forming system in the collapse zone. Favorable geological and structural conditions for the localization of gold mineralization in the mountains of Karakchatau are associated with the areas of long-term tectonic-magmatic activation in metalliferous sediments of Є-О contrast lithological composition. The coincidence of manifestations of gold mineralization to the blocks formed by transverse faults at the sites where they intersected the Karakchatau crush zone was noted. To the channel-localizing parts inside are blocky and unextended interblock tectonic structures with positions in favorable “structural traps” in their azimuthal curvatures of executed productive types of hydrothermal, sulfidizing quartz. The results of mineralogical mapping of quartz formations along the Karakchatau crush zone (Western Uzbekistan) are considered. Five genetic types of quartz are distinguished. The most productive of them is hydrothermal quartz of types 3 and 4 associated with pyrite,arsenopyrite and gold, which forms vein fields in areas of kinks and expansion of the zone of crushing. Identification of any goods and services that can be used for commercial purposes, including in the geological structure, other regions of Western Uzbekistan.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.43204
Relationship between petroleum and iodine in Southeastern Anatolia Basin
No full textThis study was made for investigating the relationship between iodine and hydrocarbon accumulations and to determine iodine contents of formation waters in the Southeastern Anatolia basin oilfields where have been produced almost all of the Turkey oils (more than 95%). Formation water samples have taken from 234 production wells in 49 oilfields which have different geological structures where oil and gas production has performed by the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPAO). Also, the drilling mud samples from EBY-17 oilwell in Elbeyli (Adıyaman) field has collected, and their iodine analyses were carried out. Although the fields in the Southeastern Anatolia basin are old and some fields the secondary production methods are used, the high relationship between the oil and gas deposits and iodine were proved. As well as in other oil and gas fields in the world, not all reservoir waters in the Southeastern Anatolia basin are saline. However, all of them are rich in iodine. Therefore, the iodine-rich waters are a direct indicator for oil and gas producible reservoirs (containing mature hydrocarbon). Reservoir-targeted iodine geology and hydrogeology methods have simple sampling process, and laboratory analyses can result at a short time. The results are low cost, reliable and consistent. In the case when these data are utilized with other geological and geophysical methods, it is determined will be a practical and useful tool to reduce the hydrocarbon exploration risk to a minimum and to discover new deposits suitable for commercial production.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50151
Syn-sedimentary tectonic markings in the Oligocene Datça-Kale-Acı Göl basin, Western Anatolia
No full textIn southwest Turkey, the Oligocene sedimentary sequence is located on the Datça-Kale-Acı Göl basin between the Menderes Massif and Lycian nappes. To understand the nature of this basin is important for tectonic models that explain the exhumation of the Menderes massif. In the northeast extension of this basin, the sedimentary sequence is interpreted as alluvial fan, fan-delta, beach, marine input, inner shelf carbonates and offshore deposits. The Oligocene Datça-Kale main breakaway fault bounding the south eastern margin of the basin is represented by İnceler and Acı Göl faults in the study area. The wedge geometry of the sequence thickening towards the İnceler normal fault is an evidence of syn-tectonic deposition. The northwest margin of the basin is controlled by two en-echelon faults. The sedimentary sequence has a wedge geometry thickening towards the normal fault and at the same time its upper layers overlap the fault. As a result, the northeast extension of the Datça- Kale-Acı Göl Oligocene basin is an elongated fjord like depositional area containing the shallow marine environments controlled by normal faults located in its southeast and northwest margins. It was demonstrated that the southeast basin margin limited by the Datça- Kale main breakaway fault performed dominant tectonic control. The similar kinematic indicators that is used for the model explaining the exhumation of the Menderes massif by the upward bending of Datça-Kale main breakaway fault are also observed in the northwest of the basin as top to the north-northeast. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.47809
The role of enhanced oil recovery in the upstream petroleum sector, a case study from Turkey
No full textThe upstream petroleum sector issues still keep its popularity worldwide. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is an essential unconventional method of improving production in the petroleum sector. The EOR is gaining more importance in the sector. 2% of the global crude oil production is performed by EOR operations currently. The crude oil production of Turkey which is now in a decreasing trend is performed from old and mature oil fields. Sharp declines are expected for the oil production in the near future if new discoveries do not take place or enhanced oil production techniques are not performed. The average recovery rate for the crude oil fields in Turkey is about at 20%. An increase in this ratio can provide significant amount of crude oil to Turkish production. The ratio of crude oil production by EOR methods is about 15% currently in Turkey. In this study, the historical background of EOR projects is explained and potential EOR methods have been discussed for Turkish crude oil fields. The aim of the research is to evaluate the crude oil production potential from existing oil fields of Turkey based on EOR methods matching with the characteristics of oil fields with statistical information on world EOR outlook.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.44490
Landslide susceptibility mapping using information value and frequency ratio for the Arzew sector (North-Western of Algeria)
No full textGeological hazards present one of the most important constraints for the development of the Arzew sector (Oran province), North Western of Algeria. Landslides are considered us one of the most common phenomena in the study area and especially in the hilly area. For minimizing and reducing the consequences of this problem, it is necessary to carry out preliminary studies on the cartography of the different zones exposed to the slope instability phenomena. The main objective of this study is to perform the landslide susceptibility mapping by statistical models and GIS techniques for the Arzew area. To achieve this goal, an analytical approach was carried out. Firstly, a landslide inventory map was prepared using previous inventory maps, satellite images, aerial photos and field surveys. Secondly seven conditioning factors such as slope degree, aspect, lithology, land use, distance to the streams, distance to the road and altitude were exploited to assess landslide susceptibility. Thirdly, the weight value for each class of the conditioning factors was determined using Frequency Ratio (FR) and Information Value (IV) models based in GIS functionalities. Consequently, Landslide Susceptibility Maps (LSMs) were produced by the classification process of the global Landslide Susceptibility Indexes (LSIs) into five classes. Finally, for experiment verification, the LSMs obtained with the FR and IV models were confirmed comparing LSMs with landslide inventory map using both the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and the Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI) models. The area under curve (AUC) results, demonstrate that the IV method more performance (89.03%) for LSM than FR method (85.57%). Furthermore, the validation results using SCAI also confirmed that the IV model was more accurate than FR model. The models employed in this study are capable to resolve the issue of the landslide susceptibility of the study area. The produced susceptibility maps can be used for future land use planning and can be considered as a powerful tool to resolve the spatial distribution of the risk associated to landslides.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50234
Structural properties and tectonic signi ficance of a shear zone discovered within the Tauride orogen near Alanya, SW Turkey
No full textA major shear zone, referred to as the Yeşilöz Shear Zone, was discovered in the lower Mahmutlar Nappe of the Alanya Nappe Complex in Alanya region. The nappe shows early transposed folds with axial metamorphic foliation and upright open folds formed during emplacement. The NW-trending shear zone is around 2 km wide and mappable over a length segment of 10 km. The shear zone consists of the metamorphic rocks of the host nappe, but with the phyllite mylonitized by vertical shear foliation and the quartzite and marble dispersed as lenticular bodies. These brittle rock bodies show broken upright folds similar as in the nappe, and also the phyllite shear lenses bear relics of the nappe metamorphic foliation. Analysis of kinematic indices in the shear zone points to a dextral transcurrent deformation. The emplacement of Mahmutlar Nappe caused mild metamorphism of the upper part of underlying nappe and also affected it with the development of the shear zone that extended downwards. The nappe underwent no further translational movement during and after the shear zone formation, which suggests that the ductile transcurrent deformation probably accommodated a residual shortening induced by the emplacement of the next, younger nappe of the Alanya Nappe Complex.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50205
The prediction of the expandability of clays using a ternary diagram
No full textThe aim of this study is to put forward a prediction scheme for the expandability of clays by use of inexpensive and rapid chemical analysis. Seventy clay ores from fourteen locations throughout central and west Turkey were characterized mineralogically, chemically, and for expansion testing. Using the ternary plotting scheme of SiO2-Al2O3-fl uxing samples exceeding 50% expansion plotted within and slightly beyond the region proposed by Riley (1951). This study newly extends the region in ternary space for samples suitable for expansion and use in light weight aggregate. Non-expanding samples are associated with mineral assemblages dominated by quartz. In this study, it was determined that the samples without the expandability property were lacking the required chemical aspect of SiO2- Al2O3-fl uxing ratios, mineralogical clay structures, proportions and gas agents. In addition, the effect of having a too low or high position on the triangle diagram was found to have a negative impact on the expandability. When mineralogical analyses, mineral associations, chemical compositions and expandability results were evaluated together, it was observed that Mica GM-Chloride GM; Montmorillonite-Zeolite-Amorphous matter and Clay GM-Amorh Silica-Cristobalite are the samples showing expandability properties for the extent of this study. Also, it was noted that almost all samples with graphite content did expand. The extension of the suitability fi eld on the ternary diagram for prediction of expansion properties, combined with low cost and rapid chemical analysis demonstrate benefi ts for the clay production industry in Turkey, particularly for saving energy and fi nancial resources needed during exploration and early stages of production clay ores.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.41796
Descriptions, systematics and revisions of the subgenera Alveolina (Glomalveolina) Hottinger, 1960 and Alveolina (Alveolina) d’Orbigny, 1826 (Foraminiferida)
No full textIn this study, the genus Alveolina D’ Orbigny, 1826 and its Alveolina (Alveolina) D’ Orbigny, 1826 and Alveolina (Glomalveolina) Hottinger, 1960 subgenera were re-examined and identified. Systematics of the subgenera Alveolina (Alveolina)=Alv. (Alv.) and Alveolina (Glomalveolina)=Alv.(Glomalv.) have also been reviewed and revised. Alv. (Glomalv.) is considered as a subgenus, not a genus (?). Because, all the generic features of microspheric generations (fB) of these two subgenera are identical. Thus, Alveolina D’ Orbigny, 1826 and Glomalveolina Hottinger, 1960 cannot be used as if they were two different genera (?). Otherwise Glomalveolina would be the synonym of Alveolina in “Systematic Paleontology” chapter. Therefore, Alv. (Alv.) and Alv. (Glomalv.) are both subgenusses, and the structural difference between these subgenera is observed seen in their megalospheric generations (fA). Besides, description of the genus (?) Glomalveolina has never been made in any of the studies in which Glomalveolina is referred as genus (?). However, the subgenus Alv. (Glomalv.) has incorrectly been used by many authors as “genus (?) Glomalveolina Hottinger, 1960 or 1962”.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50168
The effect of submarine thermal springs of Doğanbey Cape (Seferihisar - İzmir) on foraminifer, ostracod and mollusc assemblages
No full textThe aim of this study was to fi gure out the effects of the submarine hot water springs located on the coast of Doğanbey Cape (north of Kuşadası Bay) on various micro- and macrofaunal assemblages living around these springs. Young sediment samples were collected from different depths at 15 stations. The benthic foraminifer, ostracod and mollusc faunas were investigated. 35 genera and 61 species of benthic foraminifers, 16 genera and 20 species of ostracods and 14 genera and 15 species of molluscs were identifi ed. Typical Aeegan foraminifer fauna was found to be dominant. Besides, individuals with colored tests or abnormal morphology, as well as alien species, which are frequently observed on the Aegean coasts were also observed in the study area. The foraminifer, ostracod and mollusc species also constituted typical Aegean fauna. It is known that the ecological conditions experienced of the Amphistegina lobifera Larsen individuals in typical Aegean benthic foraminifer assemblage have an effect on the abundance distribution. Ideal conditions for Amphistegina lobifera Larsen was found to be 18.00-32.00 m depth range and 19-20oC temperatures. CTD conductivity values gradually increased near to the hot water spring but a decrease in the number of individuals were observed. Chemical analyzes in sediment samples were performed with X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis Spectrometer (WDXRF). Heavy metal ingredients (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) of the sediments were evaluated, concentrations were recorded as Cr\u3eNi\u3eMn in samples DB1-DB6 and also in DB15; Mn\u3eCr\u3eNi in DB8-DB11 and DB13-DB14; Cr\u3eMn\u3eNi in DB7 and in DB12. The radioactive elements U and Th were found to be high in DB9, DB10 and DB11. The chemical and radioactive properties of the sediments were observed to affect the tests of benthic foraminifers, where as no such effect was found on ostracod and mollusc tests. http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.36332
Assessment of souil liquefaction using the energy approach
No full textDamage to structures during earthquakes may be fully or partly caused by soil liquefaction, which has been the subject of extensive research for several decades. Liquefaction susceptibility of a sandy deposit is performed by comparing the resistance of a soil to liquefaction (i.e., capacity) to the load imparted by an earthquake (i.e., demand). In this regard, the stress-based method of liquefaction assessment is by far the most popular. It involves uncertainties mostly related to the computation of the maximum horizontal ground acceleration (amax) at bedrock. A site response analysis or a simplifi ed assumption is necessary to determine the amax on the ground level as well. Developing from the stress-based approach, the strain-based approach has also similar constraints. There exist laboratory techniques such as torsional shear to determine the capacity of a sandy soil in terms of liquefaction energy per unit volume. Likewise, the energy of a strong motion record can be set by employing simple physics principles. For this, a velocity time history and the unit mass of the soil are employed to compute the demand of any strong motion record. The scope of this investigation is to illustrate the usability of the energy-based method for the evaluation of soil liquefaction. The defi ciencies of the stress- and strain-based approaches are outlined and the advantages of the energybased approach are discussed. http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.35125