Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (BMRE)
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Mineralogy, petrography and origin of hydrothermal alteration in Eocene magmatites in Central Anatolia (Sivas-Turkey)
No full textThree different types of hydrothermal alterations have occurred in the Eocene magmatics of the northern part of Sivas-Turkey which include propylitic phyllic / sericitic and argillic. Hydrothermal alteration affected both Karataş volcanites and Kösedağ syenite. The clay formations are concentrated in two major zones; extending in NE-SW direction and intersecting both plutonic and volcanic rocks with circular opening cracks within the volcanics parallel to the plutonic-volcanic contact. Hypogene and supergene hydrothermal alteration products occurring on surface and/or near surface conditions represent the primary and secondary minerals that develop directly and mostly from feldspars with the mechanisms of neoformation and/or degradation. The hypogene minerals are formed in two stages of early (kaolinite, pyrophyllite, illite, I-S (illite-smectite), smectite, quartz and opal-CT) and late (barite, ore minerals, alunite, goyazite, jarosite, chlorite and C-S). Tourmaline, epidote and carbonates (calcite, dolomite, azurite and malachite) are considered as metasomatic and supergeneous minerals, respectively. The most common mineral paragenesis are kaolinite + quartz + goethite + goyazite or alunite, kaolinite + quartz + jarosite + feldspar ± goethite and/or goyazite in the argillic alteration zone, I-S + quartz + jarosite ± goethite ± feldspar as well as I-S + quartz + feldspar minerals in the sericitic alteration zone. Kaolinite (T) is mostly in the form of pseudohexagonal platies, I-S (R1, R3 as argillic alteration origins, 1Md, 2M1, 1M and R3 as sericitic alteration origins) forming fi ber-acicular bundles parallel to each other.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.46125
Paleoseismological catalog of Pre-2012 trench studies on the active faults in Turkey
No full textInstrumental and historical earthquake catalogues have to be examined and evaluated to understand the long-term seismic behaviour of active faults. Although the instrumental records have been determined from the national and international observatories, the historical seismic catalogues are very limited in Turkey. For the reason, we aimed to compile paleoseismological trench studies carried out before 2012 in the areas of onshore and offshore sections of Turkey. In terms of a Turkey Paleoseismological Project (TURKPAP) posted by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) in the 2012 year, a number of paleoseismological investigations have been initiated and documented for archiving at a standardized data layout. In this study, we compiled all paleoseismological trench surveys with the definite dates of past strong seismic events occurred in Turkey before that date. By using this compilation, not only the historical earthquakes but also many paleoseismologic parameters of the studies have been listed clearly.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.56192
The use of electromagnetic and vertical electrical sounding methods in groundwater exploration
No full textElectromagnetic (EM) profiling and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) studies were carried out for groundwater exploration in the Twifo – Hemang Lower Denkyira Districts of Ghana. These two geophysical methods were used for exploring the groundwater potentials beneath Achiase, Mbaa Mpe Hia Community and Moseaso Community. This paper seeks to encourage the use of inversion for interpreting electromagnetic data rather than the usual qualitative interpretation method using line graphs and also the use of apparent resistivity maps as 2D pseudo resistivity maps to support interpretations of the 1D inversion results (in cases where the available budget could not permit 2D and or 3D inversion). These would help in enhancement of obtained results, reduce ambiguity and help decision making. The EM results revealed that; the three communities are underlain by two layers with the first layer having the thickness range between 2 to 10 m and the second layer is a half space. The results from VES studies indicate that; Achiase Community and Mbaa Mpe Hia No. 2 community are underlain by three geoelectrical layers and Moseaso Community is underlain by four geoelectrical layers. On the basis of this study the Moseaso Community is ranked highest in terms of groundwater potential followed by the Achiase community and finally the Mbaa Mpe Hia No.2 Community. Several sites were recommended for drilling boreholes for water supply in these communities.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.45155
Nummulites sireli Deveciler (junior homonym of N. sireli Alan) renamed as Nummulites ercumenti nom. nov
No full textA new published species under the scope of this journal (Nummulites sireli Deveciler) was renamed as Nummulites ercumenti nom.nov for being a junior homonym of an another Nummulites species.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.62453
Porphyry copper prospectivity mapping using fuzzy and fractal modeling in Sonajeel area, NW Iran
No full textMain purpose of this research is to present a local scale GIS-based mineral prospectivity model for prospecting Cu porphyry mineralization, and to validate the produced model by field observation, surface sampling and drilling data. Sonajeel area which is the subject of this study is a part of Arasbaran mineralization belt, NW of Iran. Constructing a mathematical exploratory algorithm based on a mineralization type is a complicated and interdisciplinary task. For this purpose, results from processing and interpreting different data sets including geology, geochemistry and remote sensing were considered. A comprehensive exploratory integration model was built up considering the exploration stage and the descriptive porphyry mineralization model suggested by Sillitoe (2010). In order to prepare inputs for GIS-based exploration model, value assigned grids or evidence layers were produced using fuzzy membership curves and then integrated via gamma fuzzy function. In addition, for defuzzification and prioritizing the mineral prospectivity map, a Concentration- Area (C-A) fractal model was applied on the pixel values of the prospectivity map. Finally, the results were confirmed via field observation, surface sampling and drilling. Borehole logs at the first priority displayed a Cu mineralization zone with an average grade of 0.5%.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.39183
Appearance features of clayey mixtures having fly ashes
No full textThe use of wastes has become very significant and widespread in terms of sustainable production of clayey mixtures, since the wastes provide many advantages. In this study, the effects of two different types of fly ash, which were wastes of Seyitomer and Cayirhan thermal power plants, on the color change of brick samples with various amount of fly ash ranging between 0 to 60% at different sintering temperatures were investigated. As a result, traditional red colored bricks could be produced with fly ash without using a separate raw material to meet the color requirements. It was found that desired colors for special architectural applications could also be achieved by using fly ash. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50284
Hydro-chemical and isotopic investigation of the İspendere mineral and thermal water springs, Malatya, Turkey
No full textThe objective of this study is to determine the source, chemical characteristics and isotopic components of the İspendere mineral and thermal waters, Malatya, Turkey. There are many mineral and thermal water springs in the area with flow rates ranging between 0.01 – 0.4 l/s. Geochemical and isotope chemistry studies were carried out at three different thermal springs in the region as well as three different cold water springs during May-October 2011. The temperature of mineral and thermal waters were measured as between 21.1°C – 23.6°C in May 2011 and as 20.8°C in October 2011. The region was determined as a low temperature geothermal area and the reason for this is thought to be cold water mixing. The pH values of mineral and thermal spring waters were measured to be between 6.19 –6.69, EC values were measured to be between 1420 μS/cm and 2720 μS/cm, pH values of shallow and deep wells ranged between 6.04 and 7.82, whereas EC values were measured approximately between 275 μS/cm and 3300 μS/cm. The MgHCO3 water type dominates the chemistry of mineral and thermal water in study area. The results of 18O and 2H isotope analysis yield that the springs of mineral and thermal waters as well as cold waters are fed by meteoric rains. It was determined that the İspendere mineral and thermal waters have low tritium (³H), low Cl and high EC values. Reservoir rock temperatures have been estimated to be between 95 -132°C as a result of the quartz geo-thermometer calculations.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.49468
Evaluation of the alternatives for gold ore grinding circuits by using of laboratory studies results and simulation method; case study: İranian Gold Co.
No full textIn this study, simulation aided design of grinding circuit for a gold mine in Iran is presented. The main parameters for the design of the grinding circuit are the ore specifications and the considered operating conditions. Ore specifications were characterized by grinding tests, which included the Drop – weigh test (A, b), the abrasion test (ta) and the Bond Work Index test (Wi). For this study, the operating conditions for the processing plant are the ability to process clayey minerals and the plant throughput and the d80 of the hydrocyclone overflow (leaching tank feed), which are 125 tons per hour and 45 μm, respectively. Simulation operations were performed using grinding parameters (A, b, ta, Wi), operating constraints (plant capacity, d80 of the hydrocyclone overflow and ability to work for clayey minerals), existing mathematical models for different types of crushers, mills and separators and JKSimMet software. By completing the simulation process, three different alternatives for the grinding circuit of the considered ore were predicted. These three alternatives have been compared and evaluated with each other in terms of specific energy consumption (kWh/t), sensitivity to operational variables and the ability to process clayey minerals. The optimal circuit must have the capability to process clayey minerals and must have the lowest specific energy consumption and the least sensitivity to operational variables. By considering all these factors, the Alternative 3 is selected and suggested for an efficient grinding circuit.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50143
Mineral resource estimation using a combination of drilling and IP-Rs data using statistical and cokriging methods
No full textThe aim of this research is the mineral resource estimation using a combination of drilling and IP-Rs data. Therefore the approach of this paper is to study the correlation of induced polarization (IP) and Electrical resistivity (Rs) data with drilling data in order to grade estimation and mineral resource estimation. Reducing the boreholes number and optimization of the boreholes location is another aim of this research. The Abassabad copper mine located in Miami-Sabzevar mineralization belt northeast Iran was chosen as a case study. Within the borehole locations, geophysical profiles were designed and surveyed. After IP-Rs data inversion, 2D sections were prepared. The 3D block models of IP-Rs were constructed by geostatistical methods. The correlation between IP-Rs and drilling data were examined by statistical and geostatistical methods using regression, multivariate regression analysis, and cokriging. Based on the mentioned methods copper grade was estimated and the 3D block models of Cu grade were constructed. Obtained models were checked and compared with real Cu model compiled according to drilling data which was done after geophysical measurements. Results showed that the regression between IP data and Cu grade was more appropriate with least error. Rs data are not suitable for Cu estimation, due to changing intervals which led to increasing estimation error. Based on the suggestions of this paper, we could reduce the number of boreholes to 30% of the initial number and optimize the boreholes locations. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50279
Active tectonic and paleoseismologic characteristics of the Yenice-Gönen fault, NW Turkey, in light of the 18 March 1953 Yenice-Gönen Earthquake (Ms=7.2)
No full textThe Yenice-Gönen Fault (YGF) is located in the central part of the Biga Peninsula between Gönen and Yenice and is a right-lateral strike-slip active fault with general trending N65°E. On 18 March 1953 there was an earthquake on the YGF that died 263 people (Ms=7.2) and a 70 km surface rupture developed during this earthquake. In this study measurements of slip distribution were performed on the surface rupture of the Yenice-Gönen Earthquake (YGE) and the annual slip rate on the YGF was calculated. Right-lateral displacements of between 1.70±0.1 and 3.20±0.2 metres were measured on the surface rupture of the YGE. The maximum displacements were in an area close to the central part of the YGF (between Çakır and Karaköy village) and these values decreased relatively in NE and SW directions, documenting that was the bilaterally surface rupture propogation during the YGE. In the last 300.000 years, a total offset of 800±50 metres was measured on Gönen River and annual slip rate of 2.65±0.15 mm was calculated along the YGF. Current GPS studies show right-lateral strike-slip faults in the South Marmara region have slip rates of 6-8 mm/year. This slip rate is assessed as being partitioned between the YGF, Sarıköy Fault and Çan-Biga Fault zones which represent extensions of the North Anatolian Fault system within the South Marmara region. Paleoseismology studies determined that in the last 6200 years 6 earthquakes resulting in surface ruptures have occurred on the YGF, including the 1953 earthquake. According to the 14C and OSL dating results, the variable and irregular earthquake recurrence interval of YGF is ranging from 505 to 1793 years. In this study average earthquake recurrence interval of YGF was determined as 1180 years.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50055