Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (BMRE)
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Precise monitoring of temporal topographic change detection via unmanned air vehicle
No full textNowadays, fast developing space-borne and airborne remote sensing technologies became indispensable for land related engineering disciplines such as mapping, geology, environment, mining and forestry. The new technologies, provide more qualified and rapid achievable outcomes, are adopted permanently. The description of the topographic surface became easier by means of very high resolution (VHR), rapid achievable and accurate point clouds acquired by digital photogrammetry and airborne laser scanning (ALS). Optical unmanned air vehicle (UAV), one of the most actual photogrammetric techniques, is much in demand for varied purposes. UAVs provide high resolution data using the advantage of lower flight altitudes. In this study, a construction activity and its environmental influences in Bulent Ecevit University Central Campus were monitored by an optical hand-made UAV. In the application, the temporal change was detected by generating contour-lines, digital terrain models (DTMs) and differential DTMs (DiffDTM) of the topography. By DiffDTMs, temporal changes on the topography were visualized in color height scale where the contour-lines presents the change of morphological structure. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.52417
An example study on re-evaluation of historical earthquakes: 1789 Palu (Elazığ) earthquake, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey
No full textThe East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is an active left-lateral strike-slip fault extending between Karlıova (Bingöl) in the northeast and Iskenderun Bay in the southwest. The Palu, which is the subject of the study area, is located on the Palu segment of the EAF. The Palu segment starts from the northeast of Palu, and is approximately 77 km long, and reaches the Lake Hazar after passing the Baltaşı Plain. Maximum shaking intensity in the earthquake listed in historical catalogs is estimated to have been Mercalli Intensity VIII, with conflicting accounts of as few as 8.000-10.000 to as many as 50.000 people killed. An examination of contemporary documents, books and administrative archives in the State Archives Head of Presidency Republic of Turkey for the district reveal that the extent of damage and the number of fatalities in the earthquake have been considerably inflated by these historical catalogs. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.60392
Determination of structural characteristics of Tuzgölü Fault Zone using gravity and magnetic methods, Central Anatolia
No full textThe anomaly maps and amplitude and wavelength changes of the anomalies obtained from gravity and magnetic methods can provide to identify fault traces in the underground. The Tuzgölü Fault Zone (TFZ), the NW-SE striking active fault zone in central Anatolia, includes fault strands that cut the basement and basin deposits. Our magnetic and gravity analysis suggests that Tuzgölü Basin and its surroundings are characterized by distinct depression and ridge areas. Gravity anomaly data show the presence of faults at depths of sea level (0 m), -1000 m, -2000 m, -3000 m, and -4000 m. These faults are mostly normal and reverse faults, as well as the lesser amount of vertical faults (high-angle normal/reverse faults) with NW-SE, N-S, and NE-SW-striking. The normal faults are of the structural development and the deposition of the Tuzgölü Basin units, which occurred late Cretaceous-Middle Eocene and Early Miocene-Quaternary Periods. The reverse faults originated from the result of the regional-scale compressional regime during Middle Eocene-Late Oligocene/ Early Miocene based on the fault dating data from the literature. The active TFZ, including several fault strands, are relatively younger faults in the region that have initiated to develop during faulting events from after Middle Miocene or Early Pliocene.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.66124
Estimation of co-seismic land deformation due to Mw 7.3 2017 earthquake in Iran (12 November 2017) using Sentinel-1 DInSAR
No full textA strong shaking with Mw 7.3 occurred on 12th November 2017 around the Sarpol-e Zahab town in the border area between Iran and Iraq. It has a number of foreshocks and aftershocks increasing the total deformation, cumulatively. In this study, we have investigated how earth surface deformed after such a strong earthquake and its scatters. Because, the deformation inspection are indispensable for the safety of citizens and infrastructures. The best way for monitoring of surface deformation in such a big event is the SAR technique. This system can work effectively during night and day under different weather conditions. The Interferometric SAR (InSAR) allows accurate measurements of surface deformation in mm resolution. There are several methods for the application of SAR techniques and one of them is Differential InSAR (DInSAR) indicating an uplift and subsidence around epicentral area precisely. We preferred to use it for sensitive vertical displacement in the target area. The seismological data from the observatory centers indicate that the recent earthquake sourced from the NW-SE trending, northeast dipping High Zagros Reverse Fault Zone. According to the results, epicentral area has been exposed a vertical displacement with 90 cm uplift and -41 cm subsidence in the northeastern and southwestern block of the fault, respectively.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.60402
Physical modeling the formation of roof collapse zones in Vorkuta coal mines
No full textCollapse of the roof during mining is a constant threat to the lives of miners and equipment performance. To predict it, different numerical and physical approaches are used. Physical modeling of the massif region from -951 m to -841 m using equivalent materials were undertaken in this investigation. Various options for mining the Vorkuta coal deposit were considered: mining only the upper industrial seam, mining the lower coal seam as a protective layer to the upper one, and assessing the impact on the collapse zone of the complex structure of the upper coal seam roof while maintaining an upward order of mining. The main results were as follows: calculated collapse zone is approximately 30% larger than theoretical; collapse zone decreased when using mining with lower protective coal seam; the largest collapse zone was observed when pinching the rocks in upward mining order. Therefore, the research has shown the need to adjust the project for a larger methane yield. Further large-scale modeling is needed for understanding the characteristics of the collapse zone.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.62047
Drilling and core data from the Gulf of Gemlik (SE Sea of Marmara): Holocene fauna and flora assemblages
No full textThis study was conducted to determine fauna and flora assemblages of Holocene sequences from Gemlik Gulf (SE Marmara Sea) and to obtaine their similarities and differences between the assemblages of Gemlik and İzmit Bays. Total of 201 dark gray colored, fine to medium grained sandy clay samples were studied. In the drilled samples, 22 genera and 38 species were identified from the foraminifera characterizing the infralittoral zone. 40 genera and 58 species of foraminifera characterizing the upper circalittoral zone were identified. In addition, Black Sea originated Ammonia parasovica was found for the first time in cores taken from Gemlik Gulf. Nannofossil species characterizing the open-shallow marine environment Emiliania huxleyi, Reticulofenestra parvula, Coronosphaera spp., Syracosphaera spp., Helicosphaera spp. beside Gephyrocapsa oceanica, small Gephyrocapsa spp., Scyphosphaera porosa were obtained. A total of 27 genera and 37 species from ostracods were defined in the samples from gulf. Moreover, the quite abundant mollusc assemblage characterizing the shallow marine environment and fewer genera and species of diatoms were identified. The studied sequence is represented by NN21 Emiliania huxleyi biozone at the Holocene. Foraminifers and ostracods of the Gemlik Gulf are observed as Mediterranean-Aegean Sea originated assemblages. The mollusc shows the shallow marine community.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.58153
The relationship of soils developed on different parent materials in Niğde province with lithological units and determination of their suitability for usage agricultural purposes
No full textIn this study, general characteristics of soils formed on different parent materials in three different regions of Niğde province, their relationship with lithological units and the extent to which they are suitable for agricultural purposes were determined. Physical and chemical analysis values of rock and soil samples were used to reveal the relationship between lithological units and soils formed in the study area and correlation analysis was applied among the parameters. Multi Criteria Decision Making method was used to determine the suitability of these soils which are formed depending on the parent materials for agricultural use. In order to determine the effect rates among the main criteria of soil, topography, climate and geology and their sub criteria, Analytical Hierarchy Process of Multi Criteria Decision Making method was applied. According to this; Depending on the influence of the lithological units, the soils developed around Bor district are of basic character and the soils developed in Çiftlik and Gölcük districts and their vicinity are more acidic reaction. In addition, it has been determined that the soils of the Çiftlik district and its vicinity are developed by accumulation and in situ, while the soils around Gölcük and Bor districts are developed in situ. In determining the suitability of soils for agricultural use, it was calculated that the main criteria of geology was 5.5% and the criteria of lithological units, which is the sub-criterion of this, was 2.7% effective. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.74213
A brief note on the effects of floating standard deviation (non- derivative) and horizontal gradient (derivative) filters
No full textWhen processing gravity data, the filters are used in space and frequency environments. The filters allow more selectable parameter estimations than raw data about the structure being examined. Filtering in a broad sense means monitoring the data under the constraints we want. While the filters allow some information to become more noticeable, they allow some information to be lost or become less noticeable from data. In this case, the losses in the data make the interpretation difficult and can cause errors. Derivative and phase filters provide quantitative information about the variation of data in different directions. The display of the change results in a positive or negative manner proportional to derivative sensitivity and phase sharpness, and this may be observed in this data. In the structural boundary analysis, since the sudden changes in the derivative cause oscillations, the boundaries become questionable. Limiting the data neighborhoods with a window by controlling the deviation without using derivative and the filters that allow boundary analysis non-derivative by floating this limitation are used to illuminate the boundary relationships.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.54615
Geological, mineralogical and geochemical properties of the Dağbaşı skarn ores (Araklı-Trabzon, NE Turkey)
No full textThe Dağbaşı skarns have developed as an exoskarn type along the nearest border of Upper Cretaceous Dağbaşı Granitoid and block- and lens-shaped limestones of Berdiga Formation. The early garnets are predominantly grossular type (And0–0.81Grs59.69–78.65Prs21.35–38.11), while pyroxenes have a composition between diopside and hedenbergite (Hed24.44–31.81Diy67.3–76.99Joh0.52–0.88). The late garnets are characterized by high andradite (And74.67–100Grs0–22.8Prs0–4.51), and late pyroxenes by increasing johannsenite content (Hed22.17–62.63Diy0–36.2Joh31.86–76.69). High andradite content of late garnets is similar to Cu–Fe-type skarns, whereas the higher johannsenite and Mn/Fe ratios of pyroxenes are similar to Zn-type skarns. Higher andraditic garnets indicate an oxidized-type skarn and association with the shallow emplacement of intrusion. Increasing And/Grs ratios of garnets, from core to rim, also point out to increasing degree of oxidation. The retrograde skarn minerals are epidote, tremolite-actinolite, quartz, calcite, and chlorite. The ore minerals are composed of magnetite, hematite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and galena. The Ag content of the galena (1.18-1.43wt%) suggests significant silver potential. Dağbaşı Granitoid shows high-K (2.38–3.75wt.% K2O), calc-alkaline, metaluminous–peraluminous transitional (A/CNK=0.88–1.23) and volcanic arc type granitoid. The various main and trace element contents of the granodiorite observed along the skarn zones show similarities with Fe–Cu–Zn type skarn-related granitoids, whereas there is no clear relation between the skarn type and composition of outher granitoids. Therefore, the presence of sulfur phases in addition to the oxide ore suggests that geochemical characteristics of granitoid had a large effect on the mineral composition.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.45707
The control of sea-level changes on sedimentation in the Mut Basin: Late Serravallian-Early Tortonian incised valley-fill
No full textEarly–middle Miocene reefal limestones are overlain disconformably by late Serravallian– early Tortonian incised valley-fi ll deposits of Dağpazarı formation in the Mut Basin. Dağpazarı formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone, sandstone and conglomerates. Facies associations of the formation are: fl uvial, lagoon, shoal-water delta, shoreface, beach and barrier island deposits. Loxoconcha tumida Brady and Loxoconcha sp. in the gray mudstones indicate the freshwater infl uence and decrease in salinity. Hemicyprideis sp. documents brackish water conditions. The shoreface sandstones alternating with the lagoonal mudstones, and oyster-rich beach deposits in different levels of the sequence indicate episodes of marine connections. The age of the Dağpazarı formation is provided by the planktonic foraminifera from the marine mudstones and marls below and above the formation, and corresponds to the MMi8–MMi10 biostratigraphic interval, which spans the late Serravallian–early Tortonian. Late Serravallian eustatic sea-level fall caused to the quick shallowing of the Mut Basin and subaerial exposure of the reefal limestones at the basin margin. Thus, the incised valley, formed upon the reefal limestones of the Mut formation. This incised valley refl ects a regional forced regression and unconformity. The Dağpazarı formation was deposited within this incised valley following an early Tortonian relative sea-level rise.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.50154