Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (BMRE)
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Genesis of the Zebra dolomites and relation to carbonate - hosted Au - Ag - Zn ± Pb deposits in the Maden Village (Ulukışla - Niğde), Central Taurides, South Turkey
No full textZebra dolomites and carbonate - hosted Au - Ag - Zn ± Pb deposits of Maden Village is located in the shelf type carbonate rocks of the Bolkar Mountains. The Zebra dolomite locally form and there is no evidence for relation between dolomitization and mineralization. Maden village ZD is characterized by parallel light and dark bands that have similar mineralogy and chemistry by petrographic and SEM + EDX investigation. The δ13C (V - PDB) composition of the Zebra dolomite from 2.59‰ to 2.72‰ and the δ18O (V - PDB) values of the Zebra dolomite from -11.39 ‰ to -14.88 ‰. These isotopic values show that the source of oxygen and carbon was derived from marine carbonates and freshwater carbonates. Fluid inclusion studies on Zebra dolomite show homogenization temperatures of 80 °C - 180 °C. Based on petrographic, isotope values and fluid inclusion study, we can say that the dolomitization occurred during the late diagentic conditions prior mineralization.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.87797
The effect of structural properties of Ankara clay on the electrokinetic properties
No full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the effect of structural properties of soil known as Ankara clay, which contains different properties, on its electrokinetic behavior. For this purpose, the 8 disturbed samples from Ankara clay were collected from the different locations of Yüzüncüyıl and Karakusunlar areas, which were observed to contain no excess gravel and carbonate concretions. The electrokinetic behavior of these collected samples were evaluated by using the results of plastic limit, liquid limit, methylene blue, swelling, XRD, XRF, SEM, EDS and BET measurements and analyses as well as zeta potential tests. By these experimental studies, it has been determined that Ankara clay exhibits electrokinetic behavior in line with the whole rock composition since it contains different clay minerals. The monovalent and divalent electrolytes such as NaCl and CaCl2, respectively, increase the zeta potential of Ankara clay negatively. However, in the analyses, it was determined that FeCl3 trivalent electrolyte is the electrolytes determining the zeta potential, tend to convert zeta potential of clays from negative to positive depending on the concentration, and this could be the case with increased concentration.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.77099
Discrimination of earthquakes and quarries in Kula District (Manisa, Turkey) and its vicinity by using linear discriminate function method and artificial neural networks
No full textIn this study, seismic events in Kula district (Manisa, Turkey) and its vicinity have been investigated and then natural and artificial seismic activities are discriminated. Total of 77 digital vertical component velocity seismograms of seismic activities with ML≤3.5 magnitude from seismic activity catalogs between 2009 to 2014 recorded by Manisa Kula (KULA) broadband station operated by Bogazici University, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Resarch Institute Regional Earthquake- Tsunami Monitoring Center (RETMC) were used in this study. The maximum S-wave and maximum P-wave amplitude ratio (Ratio) of vertical component velocity seismograms and power ratio for (1 and 12 sec.) (Complexity-C) and total signal duration (Duration) of the waveform were calculated. The earthquakes and the quarry blasts have been discriminated using linear discriminant function (LDF) and Back Propagation-Feed Forward Neural Networks (BPNNs) that is one of the learning algorithms at the artificial neural networks (ANNs) methods taking correlation between these parameters into consideration. 39 (51%) of the 77 seismic activities were identified as quarry blasts and 38 (49%) of them as earthquakes LDF and ANNs methods have been applied together for the first time for Ratio-C, Ratio-logS and Ratio-duration parameter pairs with the data of Manisa and surroundings, and earthquakes and quarry blasts have been distinguished from each other. LDF and ANNs methods were compared for each pair of parameters. Both of two methods are successful but the ANNs method has higher accuracy percentage values than LDF method when there is sufficient number of data. The accuracy percentages are different for a pair of Ratio versus C, for a pair of Ratio versus logS and for a pair of Ratio versus duration, respectively. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.75770
Systematic and biostratigraphic evaluation of the Late Cretaceous benthic foraminiferal assemblages of southeastern Batman
No full textThe study area is located in 15 km west of Gercüş town (southeast of Batman) at the northern margin of the Arabian Plate. This region is the only place where Garzan formation, one of the important petroleum reservoir of the Southeastern Anatolia, outcrops and detailed scientific studies have been carried out. The unit, mainly of beige-yellowish, thin-thick bedded, benthic foraminifera and algae bearing limestones, has a rich fossil content and high diversity. This diversity in the benthic foraminifera is noteworthy. These assemblages contains Vandenbroekia munieri Marie, Coskinolina sp., Cyclogyra sp. with porcellaneous test; Biconcava bentori Hamaoui, Nezzazata simplex Omara, Nezzazatinella picardi (Henson), Trochospira avnimelechi Hamaoui, Antalyna korayi Farinacci and Köylüoğlu, Moncharmontia apenninica (De Castro), Moncharmontia compressa (De Castro), Fleuryana adriatica (De Castro), Pseudocyclammina sphaeroidea Gendrot, Broeckinella arabica Henson, Cuneolina pavonia d’Orbigny, Cuneolina ketini Inan, Dicyclina schlumbergeri Munier- Chalmas, Pseudolituonella reicheli Marie, Dictyoconella complanata Henson, Minouxia lobata Gendrot, Minouxia gümbelitrioides Marie, Arenobulimina sp. with microgranular and agglutinated tests and Fissoelphidium operculiferum Smout, Orbitoides medius (d’Archiac), Orbitoides megaloformis Papp and Küpper, Omphalocyclus anatoliensis Özcan, Sırtina orbitoidiformis Brönnimann and Wirtz, Goupillaudina sp. with hyaline test. In this study, the age of Garzan formation has been determined as Maastrichtian based on benthic foraminifera. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.809914
Geological characteristics of the boundary between Bolkardağı - Bozkır Units and the Ulukışla Basin and the structural evolution of the region, Central Taurides, Turkey
No full textThe character of the boundary between the tectonic units in the Central Taurides and the Ulukışla Basin is controversial. The contact has been accepted as discordant or tectonic contact by different researchers. The deformation data of the units in the study area provide important information about the Mesozoic - Cenozoic period geological developments of the region. Regional compression in NW - SE direction has caused the development of fold, foliation and reverse fault type structures in the units in the study area. Similar structural deformations are observed in the rock units defined in the Ulukışla Basin as well. In this study, structural data were collected from the field in order to determine the deformation pattern and contact relations of the units in the region. Field data and structural analysis reveal that the contact between the Ulukışla Basin deposits and the Bolkardağı Unit in the study area is of 70° - 80° southeast dipping reverse fault character. These structural data in the region were interpreted as the product of a movement from southeast to northwest.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.86851
Comparison of different approaches of computing the tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient and tilt angle of the analytic signal amplitude for detecting source edges
No full textThis paper compares effectiveness of the different approaches of computing the tilt angle of the horizontal gradient amplitude and tilt angle of the analytic signal amplitude such as use of direct expression and frequency domain technique (also called k - function) in terms of their accuracy on the detection of the edges of magnetic and gravity sources. These approaches were performed on both synthetic magnetic and gravity data where the frequency domain technique shows improvements in delineation of the actual edges of the sources compared to the direct expression. Additionally, real magnetic data from Zhurihe (Northeast China), and real gravity data from Tuan Giao (Northwest Vietnam) was considered and the obtained results from applying the different approaches were compared with known geological structures. The results show that the boundaries detected from the use of the frequency domain technique are in accord with the known geological structures.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.74685
Production of high purity thorium oxide from complex ores leach liquor
No full textThis paper investigates a method for separation and purification of thorium from leach liquors containing rare-earth elements (REE). Iron, which causes problems in the stage of thorium extracting, was first removed by using Adogen 464 solvent. Thorium was extracted with 30% D2EHPA-in kerosene with 1/3 organic/aqueous ratio and stoichiometry of the thorium-D2EHPA complex was calculated as 1:2.6 from slope analysis. After the extraction, LREE and HREE were scrubbed from the extracted organic with 0.25 M H₂SO₄ and 6 M HCl, respectively. Thorium oxalate was precipitated by oxalic acid and calcined at 1,050 °C. It was, after calcination, determined that purity of thorium oxide is 99.23%, based on the ICP-OES analysis..
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.70931
Geological properties of Güney formation (Ereğli - Ulukışla Basin, Niğde)
No full textThe aim of this study to determine stratigraphic, sedimentological and petrographic characteristics of the Upper Paleocene - Lower Eocene Güney formation in the Ereğli - Ulukışla Basin based on the lithological and environmental interpretations related to petroleum source and reservoir rock properties of it. For this purpose, the geological characteristics of the Güney formation and its relations with other units were followed by field observations and the unit was investigated by making a stratigraphic cross section from bottom to top. In addition, during the field studies, four (4) scaled stratigraphic sections (OSK) were formed and fifty - two (52) sandstone samples were taken from these OSKs. The Güney formation starts with conglomerates at the basement and continues as sandstone - shale alternation. The fact that the sand size material is more than the clay size material, the sandstone layers are thick (at least 2 m) around the Kardeşgediği station, the presence of channel fillings, slump structures, and pebbles indicate that the sequence shows convergent turbidite character. However, in the vicinity of Ovacık - Güney village and Tatlıpınar ridges, shales having an average layer thickness of 30 cm (thick) and sandstones up to 3 - 5 cm (thin) and shales are denser than sandstones show the formation has divergent character. The Güney formation transitions laterally and vertically overlies the agglomerate unit of the Ulukışla formation and turbiditic sandstone - shale units of the Halkapınar formation. The Aktoprak formation passes laterally and vertically over the Formation. Petrographic studies show that the formation sandstones are lithic arenite and feldspathic arenite and are deposited in the fore - arc basin.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.85569
Segmentation and classification algorithms applied to sentinel-2A images for geological mapping: case of the Al Glo’a sheet (1/50000), Morocco
No full textThe multispectral image, of Landsat 7 and 8; Aster and Sentinel-2A, has good results in lithological, structural, hydrothermal and mineralogical alteration mapping. Segmentation and image classification are two complementary steps as they are allowed the most important operations in the field of image processing. In this sense, this work aims at evaluating the potential of segmentation and classification algorithms for the generation of surface geological maps, hydrothermal alterations and lineaments. Given the good resolution of the Sentinel 2A (10m), the three images, (11/12; 11/2; 11/8), 12.8.2, main component 1, 2 and 3 (11.12.2), processed by five algorithms (K-means, Isodata, watershed, efficient graph-based image segmentation, thresholding) for geological mapping and then mining exploration. The study displayed that 1) Watershed algorithm can be used for topographic and hydraulic studies, it can be very useful in the preparation phase of geological and mining infrastructures; 2) threshold segmentation does not give good results in terms of geological discrimination since it divides each image into two parts; 3) the same thing for the effective thresholding and segmentation of graph-based images; 4) The Isodata and K-means algorithms show good geological discrimination.
https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.86449
Geochemistry of Miocene evaporites from the Aşkale (Erzurum, Eastern Turkey) area: constraints for paleo-environment
No full textThe Aşkale sub-basin hosts Early Miocene evaporites intercalated with clastic sediments and carbonates. Gypsum- and anhydrite-rich evaporite samples are characterized by high CaO and SO4 contents, and low Na2O, K2O, MgO, and B contents. The Sr contents are 228 - 13,100 ppm in evaporite samples, 169 - 992 ppm in claystone, 181 - 60,090 ppm in marl, and 15,150 ppm in limestone. All the samples are also characterized by enrichment in light rare earth elements (REE) with LaN / LuN = 0.667 - 4.243 and have variable CeN / Ce* (0.823 - 1.353) ratios. Measured EuN / Eu* values of the samples display strong and variable negative and positive Eu anomalies. δ34SCDT and δ18O values of gypsum- and anhydrite samples have wide ranges from 21.30 ‰ to 25.62 ‰, and 11.5 ‰ to 19.1 ‰, respectively. Most of these values are heavier than expected Miocene marine gypsum composition and may be resulted from reduction and oxidation reactions of sulfide species in brines. 87Sr / 86Sr ratios range from 0.707475 (ΔSW = −169.8) to 0.708175 (ΔSW = −99.8), close to and/or slightly lower than an Early-Miocene marine isotopic composition. Petrochemical and isotopic data indicate that the Aşkale basin evaporites developed in subtropical conditions via multiple marine transgressions onto a shallow platform or lagoonal environment. https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.77236