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A Performance-Based Co-Governance Framework for Subnational Contributions to NDCs
No full textAlthough existing climate governance frameworks acknowledge the significant role of cities and the private sector, they frequently fail to translate this potential into tangible contributions to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). This is due to the failures in aligning the incentives, authority, and accountability properly in multilevel governance frameworks. This results in an interminable break in execution. This paper advocates for a significant transition from process-oriented governance to a results-based paradigm that explicitly associates national support with quantifiable mitigation outcomes. Drawing on a review of integration challenges in multilevel governance, exemplified by the Sri Lankan context and broader trends identified by leading institutions across South & Southeast Asia, reveals a critical deficiency: the absence of procedures that promote reciprocal accountability and incentivise commendable performance. We propose a Performance-Based Co-Governance (PBCG) Framework to address this issue. This concept is founded on three principal tenets: 1) Establishing climate performance agreements between national and subnational entities, 2) Creating market-driven investment platforms to attract private capital, and 3) Implementing a transparent, technology-based verification mechanism. This approach provides subnational entities with an innovative means to foster ambition and achieve quantifiable outcomes. It transforms them from passive policy beneficiaries into active collaborators in the national climate agenda
Reducing GHG emissions by Effective Waste Management System in Cairo
No full textThis paper explores the theme of climate mitigation by focusing on the waste management issue and the negative effects of landfills in increasing greenhouse gas emission. The research tackles insights specifically gathered from Cairo, Egypt, presenting challenges and gaps in the waste management market. Research found that the efforts of the formal waste management sector in privatizing the industry had led to the increase of garbage waste and subsequently affecting the environment negatively due to lack of trash disposal and the burning of trash, while the informal sector represented in local communities called “Zabbaleen,” showed better results at maintaining a recycling system. Despite this, there are still plenty of challenges that face the waste management industry in Cairo, where this paper aims to address and propose meaningful solutions to them by pointing out relevant stakeholders that could be of potential help such as the NWFE program to turn waste into energy, as well as the participation of local citizens of Cairo in the recycling process
FROM NDCS TO GDCS : REFORMING CARBON MARKETS FOR A JUST NET-ZERO TRANSITION
No full textThe climate crisis is here, and it demands that we act together — and act now. The reality is deeply unfair: the Global South, which contributes the least to global greenhouse gas emissions, is paying the highest price for climate change. Communities face floods, droughts, and other devastating impacts, yet they have the least access to the resources needed to adapt. Current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are falling short, held back by gaps in fairness, accountability, and real action on the ground. Shockingly, less than 10% of international climate finance reaches the local communities who need it most. This paper proposes evolving NDCs into Global Determined Contributions (GDCs) — a framework where high-emitting nations offset excess emissions by investing in verifiable renewable energy projects in vulnerable countries. Guided by the principle of Mutirão — collective synergy between local and global actors — the GDC Offset Synergy Model links the technological capacity and finance of the Global North with the renewable potential and development needs of the Global South. Drawing on case studies from Germany, Madagascar, and Kenya, this paper demonstrates how targeted, verifiable investments can deliver measurable emission reductions and long-term socio-economic benefits. It calls on COP30 negotiators to establish a GDC pilot registry, adopt robust MRV (Measurement, Reporting, Verification) standards, and scale equitable carbon markets. The climate crisis is shared — our solutions must be united
Capacity Building and Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE): A Technical Review
No full textCapacity Building and Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a core pillar for climate change mitigation through people’s participation, education, and empowerment (UNFCCC, n.d.; Action for Climate Empowerment, 2025). This article describes technological and digital resources that support ACE, particularly in the COP30 environment. It also identifies inventive methods and the stumbling blocks alongside the best digital instruments that facilitate local-level empowerment, targeting innovation centers, AI education, indigenous knowledge systems, and the integration of policies (IFLA, 2025; Mbuvha et al., 2024). One of the key anticipated outcomes is the Baku-to-Belém Roadmap, aimed at mobilizing $1.3 trillion annually for climate action in developing countries, as outlined in recent IIGCC briefings (IIGCC, 2024; Down To Earth, 2025)
COP 30 SIMULATION Invisible Emissions, Visible Suffering: Conflict, Climate, and the GST Gap
No full textThe Global Stocktake (GST) at COP30 faces a critical risk of producing an incomplete climate assessment because it excludes emissions generated from wars and destruction as well as displacement within Fragile and Conflict-Affected States (FCAS). The 39 FCAS states which have the smallest responsibility for global warming emit large amounts of conflict-related greenhouse gases that match the annual emissions of small nations although these emissions are missing from Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and GST reports. The missing data in global climate accounting creates an inaccurate picture which unfairly penalizes FCAS for their uncontrollable circumstances while undermining climate justice. Climate change effects remain largely hidden in the already water-stressed MENA region because of methodological flaws along with financial obstacles and geopolitical vetoes that maintain this neglect. The analysis of the case studies reveals severe but unseen climate impacts within a region that already faces water and heat stress. The paper presents the FCAS Climate Emergency Protocol which involves integrating satellite-based conflict emissions tracking into GST alongside Solidarity Mitigation Pacts that high emitters must fund. Accurate global accounting requires the inclusion of conflict emissions because every tonne matters even during war and this ensures fairness and accountability in the system
Unlocking Private Stakeholders Engagement in the GST Follow Up Roadmap
No full textSIMULATION
Executive Summary
. Situation Analysis:
Progress toward the 1.5C target is limited by weak private sector inclusion. Despite their crucial role in climate finance, private actors face restricted access and fragmented engagement in GST follow up. Their contributions are often excluded from UNFCCC. The Belem Action Agenda calls for clear mechanisms to enable structured public private collaboration.
. Problem Significance:
1. Economic Significance: Governments alone can\u27t close the implementation gap. Private sector drives sustainable investment and lowers costs. 2. Political Significance: Continuity despite political changes. Inclusiveness and shared responsibility. 3.Social Significance: Enhancing community engagement and local Ownership. Advancing social justice and cohesion. 4. Environment Significance: Accelerating emission reduction. Enhancing environmental sustainability
Clinical Evaluation of Ozone Gel Versus Hyaluronic Acid Gel on Palatal Wound Following Free Gingival Graft Harvesting: A Randomized Clinical Trial
No full textObjective: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) compares the effectiveness of ozone gel (GeliO3) and hyaluronic acid (HA) gel(Gengigel) in enhancing wound healing and reducing postoperative discomfort following free gingival graft (FGG) harvesting.Methods: Fifty-six patients requiring FGG for mucogingival defects were randomly assigned into two groups: the ozone gel group and the HA gel group. The primary outcome was postoperative pain, assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) and analgesic consumption. Secondary outcomes included wound healing, evaluated using the Landry healing index, and color match assess-ment. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests with a significance level of p\u3c 0:05.Results: Both treatment groups exhibited significant pain reduction over time (p\u3c 0:001). Although there was no statistically significant difference between the groups, a faster decline in pain was observed in the ozone group by Day 3. Analgesic consumption was significantly lower in the ozone group on Days 2 and 3 (p ¼ 0:042). The healing index and color match scores showed a steady improvement in both groups, with the ozone group demonstrating slightly higher values at various time points, though not statistically significant.Conclusion: Both ozone gel and HA gel effectively enhanced post-FGG healing, reduced pain, and improved tissue esthetics.Ozone therapy showed potential advantages in early pain relief and lower analgesic dependence. These findings suggest that ozonetherapy may serve as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for palatal wound management in periodontal surgery. Furtherresearch is needed to confirm its clinical superiority over HA gel
Knitted Textile Canopies: A Rapid Generative Design Optimization Tool for Enhanced Shading Performance
No full textThis study examines a rapid generative tool for adaptable lightweight shell structures to enhance shading in outdoor spaces. Addressing the escalating impacts of climate change and the urban heat island effect, the research explores innovative approaches to optimize shading knitted textile canopies. The study focuses on hot arid regions due to the limited shading provisions used in urban spaces in these regions, investigating maximum shadow coverage, performance enhancement, and material efficiency. With cutting-edge generative design tools, the method evaluates the effectiveness of various generative design plugins, such as Octopus, Galapagos, and Biomorpher, in generating efficient shading for canopies. The findings reveal that Biomorpher outperformed other plugins, achieving the highest shadow coverage in the shortest time. The optimum design was modified on a real site at the British University in Egypt campus, with adjustments to the structure and materials. Future research should incorporate additional generative tools, particularly those assessing thermal performance and structure stability, such as Finite Element Analysis, particularly for hybrid tensile membrane structures, to further enhance urban shading solutions and their resilience
Wearing the keffiyeh: solidarity, resistance, activism
No full textThe Palestinian keffiyeh is a distinctly patterned black-and-white woven double-cloth, hand-stitched scarf, originally used by farmers of the region. It became a prominent symbol of Palestinian nationalism from mid-twentieth century. Adopted by Yasser Arafat in the 1960s, it became a masculinist icon of Palestine’s politics of resistance, extended by female Palestinian liberationist Leila Khaled’s hijabi-like use, and then mobilised by wider leftist, activist, even Israel-critical Jewish, protest groups in the West.
In recent years, keffiyeh-patterned scarves, accessories, even dresses and skirts – in a range of colours – have appeared periodically in Western fashion stores, on couture catwalks, and around the necks of the hippest hipsters. Controversy surrounds wearing the keffiyeh outside Palestine and the Middle East: wearers, depending on context, are accused of cultural appropriation, inflammatory pro-Palestinian activism, inappropriate posturing, or displaying banned political symbols. Others argue for the international impact of reminding Western audiences of Israel’s actions, pushing for boycotts of Israeli goods and services, and mitigating their own distress by making visible their support for Palestine.
Since Israel’s war on Gaza commenced in October 2023, over 37,000 Palestinians have been killed and over 84,000 injured in Gaza. Sustainable Development Goal 16, which promotes peaceful and inclusive societies, access to justice and human rights, freedom from violence and displacement, and safety and security for communities, is impossible to even imagine as deliverable in the current conflict. With the only traditional keffiyeh producer left in Palestine – the Hirbawi Textile Factory, Hebron – unable to meet soaring demand since the war in Gaza, and most keffiyeh imitations now printed in China, wearing the keffiyeh outside Palestine may arguably be – at best – symbolic. Based in Egypt, the Yemeni-British (Alahdal), Egyptian-Palestinian (Gamal Agha) and Irish (Harper) authors deployed a randomised oral testimony methodology, using personal networks and social media testimony, to better understand why individuals outside of Palestine are wearing the keffiyeh
Unlocking the therapeutic potential of canagliflozin in NAFLD: Insights into AMPK/SIRT1-mediated lipophagy
No full textNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a rising global health problem. The antidiabetic canagliflozin (CANA) has been proposed to ameliorate the metabolic abnormalities in NAFLD. Aim: This study aimed to explore the possible anti-NAFLD effects of CANA in rats and HepG2 cells, focusing on AMPK/SIRT1-mediated lipophagy. Methods: Wistar rats were assigned to four groups: control group, NAFLD group, NAFLD+CANA group, and NAFLD+CANA+chloroquine (CQ) group, where CQ served as autophagy inhibitor. HepG2 cells were also divided into four groups: control group, NAFLD group, NAFLD+CANA group, and NAFLD+CANA+compound C (Comp C) group, where Comp C served as AMPK inhibitor. Results: The histopathological examination showed that CANA alleviated hepatic and intracellular lipid deposition in rats and HepG2 cells. CANA induced lipophagy by increasing LC3-II levels and lowering both p62 and perilipin 2 levels in rats and HepG2 cells, in addition to decreasing mTOR protein expression in rats’ livers. These outcomes were associated with upregulation of the lipophagy regulator Rab7 and downregulation of the ER stress-related protein CHOP. CANA enhanced autophagic engulfment of lipid droplets while decreased ER stress and mitochondrial damage in rats’ livers, as demonstrated by TEM. In rats, CANA improved hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and obesity. In HepG2 cells, CANA’s effects were linked to increased phosphorylated AMPK level and enhanced SIRT1 level and expression. However, blocking lipophagy in rats and AMPK in HepG2 cells markedly weakened CANA’s protective effects against NAFLD. Conclusion: CANA ameliorated NAFLD via enhancing AMPK/SIRT1-mediated lipophagy, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic intervention for this metabolic disorder