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Beyond 'all or some': reframing the debate between local and global expressivists
No full textLocal expressivism is the idea that some kinds of sentences express mental states other than beliefs. Global expressivism is the idea that all sentences are similarly expressive (of attitudes) instead of representational. They appear to disagree, but due to the vagueness of these big-picture ideas, the disagreement between them has not yet been clearly pinned down and has been suspected to be empty. This paper fixes this problem and shows not only how and where they disagree, but also that their disagreement is more profound than it has usually been conceived as. I first show that local and global expressivism have very different conceptual origins and thus that we should not think of them as carrying the same project to different extents. I then show their disagreement: global expressivists think that the meaning of all kinds of sentences is primarily inferential, and the meaningfulness of language is to be primarily explained by our trying to agree with our peers, while local expressivists think that the meaning of some kinds of sentences is primarily representational, and the meaningfulness of language is to be primarily explained by our trying to agree with the environment. An important upshot of this reframing of the debate is that global expressivists’ arguments to convince local expressivists are not successful
Ecosocialism, the Shallow and the Deep: Environmental Philosophy and the New Climate Left
No full textThe goal of this chapter is to broaden philosophical discussion of ecosocialism amongst analytic environmental philosophers by constructing a pluralistic set of ethical justifications for a range of ecosocialist climate policies. These range from relatively uncontroversial Keynesian Green New Deal policies that rely on shallower critiques of both capitalism and human ecology, to more radical versions of democratic ecosocialism and degrowth that rely on deeper critiques of capitalism and anthropocentrism. The chapter elaborates a variety of philosophical rationales for ecosocialist policies while acknowledging important distinctions, tensions, and tradeoffs
Cybersecurity in the Internet of Things (IoT): Challenges and Solutions
No full textThe Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing industries by connecting everyday objects to the internet, enabling improved functionality and convenience. However, the rapid adoption of IoT devices has raised significant cybersecurity concerns, as the vast number of connected devices presents new vulnerabilities that can be exploited by cybercriminals. These vulnerabilities are often the result of insecure device configurations, weak authentication mechanisms, and inadequate data protection. This paper explores the cybersecurity challenges associated with IoT, such as device security, network security, and data privacy, and discusses the solutions that can help mitigate these risks. The paper further evaluates the role of standardization, encryption techniques, and intrusion detection systems in enhancing the security of IoT ecosystems. Finally, it proposes a framework for IoT security based on best practices and emerging technologies
Transcending Without Disconnecting: The Integrative Epistemology of _Ma’had AlySitubondo_ and Its Model of Endogenous Islamic Legal Reform
No full textThis article examines how Ma’had Aly Salafiyah Syafi’iyyahSitubondo,Indonesiadevelops an endogenous and tradition-rooted model of Islamic legal reform through an integrative epistemology that combines bayānī(textual), taʿlīlī(rational-causal), and maqāṣidī(teleological) approaches. The study aims to identify the epistemological principles and institutional mechanisms through which Ma’had Alymaintains continuity with classical turāthand sanadwhile restructuring legal reasoning to address contemporary socio-legal realities. Using a qualitative socio-legal and contextual-hermeneutic approach supported by Critical Discourse Analysis, the research investigates how interpretive authority is negotiated within pedagogical practices, curriculum design, and baḥth al-masāʾildeliberations. The findings show that Ma’had Aly’sepistemic project is not a juxtaposition of interpretive tools but a coherent model of fiqh renewal grounded in the interplay between fiqh al-nuṣūṣ(textual reasoning), fiqh al-wāqiʿ(analysis of social reality), and fiqh al-tanzīl(contextual application). This triadic framework enables the institution to transcend rigid textualism while preserving normative legitimacy through sanad-based authority. The study further demonstrates that Ma’had Aly’sintegrative methodology constitutes a neo-traditionalist reform trajectory, facilitating a shift from qaulīand ilḥāqīreasoning toward a manhajīparadigm guided by maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. Building on these insights, the article proposes the “Integrative Manhaj of Epistemological Renewal” as a theoretical model explaining how pesantren-based higher learning institutions can generate internally legitimate and contextually adaptive jurisprudential reform. While recognizinglimitations stemming from its single-case scope and the cultural specificity of pesantrenepistemology, the study contributes to broader debates on Islamic legal reform in Southeast Asia by demonstrating the capacity of tradition-based institutions to produce transformative yet continuity-preserving legal reasoning
AI's assigned gender affects human-AI cooperation
No full textCooperation between humans and machines is increasingly vital as artificial intelligence (AI) becomes integrated into daily life. Research shows that people are often less willing to cooperate with AI agents than with humans and are more likely to exploit AI for personal gain. While prior studies indicate that human-like features in AI influence cooperation, the impact of AI’s assigned gender remains underexplored. This study investigates how cooperation varies with the gender labels assigned to AI partners. In a Prisoner’s Dilemma game, 402 participants interacted with partners labeled as AI or human, and as male, female, non-binary, or gender-neutral. Participants exploited female-labeled and distrusted male-labeled AI agents more than human counterparts with the same gender labels, reflecting gender biases similar to those in human-human interactions. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for gender bias in AI design, policy, and regulation
Graph Theory: Fundamental and Applications in Mathematics
No full textMathematics forms graph theory as its fundamental division to study relationships between objects which exist as nodes and edges. Euler's Seven Bridges of Königsberg research marked the origin of what transformed into an essential mathematical field that includes computer science and network design and biological applications and other computational domains. Future developments in the field and current innovations get attention in the study
The House Whispers: Effective Leadership Style In Improving Sales Agent’s Performance, Experiences Of Real Estate Brokersand Sales Agents
No full textLeadership in real estate is critical not only for guiding and motivating sales agents but also for maintaining a competitive edge in a fast-paced and often volatile market. This study aimed to explore the leadership styles employed by real estate brokers in Balayan, Batangas, and examining how these styles influence agents’ daily work, motivation, and overall performance. The researchers used a qualitative method with a case study design and selected five (5) real estate brokers and ten (10) real estate agents from RCD Royal Homes via judgmental sampling technique. Through athematic analysis the collected data were systematically measured and analyzed. The results indicated that effective leadership is multifaceted, with different styles contributing to various aspects of team dynamics and organizational performance. This study highlights the importance of various leadership styles, with transformational leadership being the most influential in motivating and engaging sales agents, while supportive leadership fosters a positive and collaborative work environment. However, challenges such as communication barriers, resistance to change, and operational constraints require leaders to adapt, promote open communication, and prioritize teamwork to ensure organizational success. It is recommended that real estate brokers undergo leadership training, improve communication, foster collaboration, implement feedback systems, and create mentorship opportunities to enhance performance and adaptability within their teams
Cyborg Responsibility. Part 1. The Evolution of the Concept of Responsibility in a Technogenic Society (In Russian and English) // Ответственность киборга. Часть 1. Эволюция понятия ответственности в техногенном обществе
No full textThis article presents a philosophical and legal analysis of the transformation of the concept of responsibility in the era of cyborgization, defining the methodological foundations for a shift toward understanding the distributed agency of the augmented subject. To this end, the author first reconstructs historically developed notions of will, intention, and responsibility. Further, applying contemporary theories of "extended mind," actor-network theory, and posthumanism, the work demonstrates the possibility and necessity of rethinking the boundaries of the "self." To this end, drawing on empirical cases such as neural interfaces and popular culture, the author identifies specific problematic areas for law and ethics. Methodologically, the work applies a cyborgian eclecticism approach to integrating productive approaches in an interdisciplinary analysis. The author concludes that classical foundations of responsibility lose their practical applicability when cognitive processes begin to be distributed between biological and technical categories. Given these emerging trends, there is a clear need to move from the binary logic of "guilty/not guilty" to a scale/modal model of responsibility, where responsibility is perceived within the context of the actor's contribution within a hybrid system. This article lays the conceptual foundation for practical solutions that will be presented in the second part of the study. // В статье представлен философско-правовой анализ трансформаций понятия ответственности в эпоху киборгизации, определяются методологические основания для перехода к пониманию распределенной агентности дополненного субъекта. Для этого автор, в первую очередь, реконструирует исторически складывавшиеся представления о воле, намерении и ответственности. Далее, с приложением современных теорий «расширенного разума», акторно сетевой теории и постгуманизма, в работе демонстрируется возможность и необходимость переосмыслить границы «Я», для чего, основываясь на эмпирических кейсах, таких как нейроинтерфейсы, и на образах в массовой культуре, автор выделяет конкретные проблемные точки для права и этики. Методологически в работе применяется подход киборгианского эклектизма для объединения продуктивных подходов в междисциплинарном анализе. Автор приходит к выводу, что классические основания ответственности теряют прикладную работоспособность в условиях, когда когнитивные процессы начинают распределяться между категориями биологического и технического. В условиях развития таких тенденций очевидна необходимость перехода от бинарной логики «виновен/не виновен» к шкаловой/модальной модели ответственности, где ответственность воспринимается в рамках вклада актора, существующего в гибридной системе. Данная статья закладывает концептуальный фундамент для практических решений, которые будут представлены во второй части исследования
Aquinas’ Most Frequently Referenced Greek, Roman, Christian, Islamic, and Jewish Philosophers with a Study of Avicenna
No full textThis quantitative analysis of direct references to the two most frequently cited Greek, Roman, Christian, Islamic,
and Jewish philosophers within Aquinas’ opus, with a detailed examination of Avicenna, addressed a gap in the
systematic enumeration of sources using a three-tiered methodology, which included documentation of Aquinas’
direct citations from Leonina, cross-checked with Index Thomisticus, and statistically validated. The findings
demonstrated dominance of Christian Augustinus and Dionysius and Greek Aristoteles and Plato, with the highest
concentrations in Summa Theologiæ and Expositio Aristotelis, respectively, while affirming Islamic philosophy’s
secondary influence through Averroes and Avicenna. Roman and Jewish sources had the fewest references.
A near-perfect correlation between the Leonina and Index Thomisticus datasets was established. This study’s
data-driven approach to Thomistic philosophy bridged traditional textual scholarship with digital humanities
and by documenting Aquinas’ direct sources, refined our understanding of the divergent philosophical traditions’
influences on Aquinas’ philosophical and theological synthesis. Its originality and contribution lie in establishing
a consistent methodology for documenting direct references to multiple sources across a complete philosophical
opus and facilitating replicable textual and computational analysis in Thomistic, medieval, and manuscript studies
Risk, Regulation, and Reward: Navigating AI Adoption in Finance
No full textGenerative models have revolutionized the landscape of artificial intelligence by shifting the focus from predictive tasks to creative and constructive capabilities. From the early use of probabilistic models to the modern architectures of deep neural networks, the evolution of generative models has been marked by increasing sophistication in capturing data distributions and generating novel content. This paper explores the trajectory of generative modeling—from rudimentary statistical techniques to complex structures such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and Transformer-based large language models. By analyzing both the theoretical foundations and practical implementations of these models, we investigate how machines have moved closer to simulating human-like imagination through artificial means. The study utilizes a combination of technical analysis and experimental evaluation to examine the performance of various generative models in tasks related to text, image, and multimodal content creation. We also discuss the philosophical and societal implications of synthetic media, including authorship, originality, and ethical responsibility. A core aim is to understand how data-driven systems have progressed from simply learning representations to autonomously generating meaningful, contextually aware content. Through a detailed methodology involving benchmark datasets, model fine-tuning, and qualitative and quantitative evaluation, we identify key capabilities and limitations of current generative systems.Our findings suggest that while significant progress has been made, generative models still rely heavily on input conditioning, training diversity, and optimization constraints. Despite these limitations, they represent a pivotal advancement in the quest for computational creativity. This paper contributes to the growing discourse on artificial imagination, offering insight into how generative models not only imitate but also expand the creative boundaries of machine learning. As we continue to develop these systems, the line between data processing and autonomous creativity becomes increasingly blurred, raising important questions about the future of AI in human-centric domains