Open Journal Systems Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias de la Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan
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HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA TRANSFERENCIA DE TECNOLOGIA EN EL SECTOR CAPRINO FRANCES
Get PDFThe modernisation and the dairy specialization of the French goat sector have both been the result of an organized strategy at a national level for 50 years. Thanks to this strategy, called the ";;;;chain of progress";;;;, the French production of cheese from goat milk has increased three fold during the last 50 years production (around 100,000 tons in 2007). The chain of progress - which involves organizations of research and development and professional breeders organizations - is divided into 4 steps: 1) identification of technical, economic or social brakes to modernization and productivity, 2) development of research programmes, 3) tests of application methods with critical evaluation, 4) diffusion with various tools : training courses for technicians and breeders, technical days and systematic use of the review La Chèvre which celebrates 50 years of existence in 2008. The newspaper La Chèvre (French term for ";;;;goat";;;;) has always been a powerful tool which disseminates technical news quickly. It has shortened the time between the acquisition of research results and their dissemination to breeders. Nowadays, La Chèvre distributes 4,000 issues every two months. It is read by more than half of the French goat breeders (3,600 subscribers out of the 5,600 breeders who owned more than 10 goats in 2007 in France). The review, which is about 50 pages, gives a progress report on caprine news with a recurring article on current markets and milk prices. A complete file gives details about techniques for breeding: feeding, animal health, reproduction and selection, equipment and buildings, farm management, transformation and marketing of cheeses.The modernisation and the dairy specialization of the French goat sector have both been the result of an organized strategy at a national level for 50 years. Thanks to this strategy, called the ";;;chain of progress";;;, the French production of cheese from goat milk has increased three fold during the last 50 years production (around 100,000 tons in 2007). The chain of progress - which involves organizations of research and development and professional breeders organizations - is divided into 4 steps: 1) identification of technical, economic or social brakes to modernization and productivity, 2) development of research programmes, 3) tests of application methods with critical evaluation, 4) diffusion with various tools : training courses for technicians and breeders, technical days and systematic use of the review La Chèvre which celebrates 50 years of existence in 2008. The newspaper La Chèvre (French term for ";;;goat";;;) has always been a powerful tool which disseminates technical news quickly. It has shortened the time between the acquisition of research results and their dissemination to breeders. Nowadays, La Chèvre distributes 4,000 issues every two months. It is read by more than half of the French goat breeders (3,600 subscribers out of the 5,600 breeders who owned more than 10 goats in 2007 in France). The review, which is about 50 pages, gives a progress report on caprine news with a recurring article on current markets and milk prices. A complete file gives details about techniques for breeding: feeding, animal health, reproduction and selection, equipment and buildings, farm management, transformation and marketing of cheeses
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF ‘HASTA LA PASTA’ SPAGHETTI SQUASCH (Cucurbita pepo L.)
Get PDFThe protein and amino acids composition of seed and pulp of vegetable spaghetti were determined in which the seed has higher (P>0.05) amount of protein compared to pulp content. The content of the amino acids in both the sample are good source of essential and non essential amino acids with above 100 % chemical score for the seed while pulp has less then 100% with isoleucine above 100%. The results obtained could serve as useful source of low-cost protein for both human and animals food, it can also be used to minimize the protein and malnutrition problems.Se analizó el contenido de proteÃna y amino ácidos de la semilla y pulpa de la calabaza ‘Hasta la Pasta'. La semilla tuvo el mayor valor proteico. Se encontró que es una buena fuente de amino ácidos esenciales. El indice the calidad del perfil de amino ácidos fue superior a 100% para la semilla e inferior a 100% para la pulpa. Los resultados sugieren que es una proteÃna de calidad de bajo costo para la alimentación humana y  animal
APTITUD COMBINATORIA GENERAL Y ESPECIFICA DE GERMOPLASMA TROPICAL DE MAIZ
Get PDFEight tropical maize populations were crossed in a diallel system. Parent and their 28 crosses were evaluated for grain yield in two plantations in 2006. The objective was to estimate the general combining ability (GCA) of the parental populations and the specific combining ability (SCA) of the crosses for grain yield. The populations were: 21, 22, 23, 25, 32, 43, 49 and the commercial variety VS-536. The Griffing method 2 design was utilized to estimate GCA and SCA effects, on a complete randomized block design with three replications, at two planting dates. The diallel analysis showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01 y 0.05) among planting dates (PD), crosses (C), GCA, PD × C and PD × SCA interaction. Populations 23 and 43 showed the highest significant (P ≤ 0,01)  GCA, and the crosses VS 536 × Pob 32, Pob 22 × Pob 43, Pob 25 × Pob 49 y Pob 43 × Pob 49 showed the highest significant (P ≤ 0,01) SCA effects. Both high parent positive heterosis were observed for the crosses Pob 25 × Pob 49, Pob 43 × Pob 49 and Pob 22 × Pob 43. Populations 23 and 43 revealed potential to be used in maize breeding programs.Ocho poblaciones tropicales de maÃz fueron cruzadas en un sistema dialélico. Las poblaciones y sus 28 cruzas fueron evaluadas para rendimiento de grano en dos fechas de siembra durante el 2006. El objetivo fue estimar los efectos de aptitud combinatoria general (ACG) de las poblaciones y la aptitud combinatoria especÃfica (ACE)  de las cruzas. Las poblaciones fueron: 21, 22, 23, 25, 32, 43 49 y la variedad comercial VS-536. Para estimar los efectos de ACG y ACE se empleó el método 2 de efectos aleatorios del dialélico de Griffing, en un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones por fecha de siembra (FS). El análisis dialélico indicó diferencias estadÃsticas (P ≤ 0.01 y 0.05) en las fuentes de variación fechas de siembra (FS), cruzas (C), ACG e interacciones FS × C y FS × ACE. Los mayores efectos significativos en ACG (P ≤ 0.01) lo tuvieron las poblaciones 23 y 43, en tanto que para ACE, las cruzas VS 536 × Pob 32, Pob 22 × Pob 43, Pob 25 × Pob 49 y Pob 43 × Pob 49 mostraron los mayores efectos. Se encontraron efectos positivos de heterosis con respecto al progenitor superior sobresaliendo las cruzas Pob 25 × Pob 49, Pob 43 × Pob 49 y Pob 22 × Pob 43. De acuerdo con los resultados las poblaciones 23 y 43 tienen potencial para usarse en un programa de mejoramiento genético
GUAJOLOTES DE TRASPATIO COMO RESERVORIOS DE ENFERMEDADES DE AVES DOMÉSTICAS Y SILVESTRES EN TRES ECOSISTEMAS DE LA COSTA MEXICANA
Get PDFTo identify the kind of avian diseases could be transmits the backyard turkeys to the Oaxaca's Coast wild life and poultry, a clinical sanitary evaluation was performed in backyard turkeys who grassing on places that could be contact with wild life, in three different ecosystems: cloud forest, medium jungle deciduous and palm trees. The evaluation was performed on six male turkeys with a year and a half old, six female with six months of age, and six poults with less of eight months of age. The laboratory tests included: necropsy for clinical diagnosis of diseases and for a hystopathological examination of tissues; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests to diagnose Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza. Serum Plate Agglutination Test to identify antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Salmonella pullorum, ELISA to identify Infectious Bronchitis and Infectious Bursal Disease. In addition, laboratory analyses were done to find internal and external parasites. The frequency of diseases was estimated with descriptive statistics and the correlation between Ecosystem X Turkeys Age was calculated with Pearson's correlation coefficient. Was identify Avian Pox, antibodies from Newcastle Disease, Avian Influenza, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Bursal Disease; Fowl Typhoid, Colibacillocis, Staphylococcosis, Infectious Sinusitis, Infectious Synovitis. The internal parasites identified were Ascaridia gallinae, Eimeria dispersa, Eimeria meleagridis, Heterakis gallinae and Tetramenes sp; and the external parasite Dermanyssus gallinae. All the diseases and parasitic diseases are dangerous for the poultry and the wild life. A relationship exist between ecosystem and diseases at different ages in backyard turkeys.Con el propósito de identificar las enfermedades avÃcolas de las cuales los guajolotes de traspatio son reservorio y pueden transmitir a la fauna silvestre o a la avicultura de la costa de Oaxaca, se realizó un monitoreo sanitario de guajolotes de traspatio que pastoreaban en lugares propicios para tener contacto con fauna silvestre, en tres diferentes ecosistemas: bosque mesófilo de montaña, selva mediana subcaducifolia y palmar. El monitoreo se realizó en seis machos adultos mayores de un año y medio de edad, seis hembras de entre nueve y quince meses de edad y seis pavipollos sin sexo determinado con hasta ocho meses de edad. Posterior a la necropsia, las pruebas de laboratorio incluyeron: estudio histopatológico; pruebas de inhibición de la hemoaglutinación para diagnosticar Enfermedad de Newcastle e Influenza Aviar; prueba de aglutinación en placa para identificación de Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae y Salmonella sp.; prueba de ELISA para identificar presencia de Bronquitis Infecciosa y Bursitis Infecciosa. También se realizaron estudios parasitológicos para identificar parásitos internos y externos. Con estadÃstica descriptiva se estimó la frecuencia de las enfermedades y la correlación Ecosistema*Edad de los guajolotes (Pearson). Se identificaron Viruela Aviar, anticuerpos contra Enfermedad de Newcastle, Influenza Aviar, Bronquitis infecciosa, Enfermedad de Gumboro; se identificó Tifoidea Aviar, Colibacilosis, Staphilococcosis, Sinusitis Infecciosa del Pavo, Sinovitis Infecciosa. Se identificaron los parásitos internos Ascaridia gallinae, Eimeria dispersa, Eimeria meleagridis, Heterakis gallinae y Tetramenes sp. y el parásito externo Dermanyssus gallinae. Todas las enfermedades y parasitosis identificadas son potencialmente patógenos para la avicultura y aves silvestres. Existe relación entre el ecosistema y las enfermedades identificadas en las diferentes edades de los guajolotes de traspatio
CONTAMINACIÓN Y FITOTOXICIDAD EN PLANTAS POR METALES PESADOS PROVENIENTES DE SUELOS Y AGUA
Get PDFHigh levels of heavy metals, such as: lead, nickel, cadmium and manganese, which are present in soil and wastewater used for agricultural irrigation, are due to the fact that these metals can be accumulated into these systems, of main importance for agriculture. Because of its non-biodegradability features, toxicity effects onto several crops and consequences on their bio-availability, this may result hazardous. This literature survey highlights and remarks relative sensitivity of some plants before heavy metals presence and crops trend to accumulate them, emphasizing aspects related to some soil physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals phyto-toxicity.Los altos niveles de metales pesados como plomo, nÃquel, cadmio y manganeso, presentes en suelos y agua negra, utilizada para riego agrÃcola radican principalmente, que pueden ser acumulados en estos sistemas de suma importancia para la agricultura. Por su carácter no biodegradable, la toxicidad que ejercen sobre los diferentes cultivos y su biodisponibilidad, puede resultar peligrosos. La presente compilación bibliográfica resalta y destaca la sensibilidad relativa de algunas plantas a la presencia de los metales pesados y la tendencia a acumular los mismos, haciendo énfasis en los aspectos de relación con algunas de las caracterÃsticas fisicoquÃmica de los suelos y la fitotoxicidad por metales
ECUACIONES ALOMETRICAS Y FACTORES DE EXPANSIÓN PARA ARBOLES DEL TRÓPICO SECO DE SINALOA, MÉXICO
Get PDFThis research report aimed at estimating: (i) bole volume equations, (ii) aboveground biomass component equations, and (iii) biomass expansion factors, BEF, for aboveground biomass components for tropical dry trees of eastern Sinaloa, Mexico. Field work included measuring dasometric features, dissecting and fresh-weighting trees into biomass components, and collecting samples for ovendry weight measurements. Bole volume and biomass component equations fitted an inventory data set to estimate biomass expansion factors at the plot scale. Results show bole volume and biomass component equations. Mean biomass expansion factors (± standard deviation) reported are 0.7854 (0.111), 0.873 (0.055) and 1.460 (0.022) for branches, bole and total aboveground biomass, respectively. Biomass expansion factors are dependent on mean stand dbh and they do not distribute normally. Therefore the Weibull distribution was fitted to biomass expansion figures.Se estimó: (i) ecuaciones de volumen del fuste, (ii) ecuaciones de componentes de biomasa y (iii) factores de expansión de biomasa, BEF, para componentes de biomasa aérea de bosques tropicales secos del este de Sinaloa, México. El trabajo de campo incluyó la medición de las variables dasométricas, la separación y pesado en fresco de los componentes de biomasa de los árboles y la colección de muestras para el secado en las estufas. Las ecuaciones de volumen del fuste y de componentes de biomasa se usaron con los datos del inventario para estimar los factores de expansión de biomasa a la escala del sitio. Los resultados muestran las ecuaciones de volumen fustal y de componentes de biomasa. Los factores de expansión de biomasa promedio (± DE) reportados son 0.7854 (0.111), 0.873 (0.055) y 1.460 (0.022) para ramas, fustes y biomasa total sobre el suelo, respectivamente. Los factores de expansión de biomasa son dependientes del diámetro promedio a la escala del sitio y no se distribuyen normalmente. Por esta razón, la distribución probabilÃstica Weibull se ajustó a los factores de expansión de biomas
ABEJAS SILVESTRES (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA) COMO BIOINDICADORES EN EL NEOTRÓPICO
Get PDFThe present is a review about the use of wild bees as an indicator group in biodiversity and fragmentation studies. It describes the criteria used for the selection of bioindicator groups and it discusses the available information to evaluate if wild bees meet this criteria. The reviewed information suggests that wild bees comply with the requeriments for a suitable bioindicator group. Its use is recommended for Neotropical ecosystems.Este trabajo es una revisión sobre el potencial de las abejas silvestres como grupo indicador en estudios de diversidad y fragmentación de hábitat. Se describen los criterios utilizados para seleccionar grupos de organismos como bioindicadores y se discute la información disponible para evaluar si las abejas pueden ser consideradas idóneas. La información disponible sugiere que las abejas silvestres cumplen con los criterios requeridos para considerarlas un grupo indicador y se recomienda su uso en diferentes ecosistemas del Neotrópico
COMPOSICIÓN QUIMICA Y VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE Paracalyx scariosus (ROXB.) ALI, ESPECIE SILVESTRE DE CAJANUS DEL SURESTE DE LA INDIA
No full textSeeds of Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali locally known as ";;adavi tellakandulu";; in Telugu, used as food by local tribes people in the Rollapenta forest, Kurnool district, Nallamalais of Andhra Pradesh of southern Peninsular India. The mature seed samples were analysed for proximate composition, total (true) seed protein fractions, amino acid composition, fatty acids profile, mineral and antinutritional factors. They contained higher amount of crude protein, crude fat, ash and nitrogen free extractives constitute 20.56, 5.19, 5.12 and 56.25 % respectively of the seed weight. The calorific value of 100g dry matter of seed material was 1680.92 kJ DM. The essential amino acids, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine, were present in relatively large quantities. The fatty acid profiles revealed that the seed lipids contained higher concentrations of palmitic and linoleic acids. The seeds are rich in sodium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, manganese and iron. Anti-nutritional factors such as total free phenols, (5.56%) tannins (2.78%), L -DOPA (0.63%), hydrogen cyanide (0.065%) and phytic acid (0.85%) are present in variable quantities. From the results these plant have a good potential as food crops in Andhra Pradesh. This paper presents the chemical composition and nutritional potential of Paracalyx scariosus seeds with regard to its suitability as a regular component in human diet.Semillas de Paracalyx scariosus (Roxb.) Ali conocida de manera local en Telugu, India como ";;;adavi tellakandulu";;; y empleada como alimento por la tribu native del bosque Rollapenta, Distrito Kurnool, Nallamalais Andhra Pradesh, región sureste de la India. Se determine la composición proximal de las semillas, fracciones totales de proteÃna (verdadera), amino ácidos, ácidos grasos, minerales y factores antinutricionales. Las semillas contenien un alto valor de proteÃna cruda, grasa, cenizas y extracto libre de nitrógeno (20.6, 5.2, 5.1 y 56.3 % respectivamente), asà como 1680.9 kJ /100gMS. Los amino ácidos, isoleucina, tirosina y fenilalanina estuvieron presentes en cantidades relativamente altas. Las semillas contienen altas concentraciones de ácido palmÃtico y linoleico, son ricas en sodio, fósforo, calcio, zinc, manganeso y hierro. Los factores antinutricionales se encuentran en cantiddes variables tales como fenoles libres (5.56%) taninos (2.78%), L-DOPA (0.63%), cianuro de hidrógeno (0.065%) y ácido fÃtico (0.85%). Esta planta tiene un buen potencial para su cultivo comercial en Andhra Pradesh. El trabajo presenta la composición quÃmica y valor nutricional de la semilla de Paracalyx scariosus en relación a su potencial para la alimentación humana
PEST MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIC VEGETABLE PRODUCTION
Get PDFLos alimentos orgánicos son producidos mediante prácticas que promueven la fertilidad del suelo y la diversidad biológica, y excluyen todos aquellos productos quÃmicos que se usan en la agricultura convencional. En regiones aisladas este tipo de producción no presenta serios inconvenientes, ya que el mismo sistema protege los cultivos de altos niveles de plagas y enfermedades. La demanda de alimentos orgánicos se ha incrementado desde hace dos décadas, por lo que producir en baja escala y en forma aislada no puede satisfacer los requerimientos del mercado. Esta demanda se ha convertido en una oportunidad de desarrollo importante en varios paÃses. En superficies mayores tienden a aumentar las poblaciones de plagas y enfermedades, por lo que es necesario implementar actividades que ayuden al sistema a reducir dichas poblaciones. Este tipo de agricultura permite el control biológico, cultural, mecánico y fÃsico, aunque su utilización la limitan los estándares y reglamentos señalados por las agencias certificadoras. Los productores deben determinar el manejo óptimo de plagas mediante estrategias que estén consideradas dentro del ambiente regulatorio del movimiento orgánico. Se presentan algunas alternativas adecuadas para implementar un programa de manejo, con un enfoque que considera la regulación actual para lograr y no poner en riesgo de pérdida, la certificación como productor orgánico.Organic food is produced by means of practices that promote the fertility of soil and biological diversity, and exclude such chemical products being used in conventional agriculture. It has been observed that in isolated regions this kind of production does not present serious inconveniences, because the system by itself protects the crops from high levels of pests and diseases. Organic food demand has being increased since two decades ago, and isolated-small productions cannot satisfy market requirements. This demand has become a very important opportunity for farmer’s development of many countries. However, it has some inconveniences when trying to amplify surfaces and to obtain both high yields and quality from crops, because some basic principles of organic agriculture are difficult to follow. In cases of mayor surfaces this is reflected on the raise of pest and diseases, and that is the reason to implement activities to help the system to reduce such harmful populations. Within the control methods that can be used in this kind of agriculture, there are the biological, cultural, mechanical, and physical methods, with the restrictions and limitations that are imposed by the standards and regulations of certification agencies. It is very important to growers to determine an optimum pest management, regarding the modern recommended strategies, but with the care of just select activities regarded inside the regulatory environment of organic agriculture. We present some of the most outstanding alternatives to implement management programs, focusing on the current regulation environment to obtain; avoiding the risk of loosing the certification as organic produce