Czasopisma Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
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Wstępne wyniki oceny wybranych klonów maliny właściwej (Rubus idaeus L.) poszerzających zmienność genetyczną pod względem ważnych cech fenotypowych
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to determine the possibility of extending the genetic variability of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) stock existing in the genetic resources of the Research Institute of Horticulture in terms of such biological characteristics as ripening time, attractiveness (appearance), size and weight of fruit, spine production by plants, growth vigour and health of shrubs. The paper presents the results of research from 2019, i.e. the first year of clone evaluation. The study includes the most valuable genotypes selected from a population of 2640 seedlings of the F1 generation, obtained from hybridization made in a diallel system, according to the Griffing II method (Griffing, 1956) of 10 cultivars of raspberry (‘Canby’, ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Laszka’, ‘Polana’, ‘Polka’, ‘Radziejowa’, ‘Schönemann’, ‘Sokolica’, ‘Veten’ and ‘Willamette’). The obtained test results confirmed that it is possible to broaden genetic variability using conventional breeding methods, as well as to combine in one genotype such features of raspberry as the ability to produce high quality fruit, extend summer-autumn fruiting and produce spineless shoots.W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań z roku 2019, czyli z pierwszego roku oceny klonów. Celem badań było określenie możliwości poszerzenia zmienności genetycznej maliny właściwej (Rubus idaeus L.), istniejącej w zasobach genetycznych Instytutu Ogrodnictwa, pod względem takich cech biologicznych, jak okres dojrzewania, atrakcyjność (wygląd), wielkość i masa owoców, wytwarzanie kolców przez rośliny, siła wzrostu i zdrowotność krzewów. Badaniami objęto najbardziej wartościowe genotypy wyselekcjonowane z populacji 2640 siewek pokolenia F1, otrzymanych ze skrzyżowania w układzie diallelicznym, wg II metody Griffinga (Griffing, 1956) 10 odmian maliny (‘Canby’, ‘Glen Ample’, ‘Laszka’, ‘Polana’, ‘Polka’, ‘Radziejowa’, ‘Schönemann’, ‘Sokolica’, ‘Veten’ i ‘Willamette’). Uzyskane wyniki badań potwierdziły, że możliwe jest poszerzenie zmienności genetycznej przy zastosowaniu metod hodowli konwencjonalnej, a także połączenie w jednym genotypie takich cech maliny, jak zdolność do wytwarzania wysokiej jakości owoców, wydłużone letnio-jesienne owocowanie i bezkolcowość pędów
Monitorowanie populacji grzyba Ustilago maydis, sprawcy głowni guzowatej kukurydzy na terenie Polski w latach 2016 – 2019
Get PDFThe large cultivation area of maize and the simplification of applied agrotechnics increased the occurrence of pathogens, including Ustilago maydis causing common smut. Monitoring this patogen population at 9 locations representative for different agroclimatic regions of Poland across 2016‒2019, significant differences between years, locations and cultivars for the frequency of plants with symptoms of the disease were determined. Weather conditions significantly affected the development of the corn smut disease. In 2017, when temperatures were lower than in other years, the frequency of plants with symptoms of the disease was very low. In the other years the for some cultivars it was 26,7% in 2016, 32,0% in 2018 and 20,0% in 2019.In the other years, for some of the selected cultivars, it increased to 26.7% in 2016, 32.0% in 2018 and 20.0% in 2019 respectively. In the locations representing Central Poland (Lućmierz and Kawęczyn) and Western Poland (Krościna Mała), the frequency of plants with symptoms of the disease was the highest. In Przecław (South-Eastern Poland), the severity of the disease was very low throughout all the years. The differences between the cultivars in terms of the frequency of plants with symptoms of Ustilago maydis infection indicate that it is possible to obtain genetic gain for resistance to the corn smut. Monitoring the degree of plant infection with corn smut combined with forecasting weather conditions, is an important part in integrated maize protection system.Duża powierzchnia uprawy kukurydzy oraz uproszczenie agrotechniki spowodowały nasilenie występowania wybranych patogenów w tym grzyba Ustilago maydis, który jest sprawcą głowni guzowatej. Monitorując jego populację w latach 2016 – 2019 w 9 lokalizacjach, reprezentujących różne rejony agroklimatyczne Polski wykazano istotne różnice pomiędzy latami, lokalizacjami i odmianami dla frekwencji roślin z objawami choroby. Przebieg warunków atmosferycznych w sposób istotny wpływał na rozwój głowni guzowatej. W roku 2017, gdy temperatury powietrza były niższe w stosunku do pozostałych lat badań, frekwencja roślin z objawami choroby była bardzo niska. Natomiast w pozostałych latach dla wybranych odmian wynosiła odpowiednio 26,7% w roku 2016, 32,0% w roku 2018 i 20,0% w roku 2019.W lokalizacjach reprezentujących obszar Polski Centralnej (Lućmierz i Kawęczyn) oraz Zachodniej (Krościna Mała) frekwencja roślin z objawami choroby była najwyższa. W Przecławiu (Polska Południowo-Wschodnia) nasilenie choroby było znikome na przestrzeni wszystkich lat badań. Włączone do badań odmiany różniły się pod względem frekwencji roślin z objawami porażenia Ustilago maydis i proporcje te były powtarzalne w różnych lokalizacjach. Świadczy to, że włączenie do programów hodowlanych genotypów o wysokiej odporności na tego patogena może zapewnić uzyskanie postępu biologicznego dla tej cechy. Monitorowanie stopnia porażenia roślin głownią guzowatą w połączeniu z prognozowaniem warunków meteorologicznych są ważnym elementem w planowaniu integrowanej ochrony kukurydzy
Estimation of technological value and chemical composition of selected common wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)
Get PDFThe aim of the study was to estimate the technological value and chemical composition of new common wheat cultivars. The experimental material consisted of grain and flour obtained from 5 cultivars of common wheat, registered in 2017-2019, donated by Plant Breeding Strzelce - IHAR Group Ltd., Co., and harvested in years 2017-2018. The physical characteristics of the grain were determined: milling yield, falling number, gluten content, Zeleny sedimentation index as well as farinograph analysis and laboratory baking were performed. Furthermore, the content of grain nutrients and dietary fiber was determined. Significant differences between cultivars in terms of technological parameters and chemical composition have been demonstrated. The protein content in the grain was in the range of 13.3-15.2%, and the amount of gluten in the range of 28.6-36.8%. The cultivars were characterized by low alpha-amylase activity with an average falling number value 331s. The average water absorption of flour was 62.1%, and the volume of obtained bread was in the range 318-381cm3. The bread of best quality was obtained from the Wilejka cultivar, that was also the richest source of protein. The average dietary fiber content from two years of research was 10.8%, including 7.7% of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), of which 5.8% of the insoluble fraction (I-NSP) and 1.9% of the soluble fraction (S-NSP). The richest source of dietary fiber was the spring wheat Alibi. The tested cultivars were characterized by high technological value and very good chemical composition and can be recommended for use in the food industry
Hydrogen peroxide induced by the fungicide prothioconazole triggers deoxynivalenol (DON) production by Fusarium graminearum.
Get PDFFusarium head blight is a very important disease of small grain cereals with F. graminearum as one of the most important causal agents. It not only causes reduction in yield and quality but from a human and animal healthcare point of view, it produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) which can accumulate to toxic levels. Little is known about external triggers influencing DON production. In the present work, a combined in vivo/in vitro approach was used to test the effect of sub lethal fungicide treatments on DON production. Using a dilution series of prothioconazole, azoxystrobin and prothioconazole + fluoxastrobin, we demonstrated that sub lethal doses of prothioconazole coincide with an increase in DON production 48 h after fungicide treatment. In an artificial infection trial using wheat plants, the in vitro results of increased DON levels upon sub lethal prothioconazole application were confirmed illustrating the significance of these results from a practical point of view. In addition, further in vitro experiments revealed a timely hyperinduction of H2O2 production as fast as 4h after amending cultures with prothioconazole. When applying H2O2 directly to germinating conidia, a similar induction of DON-production by F. graminearum was observed. The effect of sub lethal prothioconazole concentrations on DON production completely disappeared when applying catalase together with the fungicide. These cumulative results suggest that H2O2 induced by sub lethal doses of the triazole fungicide prothioconazole acts as a trigger of DON biosynthesis. In a broader framework, this work clearly shows that DON production by the plant pathogen F. graminearum is the result of the interaction of fungal genomics and external environmental triggers
MOLECULAR METHODS OF CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS AND GLOBODERA PALLIDA POPULATIONS
Get PDFThe cyst nematodes belonging to the genus Globodera are big worldwide problem in countries were Sola-naceaous plants growing. Knowledge of species-composition in populations of Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida is very important for selection of appropriate measure of nematode regulations occurrence. Inter- and intraspecific variability among species of Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida were studied intensively with the use of molecular analyses of DNA methods. This review summarize and compare of methods chosen to distinguishing between Globodera, both pathotypes and species
CHARACTERIZATION OF DART SEQUENCES REFLECTING GENOMICREGIONS INVOLVED IN ALUMINUM TOLERANCE IN TRITICALE (X TRITICOSECALE WITTMACK)
Get PDFAluminum toxicity is the major growth-limiting factor for crop cultivation on acid soils. Tolerance mecha-nisms for Al stress in triticale have not been systematically investigated so far. It is presumed, that in the case of this species they may be a function of the interaction between wheat and rye genes. In this study the se-quences of forty-six Diversity Arrays Technology markers associated with aluminum tolerance in triticale and under selection pressure were blasted against BLAST database for the identification of possible functions of the respective genome regions in Al-stress response. The analysis has showed sequences similarity to the domains involved in signaling, disease response and DNA repair mechanisms
Historia rozwoju statystycznych metod planowania i analizy doświadczeń rolniczych na świecie oraz w Polsce
Get PDFThe paper presents the main directions, chronology and achievements in the field of mathematical statistical methods applied to biometrics and agricultural experimentation, conducted from the 17th century to modern times. The achievements of scientists globally and in Poland are taken into account. The historical and present importance of these mathematical and methodological findings for the development and progress of empirical sciences in general, and especially agricultural and biological sciences, is emphasized. The importance of using statistical methods in the recognition of empirical agricultural research as agricultural science is presented. Testimonies and considerations on statistical discoveries and inventions over the centuries are documented and illustrated by the original publications and real activities of the pioneers of statistics, biometrics and agricultural experimentation, as well as contemporary scientists in these fields.
W pracy przedstawiono główne kierunki badań, ich chronologię oraz osiągnięcia w zakresie metod statystyki matematycznej w zastosowaniu do biometrii i doświadczalnictwa rolniczego, dokonywane od XVII wieku do czasów współczesnych. Uwzględniono dorobek uczonych na świecie oraz w Polsce. Podkreślono historyczne i współczesne znaczenie tych osiągnięć matematycznych i metodycznych dla rozwoju i postępu nauk empirycznych w ogóle, a zwłaszcza nauk rolniczych i biologicznych. Przedstawiono znaczenie zastosowania metod statystycznych w uznaniu empirycznych badań rolniczych, jako nauki rolnicze. Świadectwa i rozważania oraz autorskie osądy odkryć i wynalazków statystycznych na przestrzeni wieków i lat są udokumentowane i zilustrowane oryginalnymi publikacjami, a także realnymi dokonaniami pionierów statystyki, biometrii i doświadczalnictwa rolniczego oraz współczesnych uczonych w tych dziedzinach i specjalnościach.
 
Hodowla oraz właściwości prozdrowotne ziemniaków o fioletowej barwie miąższu
Get PDFThe structure, stages and breeding specificity of purple fleshed potatoes at Zamarte Potato Breeding Ltd. – IHAR Group are characterized in the article. The health-promoting effects of anthocyanins occurred in the purple tubers have also been described. The progress of breeding works has been presented. As a result of breeding efforts registration of the potato purple clones, with the planned name ‘Provita’, is scheduled for 2021. Presumably, it will be the first Polish variety of potato with purple flesh.Na podstawie prac hodowlanych prowadzonych w firmie Hodowla Ziemniaka Zamarte Sp. z o.o. – Grupa IHAR, scharakteryzowano strukturę, etapy oraz specyfikę hodowli ziemniaków o fioletowej barwie miąższu. Opisano działanie prozdrowotne antocyjanów zawartych w bulwach o tej barwie miąższu. Przedstawiono dotychczasowe zaawansowanie prac hodowlanych. Rejestracja rodu ziemniaka o fioletowej barwie miąższu, o planowanej nazwie ‘Provita’, przewidywana jest na rok 2021 i, być może, zostanie ona pierwszą polską odmianą o fioletowej barwie miąższu
FATTY ACID AND TRANSCRIPT PROFILING IN DEVELOPING SEEDS OF THREE BRASSICA NAPUS CULTIVARS
Get PDFFatty acid levels and gene expression profiles for selected genes associated with the synthesis of fatty acids (FA), triacylglycerol, and oil body proteins were examined in three oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars that have utility for cultivar development in our spring canola breeding program. The seed oil content of Bronowski, Q2, and Westar was 39.0, 40.1, and 40.6%, respectively at 40 days after flowering (DAF). During the 20 to 40 day period of seed development, cultivars had varying levels of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosenoic, and erucic acid. In general, the percentage of each FA was similar among the cultivars during seed development. However, the level of oleic acid was lower and the levels of eicosenoic acid and erucic acid were higher in Bronowski than in Q2 and Westar seeds; linoleic acid also tended to be lower in Bronowski. Gene expression among the cultivars was similar from 10 to 40 DAF. The few exceptions were that expression of KAS1 and SAD were higher in Westar and Q2 than in Bronowski at 25 DAF, SAD was highest in Q2, intermediate in Westar, and lowest in Bronowski at 35 DAF, FAD2 was higher in Q2 than in Bronowski at 35 DAF, FAD3 was higher in Q2 than in Bronowski at 15 DAF and Q2 and Westar at 25 and 30 DAF, and FAE1 was higher in Westar and Q2 than in Bronowski at 30 DAF. Correlation analysis for gene expression against DAF for each genotype supported a common trend in gene expression among the three cultivars with gene expression tending to decrease over time; except for LPAAT, which tended to increase. The correlation between the level of FAs and expression of genes by genotype indicated no general trend; rather correlations seem to depend on the genotype