OJS (Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystri)
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Comparative analysis of morphological characteristics in men's and women's artistic gymnastics in the Olympic games 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
No full textPurpose. Success in sports certainly depends on the morphologicalcharacteristics of the athletes, some of which are basic body heightand weight, which are evaluated with respect to the current age ofathletes. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is astatistically significant difference in the body height and weightbetween the disciplines of the male and female participants on theOlympic Games 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Basic procedures. Thesample included all the Olympic Athletes in Rio de Janeiro 2016, (191athletes; WAG, n = 97 and MAG, n = 94). The following variables werechosen: body weight (kg), body height (cm). Main findings. The resultsnot showed significant differences between six apparatus in men'sartistic gymnastics and four in womens artistic gymnastics in bodyheight and weight. In the Olympic Games 2016, women are onaverage shorter than men for 12.34 cm and weight less for 14.75 kg.Correlations between body height and weight amounts to (MAG:R=.712; p < 0.01) and (WAG: R=.755; p < 0.01). Conclusions. Thisresearch is important in setting comparative parameters in theselection process and sport specialization regarding morphologicalcharacteristics according to different events of gymnasts in the elitelevel
Kinetic and muscle activity comparisons in race walking and running
No full textRace walking is a form of upright locomotion that differs from normalwalking and running in that its form is dictated by the InternationalAmateur Athletics Federation (IAAF). Despite the differencescompared to running, race walking has not been the subject ofequally intensive investigations. This study explores the kinetic andmuscle activity differences between race walking and running. Aquantitative approach was used to evaluate kinetic and muscleactivity variables between race walking and running. A crosssectional,laboratory design was used on recreationally competitiverace walkers to evaluate these variables. Based on the results of thestudy, significantly greater sagittal plane peak hip flexor, kneeextensor moments, and rectus femoris muscle activity contribute tosignificant difference between race walking and running. Thesedifferences showed that running requires more contribution from thelower extremities kinetically, as well as increased overall muscleactivation, to execute the motion than race walking. Theseresults likely contributed to the increased velocity of the subjectsduring running. In spite of these findings, there were some variablesthat had no significant differences between race walking andrunning, especially the tibalis anterior activation and the dorsiflexormoment. This suggests that injuries during RW can potentially besimilar to those during running. Further research is necessary to seeif there is a greater risk of injury in elite-level race walking athletes
The differences of kinematic parameters long jump between finalists world championship in athletics (Berlin, 2009 - Daegu, 2011)
No full textIn order to have successful technical analysis athletics uses modern biomechanical methods, and the obtained results are subjected to numerous analyzes. On the basis of the results of biomechanical parameters the most successful motor structure techniques of a competitor can be planned, programmed and analyzed, and based on this information projections for the top model in a given discipline can be made. Also based on these data possible gender differences between the jumpers can be analyzed, in order to possibly establish model and numerical values for both male and female population of jumpers. The survey was conducted on a sample of male and female finalists of the World Athletics Championships in Berlin 2009 and Daegu, 2011 with the aim of determining the difference between male and female in the kinematic parameters that are important in achieving the long jump score success. The sample included 32 athletes (16 male and 16 female), who participated in the finals World Championship. Using T-test module were obtained the results which established statistically significant differences between male athletes in four (44%) of the analyzed kinematic parameters. The differences were identified in the following kinematic parameters: the speed of the second step (VLCT 2SB, T=6,133) to the level of significance (p<0,001). Also were identified differences in the parameters of the length of the third step (LNGT 3SB, T=2,390), vertical speed of the rebound (VoVLCT, T=2,904) and angle take-off (ANGLE, T=-2,729) to the level of significance (p<0,05). In female differences were identified in the speed of the second step (VLCT 2SB, T=2,363) to the level of significance (p<0,05)
Factor structure all-around of students the physical education and sports
No full textAll-around competition is the only competition in which it does not matter whether the athlete is the first, the second or the last in a discipline. What matters is the total number of points, and a rounder competes against his/her personal capabilities and standards. Athletic all-around competitions are a series of consecutive athletic competitions divided in two days. Success is calculated by the sum score of all disciplines that are pointed due to the international athletic tables. The research included a group of 60 students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in East Sarajevo, male, age 20±0,5 years. The aim of this study was to determine the structure of athletic all-around competition, respectively all-around competition type of students and dominance of individual disciplines. In athletic all-around competition were represented a total of 8 (eight) disciplines. Using factor analysis in a defined area were gained two factors (all-round type) with a total of explained 78% of variance of the set. The first factor (type) has exhausted 60% of the common variance of the set and is defined as all-round type of runner-jumper. Another factor has exhausted about 18% of the analyzed set and is defined as throwing type of students (latent dimension of power). The obtained results of the research are partially in contrast with similar research on a sample of top athletes
The level of explosive strength of the lower limbs in the group of the students
No full textPresent study detects current state of the level of explosive strengthof lower limbs of university students attending studies at Departmentof Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej BelUniversity in Banská Bystrica. Students attended subject focused ondiagnosis and research in sport. The sample consisted of 13 men(age ± 20.14 years; height ± 176.9 cm; weight ± 71.4 kg) and 4women (age ± 19.87 years; height ± 168.4 cm; weight ± 58.2 kg).Measurement was realized on 11th of March in 2016 (in thebeginning of the summer semester 2015/2016). We diagnosed threevertical jumps - 10 plyometric vertical jumps – PJ (Height, Time ofContact, Reactivity and Stiffnes); Squat Jumps – SJ (Height, Power,Force and Velocity; 3 repetitions) and Counter Movement Jumps-CMJ (Height, Power, Force and Velocity; 3 repetitions). Resultspresent following mean values: mean value of CMJ test was 34.84cm, mean value of SJ test was 30.74 cm and mean value in PJ testrealized by 17 students (10 repetitions) was 9.65 cm with mean timeof contact with the ground at the level of 110. 54 ms. Results wereput to correlation analysis where we detected mutual dependencebetween all variables. We found out high unit of mutual dependencewhere values of correlation coefficient were 0.913465 – 0.930023
Diurnal oscillations of the sprint and strength abilities and shooting precision in biathlon
No full textThe aim of the study was to determine the daily optimum and thedaily pesimum of running speed performance, explosive strengthof lower limbs and dynamic strength of upper limbs performanceand performance of the shooting precision by the biathlete at thebeginning of the preparation period of annual training cycle2015/2016 (age 30.6, body height 170 cm, body weight 64.6 kg).The diagnostics we carried out in laboratory conditions, for 7days in three-hour intervals (9 o`clock – 12 o`clock – 15 o`clock –18 o`clock). Running speed was measured with the device FitroLight Gates (FiTRONIC, Bratislava, Slovak republic). Thecriterion for the performance assessment was the running time,achieved over the distance of 30 m with the exactness of 0.01 s.The explosive strength of lower limbs was diagnosed by Myotest(Myotest, Switzerland). The criterion for the performanceassessment was the average height of five vertical jumps in cmwith the exactness of 0.1 cm. The dynamic strength of upperlimbs was diagnosed by the training simulator Concept 2 SkiErg(Morrisville, USA). The criterion for assessing was the achievedpower, presented in Watts, with an accuracy of 1 W. Theshooting precision was diagnosed by electronic shootingsimulator Scatt Professional (Scatt, Russian Federation). Thecriterion for the level assessment was the total point value of 10shots with an accuracy of 0.1 point. Performances in shootingwere diagnosed separately for shooting in prone and standingpositions. In the running test we examined the optimum at 6 PM(5.19 ± 0.04 s) and pesimum at 3 PM (5,36 ± 0,12). In theshooting test we determined the optimum at 12 AM (proneposition: 103.1 ± 1.2 points; standing position: 92.0 ± 6.1 points)and the pesimum at 9 AM (prone position: 99,9 ± 4,7 points;standing position: 89,7 ± 2,6 points). In both of tests of strengthabilities we determined the optimum at 6 PM (Concept2 SkiErg:222.1 ± 11.8 W; Myotest: 33.4 ± 1.1 cm) and pesimum at 3 PM(Concept2 SkiErg: 192 ± 13,1 W; Myotest: 32,1 ± 1,4 cm). Thestatistical analysis was realized by software IBM® SPSS®Statistics V19 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) a RProject. Significant differences were noticed in upper limbsstrength abilities (Concept 2), where the measured values forpower p < 0.05, Kendall ́s W = 0.89, effect size very strong,running time in 30 m, where p < 0.05, Kendall ́s W = 0.48, effectsize moderate, vertical jump, where p < 0.05, Kendall ́s W = 0.44,effect size moderate. In shooting skills there weren`t noticed thesignificant differences among four times during the day
Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization and its efficiency on sports performance
No full textNeuromuscular stability is necessary for optimal sport performance. Stability is not achieved only by abdominal muscles, spine extensors and gluteals, but it is accomplished by precise coordination of these muscles and intra-abdominal pressure by the central nervous system. A primary role of the core muscles stability is to raise the intra-abdominal pressure and to increase the tension in the thoracolumbar fascia. Postural core instability is associated with poor dynamic balance control and with a high risk of injury or fall. Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) is a rehabilitative approach to optimize the movement system based upon the scientific principles of developmental kinesiology and provides an effective tool in rehabilitation of sport injuries.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24040/sjss.2024.9.1.19-2
Functional contractility of young soccer players' muscles in the context of playing positions
No full textThe high-intensity activity of soccer players during a match are affected by the basic contractile properties of lower limb muscles. Several studies have confirmed that playing position crucially determines absolute performance and physical load and also determines the intensity of fast movements during matches. However, little is known whether muscle contractile properties vary in relation to a specific playing position. The aim of this paper is to describe differences in functional contractility of muscles in young soccer players in the context of playing position. U14-U15 soccer players (n = 127) were divided into 6 groups based on their playing position: G - Goalkeeper (n = 14), FB - Fullback (n = 23), CB – Centre-back (n = 28), W – Winger (n = 15), M – midfielder, (n = 28), F - Forward (n = 19). Functional contractility of the biceps femoris and rectus femoris in the dominant lower limb was assessed from the following variables: contraction time (tc), maximal displacement of the muscle contraction (dm) and contraction velocity (vc) measured by a non-invasive method of tensiomyography using a TMG S2 system (TMG-BMC Ltd, Slovenia). The Shapiro-Wilk test showed a violation of normality of the data distribution. Differences in contractile properties in terms of the playing position factor were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (K-W Anova) with multiple pairwise comparisons. The K-W Anova results showed significant differences in the maximal amplitude (dm) and velocity of contraction (vc) for the biceps femoris muscle (H = 19.008; p = 0.002 and H = 24.421; p = 0.001, respectively). In the variable of time of contraction (tc), a significant difference between the playing positions was identified for the rectus femoris muscle (H = 18.257; p = 0.003). The results of the study suggest that different playing positions of young soccer players are associated with specific muscle contractility requirements. These differences suggest that muscle characteristics are influenced by the functional demands of each playing position. The findings point to the need for personalised training interventions that consider the specific biomechanical and functional demands of playing positions, which may contribute to performance enhancement and injury prevention.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24040/sjss.2024.9.2.118-12
The issue of off-season training in American football (review study)
No full textThe aim of the present paper was to use literature research to compile knowledge and information from professional and scientific articles or publications dealing with the issue and to create a survey study on the issue of off-season training in American football based on the collected data and information. In order to collect information for the creation of this article dealing with the issue of off-season training in American football, literature research was conducted, mainly including foreign publications and professional and scientific articles and studies (The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, PubMed, National Library of Medicine and Google Scholar). In terms of the processed results of the literature research, which mainly contains foreign sources, it is clear that there is no uniform and comprehensive system for off-season training The players' conditioning demands and approaches to off-season preparation vary according to professional articles, studies and publications, therefore the main objective was to compare individual models of periodization of off-season training programs and to provide examples related to American football.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24040/sjss.2024.9.suppl.57-7
The use of hyperoxia to accelerate recovery the organism after the floor exercises routines in artistic gymnastics
No full textThe research deals with the use of inhalation of concentrated oxygen in the regeneration interval after anaerobic load in Artistic Gymnastics. The aim of research´s realization was to diagnose the impact of inhalation of concentrated oxygen (hyperoxia) on the recovery´s duration on reaction of heart rate and the level of the lactate in capillary blood after the floor exercises. The experiment was implemented on three members of nation team of Slovakia in artistic gymnastics. During the experiment´s realization, the heart rate of gymnasts was continuously monitored. One minute after each specific load and after 3-, 7- and 15-minute recovery, we applied measurements of the lactate levels in capillary blood. The experimental factor was anonymous inhalation of concentrated oxygen respectively air (in form of placebo) during the rest. Gymnasts regenerated after each specific load by the form of inhalation of concentrated oxygen or placebo. Diagnostics´ results after floor exercises of all professional gymnasts suggest on decrease of anaerobic cover after oxygen´s inhalation and faster lactate´s remetabolisation when comparing with placebo´s inhalation. The lactate curve tended downward from the 1st minute in recovery with inhalation of concentrated oxygen. On the contrary inhaling placebo made lactate curve rise till 3rd minute, resp. till 7th minute and then tended downwards. It was also exhibited the decrease of heart rate the average 10 beats per minute less with oxygen´s inhalation when compared with placebo´s inhalation in 1st, 2nd and 3rd minute after floor exercises routines. According to this information we can consider that the inhalation of hyperoxic mixture was a method to accelerate the recovery after specific load of elite gymnasts.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24040/sjss.2024.9.suppl.155-16