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Effect of the integration into Global Value Chains on the employment contract in Central and Eastern European countries
No full textResearch background: In the era of globalization, there is a need to address decent work deficits in Global Value Chains (GVCs). The forms of working conditions reveal a broad dispersion of contents. The literature review exposes hardly any Europe-focused research assessing the socio-economic impact of global production links and going beyond their pure economic effects assessed in terms of employment, productivity or wages.
Purpose of the article: This paper investigates how involvement in GVCs affects labor standards. In particular, we assess how the integration into GVCs impacts the probability of having indefinite type of employment contract, which stands for one of the decent work indicator. Moreover, we draw individual and firm-level characteristics determining the type of employment contract.
Methods: We use linked employer-employee data from the Structure of Earnings Survey merged with industry-level statistics on GVCs based on World Input-Output Database ? the sample is composed of over 5 million workers from 10 Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) observed in 2014. The involvement into GVCs is measured using a novel approach based on the concepts of global import intensity (GII). We employ logistic regression with robust standard errors.
Findings & Value added: Controlling for individual and firm-level characteristics (sex, age, education level, length of service in enterprise, size of the enterprise) we find that greater integration into GVCs increases the probability of having temporary type of employment contact, mainly in tradable sectors. However, across CEE countries the relation between GVC and employment type is mixed. In this way we expand the existing literature by reporting the effects of GVCs on labor standards in CEEC
The institutional support for an innovation cooperation in industry: the case of Poland
No full textResearch background: Innovative economy and the business environment are important factors in the socio-economic development of a country. In a knowledge-based society, economic processes (especially innovation activity) require a specific stimulus. This stimulus can be provided by business support organization, which have been present in the Polish economy since the 1990s.
Purpose of the article: The main goal of the article is to assess the system impact of business support organizations on cooperation in the area of new solutions (product and process innovations) in industry in Poland.
Methods: The research method which was used in the analysis was logit modelling. Cooperation in the area of new solutions with the supplier, recipient and competitor was established as a dependent variable and business support organizations as independent variable. The analysis using logistic regression was based on comparison two groups of enterprises: those that were service recipients of support organizations and those that did not belong to this group. In this way, it was possible to determine if the use of BSO services increased the chances for innovative cooperation in industry. The survey was conducted in 2013?2017 among 6284 industrial enterprises.
Findings & Value added: The survey showed that business support organizations significantly and systematically influence the establishment of innovative cooperation. Recipients of support organizations twice more often cooperated with suppliers and recipients than entities that did not. Stimulation of cooperation with competitors by BSO was weaker than it was in the case of suppliers and recipients. The conducted study provided information on the level of development of the national innovation system in catching-up countries on the example of Poland. It was pointed out that in economically weak territories, one should focus on stimulating innovative activity as such, while in the developed ones should be transferred to more advanced forms, i.e. innovative cooperation
Water scarcity: regional analyses in the Czech Republic from 2014 to 2018
No full textResearch background: Water is a scarce natural resource essential for life and also many economic activities. Scarcity of drinking water is a problem that is ad-dressed at national and international levels. Global water demand continues to rise, but the quantity and quality of water resources is declining in many regions. Recent surveys of the population of the Czech Republic show that the most serious global problems are waste accumulation, water pollution, lack of drinking water and air pollution. Average temperatures continue to rise across Europe due to climate change and water is expected to become increasingly scarce in many areas. An adequate supply of good-quality water is a pre-requisite for economic and social development, and thus it is necessary to learn to save water and better manage our available resources in this area.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this study was to investigate to what degree environmental problems ? especially the issue of drinking water scarcity ? have been evaluated in the Czech Republic from 2014 to 2018 and whether the fear of a lack of drinking water has motivated water conservation.
Methods: A regional analysis of water availability in the Czech Republic and the possible causes of water scarcity has been carried out. Subsequently, selected socio-economic factors that could have an impact on the assessment of drinking water scarcity are analyzed using Gamma and Kendall\u27s Tau and logistic regression. The analyzed time period is from 2014 to 2018. Microdata was taken from the Centre for Research of Public Opinion, and selected regional-level statistics from the Czech Statistical Office have been added to this data to supplement it.
Findings & Value added: The perception of drinking water shortages is not only influenced by indicators representing the volume and price of water in each region, but can also be determined by other socio-economic factors such as income, gender, age and education
Gender difference in corporate social responsibility implementation in Lithuanian SMEs
No full textResearch background: There are many scientific papers dealing with the challenges of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) implementation at the company level. However, there are few studies dealing with gender difference between female and male managers in the perception towards CSR initiative.
Purpose of the article: To understand the differences between male and female managers? behaviour in the process of CSR implementation in companies.
Methods: A survey of managers at different levels in Lithuanian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) was performed in 2019. The study focused on the female and male respondents? answers to the participation in CSR implementation, their perception about CSR implementation and the most important issues for them in that process.
Findings & Value added: The results of the study indicated that, compared to their male counterparts, female respondents highlighted different factors having impact on successful implementation of CSR initiatives. Female managers were more convinced to the benefits of CSR practices than their male counter-parts. The ?Communication skills? were defined as the most important for implementing CSR strategy for the females and ?Understanding of CSR strategy? for males. For most of the female managers, ?Sociality? was the most important competence necessary for a leader, followed by ?Global and holistic thinking?, however, the male respondents were more doubtful about all the necessary competencies for a sustainability leader. The main theoretical value added of the paper is elicitation of the differences between male and female managers in the perception of CSR initiatives and necessary skills of a leader for implementing these initiatives in SMEs. The practical and managerial im-plications were also provided for the strengthening of the CSR activities in SMEs
Porównanie wsparcia dla Polski od Unii Europejskiej w ramach finansowania 2007?2013 i 2014?2020
Get PDFMotywacja: W literaturze przedmiotu można odnaleźć wiele informacji o dofinansowaniu, jakie Polska uzyskuje od Unii Europejskiej (UE). Brakuje jednak wskazania różnic między perspektywą finansową a budżetem oraz porównania wsparcia dla Polski w ramach różnych perspektyw finansowych. Tę lukę występującą w literaturze przedmiotu próbuje się wypełnić w ramach niniejszego artykułu.
Cel: Celem artykułu jest wskazanie różnic między perspektywą finansową a budżetem oraz sprawdzenie czy wsparcie finansowe dla Polski od UE zwiększa się, porównując kolejne perspektywy finansowe.
Materiały i metody: W artykule wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu, informacje statystyki publicznej oraz narzędzia analizy porównawczej.
Wyniki: Niektóre programy krajowe przeformowały się w perspektywie 2014?2020, lecz nie uległy zmianie ich priorytety. Poziom wsparcia unijnego dla Polski oraz poszczególnych województw tego państwa zwiększył się w kolejnej perspektywie, jednak nie jest to jednoznaczne z automatycznym wzrostem wsparcia w każdym okresie finansowania
The impact of camshaft control on combustion processes in a compression ignition VCR engine
No full textThe article contains an analysis of thermodynamic indicators of the CI engine with direct fuel injection. The tested unit was an engine with an unconventional crank-piston configuration, in which at a constant compression ratio, different engine crankshaft control variants were compared. In this article the time ranges in which the piston was located in the TDC were analyzed. Additionally, tests were carried out on a conventional unit for comparative purposes. For the purposes of the work, a piston displacement characteristic was generated in dynamic analysis in SolidWorks Motion. Then, this characteristic was used in the simulations of the combustion process in the AVL Fire program, where the most important thermodynamic indicators of the engine cycle were analyzed
Ways of protection from noise pollution in railway and tramway infrastructure
No full textThe paper presents various ways of protection from traffic noise used in railway infrastructure in Poland. The sources of noise in rail and tram transport were discussed. Also commonly found solutions on the railway network were analyzed such as noise barriers and rail dampers. Modern tram surfaces have been presented as one of the noise protection methods in the tram infrastructure. In the tram infrastructure a noise protection method was presented in the form of tram track lubricators on sharp curves. In addition, the effectiveness of noise protection methods was assessed on the basis of tests and research
Mathematical modeling of unmanned movement aircraft - four-rotor
No full textThe article presents an analytical approach to building a mathematical model of a quadrocopter. The main purpose of building the model was to design an appropriate facility control system and analyze its behavior in various situations. The assumption was made to build a model, control system and all accompanying algorithms in an open programming environment, which will allow their subsequent implementation in a real facility, without the need to use expensive software. The quadrocopter is controlled by the operator by means of hand movements that are read by the camera and properly interpreted using advanced image processing methods. The entire system is visualized and embedded in a three-dimensional simulation environment. The model study was conducted using a DC motor as an input data source. The operation of the model was checked with a controller when a disturbance was introduced into the model. The four-rotor model with a selected regulator was tested by analyzing the angular velocity and position of the object in a rectangular coordinate system. At the end of the article, the results of the simulations made are presented and the resulting conclusions are presented
Rating of road infrastructure and public transport in Radom according to respondents\u27 sex and age
No full textThe article presents the results of surveys on public transport and road infrastructure of Radom. There were 855 questionnaires obtained. The 19 questions of the survey were used. The survey, in addition to questions about age and gender, contained questions with specific answer options with single or multiple choice and questions in which the respondent rated the various elements of the transport system. From 8 questions, a 5-point Liekert scale was created as a basis for evaluating public transportation and road infrastructure. The reliability of the scale was assessed using the standardized Cronbach\u27s coefficient. The analysis was done in selected groups of respondents with respect to age of respondents, gender of respondents and with respect to both characteristics simultaneously. Using the chi-square test of independence, the dependence of the scores on the age and gender of the respondents was examined. To compare the significance of differences in ratings between the separate groups of respondents, the test of significance of averages was used. The results of the survey indicate that although the overall rating is positive, due to the high percentage of negative ratings, it is necessary to take measures to improve, among other things: safety at bus stops and public transportation vehicles, availability and distribution of parking spaces. The results of the survey were compared with the results of previous surveys. Compared to the 2014 survey, a significant improvement was found in the condition of road infrastructure and the condition and distribution of bike lanes