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Dynamics of agglomeration and competition in the hotel industry: A geographically weighted regression analysis based on an analytical hierarchy process and geographic information systems (GIS) data
No full textResearch background: The effects of locating next to other establishments of equivalent activity is a decision with serious and far-reaching implications, not only from the point of view of location decisions but also with regard to competitive strategy, pricing, or promotion decisions. The literature provides evidence of the negative effects of being proximate to competitors (erosion of market share), but there are also benefits associated with the increased attraction of demand (attraction effect). This phenomenon is of particular interest in the case of hospitality, where hotel concentrations can be found around certain tourism resources, and is a crucial factor in hoteliers\u27 decisions as they evaluate these contradictory effects.
Purpose of the article: Drawing from the relevance that the confrontation between agglomeration and competition has in the hotel industry, our study aims to examine if this confrontation can be driven by geographical location and how both vertical and horizontal differentiation factors can unbalance it.
Methods: Based on the use of geographical information systems and the estimation of a geographically weighted regression model with a wide dataset that includes 3,153 European hotels located in Spain, France and the United Kingdom.
Findings & value added: We extend agglomeration and competition theoretical bodies related to location decisions by providing new findings about their simultaneous effect. Specifically, this study contributes to filling the gap regarding their combined effects on pricing and the conditions under which one prevails over the other. Results show that the role of geographical location and a hotel?s online reputation are more decisive differentiation factors than hotel category when explaining the asymmetry of the effects of agglomeration and competition
Financialization as one of the sources of contemporary economic crises
No full textMotivation: Financialization is a multidimensional, complex process, which is currently developing very strongly and which can affect the economy in a positive or negative way. A positive impact usually materializes in the form of an increase in the level of GDP, and a negative one in the form of supremacy of the financial area over the real sphere, an increase in the role of financial activity of non-financial entities, and even the autonomy of the financial sphere in relation to the real sphere.Aim: The purpose of this article is to identify and assess the impact of the financialization process on the modern economy and to look at this process as one of the potential sources of financial crises. This article focuses on the negative effects of financialization and uses the example of the American crisis of 2008.Materials and methods: review and critical review of the literature and reports from the financial sector, with particular emphasis on the negative impact of financialization on the US financial sector in 2008.Results: The first part presents the essence and characteristics of financialization and attempts to systematize this process. In the second part, financialization was looked at through the prism of the risk it brings, the materialization of the effects of which may lead to serious economic turbulence, and even to financial crises. The level of these effects was presented and assessed, as well as the methods of action of the American government, which contributed to minimizing the effects of the 2008 crisis, but which at the same time cannot be considered effective in the fight against financialization
Switzerland-EU Relations – between economic integration and bilateralism
No full textSwitzerland’s foreign policy priorities include, among other things, relations not only with neighbouring countries, but also with the EU. Being a country which is located in the heart of Europe, Switzerland considers the relations with the European Union (EU) and its Member States to be of special importance. The paper aims to present mutual relations between Switzerland and the European Union over the past years, demonstrate benefits and threats arising from Switzerland’s decision to choose, as the only one of all third countries, a path of “bilateral agreements”, as well as describe possible scenarios for mutual relations following the rejection of an institutional agreement, which was expected to put that relationship on a new path. The strategy of bilateralism brings many bene fits to Switzerland. However, due to the firm position of the EU, it will be necessary to look for new scenarios for the development of mutual cooperation. Perhaps such a solution would be to renegotiate the free trade agreement with Switzerland and turn it into a next-generation trade agreement
The importance of border surveillance and border traffic control at the eastern border of the Republic of Poland to the cross-border security of the European Union
No full textThe main non-military criterion of border surveillance is border control; due to the geopolitical situation in Ukraine, preceded by the COVID-19 pandemic, the issue of border surveillance with regard to the eastern border of the Republic of Poland, also performing the function of one of the longest sections of the European Union’s external land border, has become extremely important. Therefore, the article aims to point to the importance of border surveillance and border traffic control at the eastern border of the Republic of Poland to the cross-border security of the EU. To achieve this objective, it presents the main characteristics of border control and cross-border security at the external borders of the EU, describes the ‘Polish’ section of the EU’s external land border, indicates the efficiency of control measures taken and identifies the threats and challenges to the protection and surveillance of border traffic. The article is theoretical and partly comparatively analytical in nature. It relies on traditional research methods: deductive reasoning and comparative analysis
Household savings in Poland – size, structure, and main determinants
No full textHousehold savings are major elements that determine, alongside other factors, the equilibrium in the financial market and thus in the national economy. They are an important macroeconomic variable and a potential source of investments and economic growth. They play a major role in the money circulation in the economy and create conditions for the normal functioning of both the whole market and the households themselves. Given the macro- and microeconomic significance of the savings, they are discussed at length in specialist literature. Their volume and structure are affected by a broad variety of factors, both subjective and objective, internal and external, those connected with the macro- and micro-environment (Harasim, 2010, pp. 29-30). They can be analysed from the perspective of factors determining the decisions of an individual household, where qualitative factors are important, and of macroeconomic equilibrium, where quantitative factors and conditions prevail. In the case of individual household decisions, these are inter alia financial, fiscal, economic, legal, technological, demographic, psychological, sociological, educational, and cultural factors. The literature classifies them in diverse ways, depending on criteria adopted by a given author. The major schools of economics claim economic crises are as a rule accompanied by increasing rates of household savings. This is primarily, though not exclusively, due to precautionary measures. The size and structure of household savings in Poland have changed in recent years. The pandemic experience suggests the emergence of savings which are as if forced by a reducing ‘activity’ of households. The war in Ukraine is an additional factor affecting not so much the volume as the structure of the savings. This paper is an attempt at answering the question to what extent these factors have determined the size and structure of household savings in Poland. The following research methods are applied: a review of literature and state of the art on household savings in the Polish economy, a diagnosis and interpretation of available data concerning the volume and structure of household savings in Poland
Assessing the impact of climate policies and risks on the macroeconomic situation of EU countries
No full textExtreme weather events and the need to trigger the necessary adaptation processes in the economy are a source of direct and indirect climate risks. The diverse nature of climate change means that geographical regions are exposed to incur financial losses to varying degrees, with implications for the country\u27s macroeconomic situation. This variation can also lead to a geographical concentration of risk and undermine financial stability. The aim of the study is to present climate risks and their impact on changes in the socio-economic situation, including the financial situation of economies, labour markets and living conditions related to pollution and environmental change. The study undertook an overview of legal regulations, theoretical aspects, research findings, including the Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy. Statistical data sources were drawn from Eurostat, the OECD, and the World Bank. The findings indicate that Southern and Western European countries are most exposed to the physical risks associated with climate change, including deteriorating living conditions associated with pollution. There is a growing demand for ESG experts in the labour market. The 2024 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) provides, that countries\u27 wealth is a strong predictor of their overall environmental performance, but some countries vastly outperform their eco-nomic peers, while others lag. Among the leaders of the greenest countries are Estonia, Luxembourg, Germany, Finland and United Kingdom, and Poland (19th position)
Digitalization of citizens in EU member states: globalization and EU initiatives
No full textThe development of digitalization in the countries of the European Union (EU) is a crucial factor shaping modern economies and societies. In the era of globalization, digitalization has become a foundation that influences the competitiveness of economies, innovation, and the quality of life of citizens. This article aims to provide a detailed assessment of the level of digitalization in individual EU countries based on available statistical data. The analysis includes indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), households with Internet access at home, households with broadband Internet access, individuals who used the Internet away from home or work, individuals who have never used a computer, individuals ordering goods or services online for private use, individuals using the Internet to interact with public authorities, and the frequency of Internet use and online activities. These indicators have been normalized to allow for direct comparison and the creation of a ranking of the digitalization levels of EU countries. The results of the analysis indicate significant disparities in the level of digitalization between Western and Eastern EU countries, resulting from economic, social, and infrastructural differences
Independent method for the identification o driving train as an alternative to critical rail infrastructure monitoring
No full textThe article presents a novel, independent method for recognizing the type of moving rail vehicle as an alternative to current solutions. The procedure for the implementation of the developed method consists of the following stages: registration of vibroacoustic signals, normalization of signals, preliminary statistical analysis, selection of WT analysis wavelets, MODWT analysis, completion of a database with information on the relative energy of the signal, compilation of results and determination of features distinguishing rail vehicles in terms of the information capacity of the vibroacoustic signal, final classification of the type of vehicle
Aktywizacja zawodowa osób bezrobotnych w województwie mazowieckim w latach 2016-2022
No full textBezrobocie jest jednym z ważniejszych zjawisk występujących w gospodarce kraju, na które ekonomiści, ale i nie tylko zwracają uwagę. Każde państwo dąży do jak największej aktywizacji zawodowej osób bezrobotnych i zwalczania zjawiska bezrobocia, gdyż w znacznym stopniu wywołuje ono negatywne skutki społeczno-gospodarcze. W opracowaniu przedstawione zostały pojęcia, rodzaje, przyczyny oraz skutki bezrobocia, a także metody pozwalające w jak największym stopniu obniżyć poziom tego zjawiska w Polsce. Zjawisko bezrobocia zostało poddane analizie na przykładzie województwa mazowieckiego. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 2016-2022. W artykule zastosowano metodę deskryptywną - poddano analizie literaturę przedmiotu oraz obowiązujące regulacje prawne, a także analizę statystyczną danych opisujących zjawisko bezrobocia w województwie mazowieckim w badanym okresie
Umowa kredytu denominowanego do CHF. Wybrane aspekty prawne
No full textW artykule omówiono zagadnienia prawne i ekonomiczne dotyczące kredytu denominowanego do franka szwajcarskiego. Przybliżono przy tym tematykę kredytów walutowych, ryzyka wiążącego się z zaciągnięciem tego rodzaju kredytu i sporów dotyczących zasadności wnoszonych roszczeń przeciwko bankom kredytującym. Autorka zagłębiła także temat orzecznictwa zarówno sądów w Polsce jak i Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, które rozstrzygały i opiniowały sprawy kredytów denominowanych do CHF. Wyróżniono także pozycję stron sporu, możliwe rozstrzygnięcia, klauzulę budzące kontrowersje i wątpliwości zarówno wśród obywateli, jak i wśród osób zajmujących się zawodowo tematyką kredytów walutowych tj. ekonomistów, prawników, doradców finansowych. Wyłożono kłopotliwą kwestię interpretacji przepisów prawa, rozbieżności w opinii publicznej i orzecznictwie. Praca definiuje pojęcia niezbędne do prawidłowego przedstawienia tematu. W artykule zostały użyte dane statystyczne zdobyte w trakcie wykonywania projektu badawczego współtworzonego przez autorkę