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Evaluation of the effectiveness of the Bank Guarantee Fund\u27s deposit guarantee activities
No full textMotivation: The Bank Guarantee Fund (BFG) operates by following two formulas, one of which is the implementation of the disbursement of guaranteed amounts. The BFG has been changing the limits of the guaranteed amounts, streamlining and improving the way in which the disbursements are made, as well as conducting information activities. The interest in analysing these activities is the original motive that prompted the present topic.
Aim: The aim of the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the BFG\u27s deposit guarantee activity by: showing the history of the limit of guaranteed amounts, reviewing selected items of the BFG\u27s balance sheet and the collateral ratio of the deposit guarantee scheme. The 28 years of the BFG\u27s existence have forced the Fund to make progress with computerisation, which is analysed on the basis of the implementation of payouts of two failed banks in Poland. The purpose of the survey is to verify the indirect information activity of the BFG.
Materials and methods: The research tasks were made possible through the use of descriptive analysis, financial analysis, a case study and a survey. The information contained in academic articles, annual reports of the BFG and in the BFG acts was used.
Results: High stability and security of the banking sector is crucial. The BFG\u27s main investment is in securities of the State Treasury and the NBP, which guarantees the deposits of bank customers. The small institutions that are covered by the BFG regime show the highest level of safety, due to the limited risk of contagion in case of their failure. However, large banks have to look after their own interests, as most companies have accounts in these banks. The survey showed low public awareness of deposit guarantees. The BFG should improve its information activities, e.g. with TV and radio advertisements
The impact of the war on banking in Ukraine
No full textThe article is devoted to the study of the operation of the banking system of Ukraine during the war period. The key indicators of the banking sector have been analyzed, in particular, the number of banking institutions and the dynamics of assets and liabilities. The key financial results of the banking sector, namely net profit and loss, return on assets and capital have been analyzed. It is revealed that maintenance of operational efficiency and effective measures taken by the National Bank of Ukraine allowed the banking sector to adapt to the crisis conditions and make a profit under martial law
The use of the R2 coefficient of determination to determine the impact of selected parameters on the number of fatalities in road accidents in Poland compared to selected European countries in 2010-2020
No full textThe article presents statistical data on the state of road transport safety in Poland against the background of selected European countries in the years 2010-2020. The article presents the characteristics of the change in the length of motorways along with the percentage rate of increase in the length of motorways in selected European countries. Statistical data on the number of registered motor vehicles in Poland against the background of selected European countries in the analyzed period are presented. The main purpose of the article is to use the coefficient of determination R2 to determine the impact of the number of registered motor vehicles and the length of motorways on the number of fatalities in road accidents in selected European countries. The authors chose the coefficient of determination R2 as an indicator of how reducing the overall number of road accidents and increasing the length of motorways will affect the number of fatalities. The coefficient of determination is used to determine what percentage of one variable affects the variability of the other variable. The determined high value of the determination index R2 (close to 1) indicates a large impact of the analyzed variable on the number of fatalities in road accidents. The high result of the determination coefficient R2 for Poland in terms of the analyzed variables confirms that a further reduction in the number of fatalities in road accidents is possible thanks to the expansion of motorways and the reduction of the number of motor vehicles
Comparative analysis of the X/Y/Z generations on the labor market in the European Union countries
No full textMotivation: Today’s workplace is dominated by three generations: X, Y and Z. Each of them was formed in a different environment and is characterized by distinct needs and attitudes towards private and professional life. Identifying differences and similarities between generations and therefore adapting to generational change has become one of the main challenges of the modern labor market.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine what factors affect the level of involvement and well-being of representatives of generations X, Y and Z in the context of work, as well as to show the similarities and differences between generations in the context of the labor market in the European Union countries.Materials and methods: The study was based on the data from 2021 European Working Conditions Telephone Survey (EWCTS) providing information on job quality, work organization, work-life balance, health and well-being. To identify determinants of the level of commitment and well-being of employees, ordered logit models were used, based on the selection of the best set of explanatory variables and the conducted statistical analysis.Results: A comparative analysis of labor market metrics showed the differences between generations, primarily in terms of workplace support and levels of discrimination. The study shows that the level of engagement and well-being of employees from all generations is largely determined by the opportunity to utilize their skills and levels of job satisfaction and work-life balance. The most significant differences in the determinants of the level of engagement and well-being of employees from generations X, Y and Z concerned the level of trust towards employees and employers, the opportunity to learn new things and the discrimination experienced. The results obtained allowed for proposing several recommendations for employers
Development of the LNG market in the European Union in the context of war Russia-Ukraine
No full textAccording to the latest data from the International Energy Agency, global LNG trade increased by almost 6% year-on-year between January and August 2022. It was dominated by rising demand for the commodity in the European Union. This was driven by sharp cuts in linear gas supplies from Russia, which are linked to the EU\u27s stance of abandoning Russian supplies due to Russia\u27s war with Ukraine, and the subsequent imposition of sanctions by the European Union on Russia. In January-August 2022 alone, LNG imports into the EU increased by as much as 65% (43 bcm) compared to the same period in 2021. Such a significant increase in the supply of LNG to European countries was also made possible by a decline in demand for LNG in the Asia-Pacific region, due to the mild winter, high price levels, and disruptions related to Covid-19 and the aftermath of lockdowns in China. The cut-off of gas supplies from Russia has shown that the LNG market in the EU can play an important role in both the region\u27s energy security and energy transition. In fact, the European Commission treats gas as a blue fuel, much less carbon-intensive than other conventional energy sources such as coal or oil. An additional advantage of LNG is the possibility to transport this fuel from various locations, rapid change of supply directions, and the more extensive possibilities for its storage. For an EU struggling for a stable supply of raw material, pursuing the Green Deal and carrying out an energy transition, this is an option that could become a strategic element in the long term. The research objective of this article is to investigate and analyze how the share of LNG in the EU\u27s energy mix has changed and in what direction it is affecting EU energy security after Russia\u27s aggression in Ukraine
The war in Ukraine and the risk of low impact of Western sanctions imposed on Russia
No full textIn 2022, the Russian Federation became the most sanctioned country on Earth due to its full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The aim of this article is to measure the effectiveness of the economic sanctions adopted against the Russian Federation. The research main hypothesis was the following: the impact of Western sanctions imposed on Russia caused by the war in Ukraine remains low. The research methodology was based on literature research and a linear regression model with two variables: dependent and independent. The results of the study lead to the following conclusions: 1.Sanctions adopted on Russia since 2014 and since 2022 have a direct negative impact on Russian trade (imports and exports in value) with the EU countries and the US. 2.Sanctions adopted against Russia since 2014 and 2022 have a direct negative impact on its trade (imports and exports in value) with the trade partners that have a neutral position concerning the war
The degree of integration of the government bond market of selected European Union countries into the eurozone government bond market
No full textMany studies indicate an increase in the degree of financial markets integration with the accession of a given country to the eurozone. This also applies to the degree of integration of the government bond market. There are studies that also indicate an increase in the level of integration as early as the stage of the country\u27s accession to the European Union. The article analyzes the degree of integration of the selected European Union countries government bond markets into the eurozone government bond market. The research refers to two countries from the same region, namely the Czech Republic and Hungary, whose socio-economic conditions show quite large similarities. Moreover, these countries joined the European Union at the same time. In the study an econometric model was applied based on the model of the evolution of the beta coefficient estimated using GARCH (1.1). Monthly data on the redemption rates for 10-year treasury bonds of the surveyed countries were used, while the yield for the redemption of 10-year treasury bonds in Germany was used as a benchmark. The analysis conducted indicates a clear disintegration of the Czech and Hungarian government bond markets into the eurozone government bond market. This is indicated by both the beta coefficient evolution and the analysis of the intercept evolution
Sustainable development in the context of innovation of selected countries in 2017-2021
No full textThe aim of this article is to identify and quantify the relationship between innovation measures and predictors of sustainable development in selected countries. Public statistics resources were used as the source of data collection. The research period includes 6 time intervals, covering the years 2016-2021. The objects of the research turned out to be Poland, the United States, China, Japan and the EPO. The collected data were compiled using basic descriptive statistics. Several measures were identified and defined in an arbitrary manner, allowing research to be carried out and conclusions to be drawn. The results of the analysis were presented in tabular, graphical and descriptive form. The nature of the considerations is overwhelmingly empirical. The practical implication of the study may be the fact of indicating the strength of the relationship connecting selected innovation measures with energy consumption (measured by CO2 emissions per capita)
The development of the Polish green bond market in comparison to selected European countries
No full textThe issue of "green finance" in the modern economy is one of many elements that determine the competitiveness of countries on an international scale. The current climate targets resulting from the desire to shape the correct relationship between economic growth and the natural environment mean the need to incur appropriate financial outlays, the availability of which is often limited. One of the innovative sources of financing pro-environmental projects are green bonds.
The aim of the study is to determine the role of green bonds in the development of the Polish economy and to analyze and evaluate the development of the Polish green bond market in comparison to selected European countries. A critical literature review, comparative analysis, and financial data were used in this research. The article is divided into two sections The first part encompasses a literature review that explores the essence of green bonds, considering both the benefits and barriers associated with this type of financing source. The second part comprises the analysis of statistical data. The scope of the study covered green bonds issued in Poland and selected European countries over the years 2018-2022. The conducted research indicates that the green bond market in Poland and selected countries worldwide is developing dynamically, but it faces numerous barriers hindering its growth. Among the most significant ones, it is crucial to point out the lack of uniform standards for green bonds and higher issuance costs compared to traditional bonds
The impact of corporate reputation and social media engagement on the sustainability of SMEs: Perceptions of top managers and the owners
No full textResearch background: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a fundamental role in countries’ economies. Currently, entrepreneurs are struggling not only with the uncertainty of the business environment, but also with high expectations for businesses to be run in a sustainable way. Therefore, the impact of corporate reputation and social media on sustainability is an area of interest for entrepreneurs. In this context, little research has been conducted on their perception of the linkage between these issues. Furthermore, there has been no direct explanation of the effects of SMEs’ reputation and social media usage on their sustainable development, especially in the V4 countries.
Purpose of the article: This article defines, quantifies, and verifies the effects of corporate reputation and social media on sustainable development as perceived by SMEs’ owners and top managers in the V4 countries.
Methods: Data were gathered in December 2022 and January 2023 using the computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) method. The survey was designed based on a literature review and experts’ opinions. Respondents (top managers of SMEs, n = 1090) were asked questions on their firms’ characteristics, reputation, social media usage and sustainable development. The linear regression modelling (LRM) was utilised to evaluate the hypothesis.
Findings & value added: The study revealed a strong relationship between owners’ and top managers’ perceptions of the importance of both corporate reputation and sustainable development in SMEs. The belief that social media supports the growth of companies’ performance is related to the understanding of the concept of sustainable business development. Surprisingly, for the owners and top managers of SMEs in V4 countries, there was no relationship between the awareness of social media usage to share information with customers and partners and the understanding of sustainable business growth