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The perception of using AI in loyalty programmes by consumers
No full textMotivation: The inspiration for conducting this research stemmed from the growing popularity of artificial intelligence in the economy. In addition, digital transformation favours the development of e-commerce, which is associated with the need to care for customers’ loyalty to the brand. Due to the increasing frequency of using AI in business operations, including in loyalty programs, an interesting research area has emerged: the impact of this solution on consumers’ behaviour.Aim: The primary objective of this article is to investigate how Polish consumers perceive the use of artificial intelligence tools in loyalty programs. Whereas the detailed aims are to analyse knowledge about using artificial intelligence tools in loyalty programs, identify the disadvantages and advantages of these solutions, and find the dependence between the perception of particular aspects of using artificial intelligence in loyalty programs and the research sample’s metric features.Materials and methods: To prepare for this publication, a review of the latest economic literature and Internet sources related to the analysis of topics was conducted. A survey research with consumers’ participation was also conducted. The collected data were analysed statistically to identify interesting dependencies across all samples, considering metric features.Results: Conducted research enabled a better understanding of consumers’ opinions about using artificial intelligence in loyalty programmes. Thanks to this, there is a better understanding of the motives behind the actions of current consumers and the identification of new research gaps
Okun’s Law revisited on example of China and selected neighbors’ countries
No full textThis paper examines the unemployment-output relationship in China and neighbors’ countries (Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines) from 1991 to 2023 to verify Okun’s Law validity by using a coefficient for various periods and impulse response analysis of VAR models. The estimates show that the correlation result is either positive or negative and varies considerably between the countries studied and period selected. Impulse response analysis provides also non conclusive results. Based on analyzed data and conclusions from selected literatures (e.g. asymmetric reaction of unemployment from production output shocks, specific employment patterns) the Okun’ law could be treated more as benchmark rather than objective rule
Central banks at a crossroads - The effect of industry 4.0
No full textIndustry 4.0 technologies are accelerating the digital transformation of financial systems, reshaping money, payment infrastructures, and the strategic role of central banks. This study examines the emergence of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) within this evolving landscape, exploring the evolution of payment systems, fintech integration, and the implications of distributed ledger technology and private cryptocurrencies. Using qualitative content analysis of secondary data, the paper compares the approaches of the U.S. Federal Reserve, the Bank of England, and the South African Reserve Bank to CBDC design, adoption, and regulation. Findings highlight shared policy concerns including cybersecurity, privacy, regulatory gaps, financial inclusion, and the need for international interoperability while revealing notable differences in institutional priorities and pace of development. The study underscores that central banks stand at a pivotal moment: their responses to Industry 4.0 innovations and digital currency initiatives will shape future monetary stability and the global financial order
Innovativeness of the European economies in the context of the modified European Innovation Scoreboard
No full textResearch background: Innovation is an important determinant of economic development, and its importance is growing with the advancement of digitization and the development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In turn, the assessment of the innovativeness of a country’s economy affects its investment attractiveness and international image.
Purpose of this study: Given the factors presented above, the main aim of this study is to explore and compare the innovativeness of European economies in the context of the modified European Innovation Scoreboard.
Methods: To achieve this goal, the authors propose two key modifications of the existing innovation assessment methodology contained in the European Innovation Scoreboard. The first concerns the principles of the normalization of assessment indicators and aims to eliminate extreme assessment values. The second proposes to remove the indicators which are difficult to measure, subjective, and not always useful: (1) those related to sustainable development (resource productivity; emissions of fine particulates; and environment-related technologies) and (2) those that take into account only small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs introducing product innovations; SMEs introducing business process innovations; and innovative SMEs collaborating with others).
Findings & value added: An alternative approach to assessing the innovativeness of the analyzed countries — as proposed by the authors — resulted in changes in the ranking of countries in relation to the European Innovation Scoreboard, but the changes were not significant. The major changes concerned Serbia (down four places), Belgium (down two places), Hungary (up three places), and Poland (up two places). In addition, five countries moved up one place in the ranking (the UK, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Estonia, Slovenia, Spain, and Slovakia), and five lost one place in the ranking (Norway, Italy, Portugal, Greece, and Croatia). Thirteen countries had no changes. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that the countries with the best and the worst innovativeness maintained the assessment level regardless of changes in the methodology of its implementation. The objectification of rules had the strongest impact on the countries in the middle of the ranking. This study draws attention to the problem of the subjectivity of the innovation rankings. It has also been documented that modifying the selection of evaluation criteria may change the final position in the ranking, which, in the case of emerging and developing economies, may affect investor assessment and economic growth opportunities. Such considerations are important because they are outside the often uncritical mainstream approach to the assessment of the innovativeness of economies. The conclusions imply the need for a multisource analysis of innovation and a critical look at the proposed methodologies
Relationship between trade openness, innovation, and total factor productivity in BRICS and D-8 countries
No full textResearch Background: Understanding how trade openness (TO) and innovation interact to drive total factor productivity (TFP) growth is a critical debate. Policymakers in BRICS and D-8 countries require evidence-based insights to formulate strategies that effectively integrate trade and innovation policies.
Purpose of the article: The purpose is to assess whether and how TO contributes to TFP growth, emphasizing interaction with innovation, and to provide insights to policymakers in BRICS and D-8 countries in formulating strategies that integrate trade and innovation policies.
Methods: The study employs robust econometric techniques to address panel data challenges and ensure reliable results. These techniques help to accurately capture the effects of TO on TFP while considering the moderating role of innovation. The study also includes a heterogeneous analysis to account for differences in the developmental contexts between BRICS and D-8 countries.
Findings & value added: The findings reveal that TO positively and significantly impacts TFP, driven by improved resource allocation and access to new markets. Innovation significantly enhances the productivity benefits of TO, particularly in BRICS. The heterogeneous analysis indicates consistent TFP improvements across both groups, although the impact of innovation varies, reflecting different developmental stages. The positive impact of TO on TFP in both groups highlights the importance of integrating trade and innovation policies. The study underscores the importance of reducing trade barriers and investing in research and development and patent protection to maximize productivity. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers in tailoring trade and innovation strategies for BRICS and D-8 countries
Generation Z\u27s attitudes towards environmental changes and renewable electricity: Evidence based on the New Ecological Paradigm
No full textResearch background: The current energy crisis and the conflict in Ukraine have resulted in economies becoming more dependent on natural resources. Additionally, the European Green Deal mandates the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2050. It is widely acknowledged that Generation Z (Gen Z) is an influential segment of the society, whose action will determine the future path of sustainable development. Therefore, this generation should be the focus of research into environmental issues.
Purpose of the article: The study sought to examine Polish Gen Z\u27s attitudes toward environmental changes (EC) and renewable electricity (RE). As consumer\u27s willingness to pay (WTP) for RE and EC attitudes are important variables in energy transition and policy, we investigated two research questions about the relationship between attitudes regarding EC and RE, and attitudes towards EC and WPT for RE.
Methods: The sample included 799 respondents, who were surveyed. The New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) was used to determine attitudes toward EC. They were compared to evaluation and attitudes toward RE. The analysis included descriptive statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, and a binary logistic regression model.
Findings & value added: The research results indicated that Gen Z is aware of EC according to the NEP. However, NEP scores are strongly correlated with gender and the area of residence. Furthermore, there is a significant positive relationship between EC and evaluation of RE. Only half of respondents would be willing to pay more for RE. These results are dependent on gender and NEP scores. The contribution of this study is to test the assumption of the even distribution of renewable energy resources acceptance on a quantitative empirical basis. The results may be useful to policymakers and stakeholders who want to make environmental sustainability a priority during this time of energy crisis. As pro-ecological changes require human involvement, the results may have applications for improving educational and marketing campaigns dedicated to Gen Z
Job crafting as a tool to support employee work assignment in the tourism sector: A systematic literature review
No full textResearch background: The tourism sector is facing ever-increasing demands for quality from customers. Therefore, tourism businesses such as hotels, hospitality, restaurants and others are introducing new approaches based on job redesign, which are referred to in the literature as job crafting. Job crafting enables employees to increase their job performance, promote their commitment and cope with stressful situations. Despite the numerous research studies examining the impact of job crafting on various aspects of job performance and engagement, there is still a lack of a systematic literature review that consolidates key trends.
Purpose of the article: The aim of this study is to map key trends in research on job crafting in the tourism sector and to identify overlooked opportunities that can guide future research in this area.
Methods: The study employs a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA rigor. Subsequently, through bibliometric analysis, key trends were identified, namely job performance, work engagement and management context.
Findings & value added: A systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of job crafting in the tourism sector, clearly highlighting the key role of the managerial context. From a more specific perspective, it addresses the impact of different leadership styles and, in particular, the organizational climate regarding error management on the extent and effectiveness of job crafting in enhancing employee engagement and job performance. The study also identifies critical gaps in current research, such as the need to examine the direct impact of job crafting on employees’ long-term mental well-being and job satisfaction, especially in the context of the global implementation of artificial intelligence, thus opening avenues for future research
New stability conditions for the discrete-time and continuous-time linear Roesser models
No full textNew simple sufficient conditions of the asymptotic stability of the discrete-time and continuous-time linear 2D Roesser models are proposed. The effectiveness of the new conditions are demonstrated on simple numerical examples
Modeling of electromagnetic processes in sheaths of high voltage cable lines
No full textThe paper presents a mathematical model of a three-phase high voltage cable line that accounts for wave phenomena and the influence of sheaths on current distribution and power losses. The model describes the time- and space-dependent behavior of current and voltage. The developed model uses the finite difference method to discretize the wave equations, enabling the analysis of changes in electrical parameters as functions of time and distance. Additionally, electromagnetic phenomena occurring in the return conductors of the cables are taken into account. A method for determining the induced currents in the return conductors, along with the calculated load current in the line, is used to present the waveforms of currents and voltages induced in the return conductors
