Journals Portal Naif Arab University for Security Sciences
Not a member yet
520 research outputs found
Sort by
Defense mechanisms against Distributed Denial of Service attacks:Comparative Review
No full textDistributed Denial of Service (DDoS) remains a big concern in Cybersecurity. DDoS attacks are implemented to prevent legitimate users from getting access to services. The attackers make use of multiple hosts that have been compromised (i.e., Botnets) to organize a large-scale attack on targets. Developing an effective defensive mechanism against existing and potential DDoS attacks remains a strong desire in the cybersecurity research community. However, development of effective mechanisms or solutions require adequate evaluation of existing defense mechanism and a critical analysis of how these methods have been implemented in preventing, detecting, and responding to DDoS attacks.
This paper adopted a systematic review method to critically analyze the existing mechanisms. The review of existing literature helped classify the defense mechanism into four categories: source-based, core-router, victim-based, and distributed systems. A qualitative analysis was used to exhaustively evaluate these defense mechanisms and determine their respective effectiveness. The effectiveness of the defense mechanisms was evaluated on six key parameters: coverage, implementation, deployment, detection accuracy, response mechanism, and robustness. The comparative analysis reviewed the shortcomings and benefits of each mechanism.
The evaluation determined that victim-based defense mechanisms have a high detection accuracy but is associated with massive collateral as the detection happens when it is too late to protect the system. On the other hand, whereas stopping an attack from the source-end is ideal, detection accuracy at this point is too low as it is hard to differentiate legitimate and malicious traffic. The effectiveness of the core-based defense systems is not ideal because the routers do not have enough CPU cycles and memory to profile the traffic. Distributed defense mechanisms are effective as components can be spread out across the three locations in a way that takes advantage of each location.
The paper also established that the rate-limiting response mechanism is more effective than packet filtering method because it does not restrict legitimate traffic. The analysis revealed that there is no single defense mechanism that offers complete protection against DDoS attacks but concludes that the best defense mechanism is the use of distributed defense because it ensures that defense components are placed on all locations.Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) remains a big concern in Cybersecurity. DDoS attacks are implemented to prevent legitimate users from getting access to services. The attackers make use of multiple hosts that have been compromised (i.e., Botnets) to organize a large-scale attack on targets. Developing an effective defensive mechanism against existing and potential DDoS attacks remains a strong desire in the cybersecurity research community. However, development of effective mechanisms or solutions require adequate evaluation of existing defense mechanism and a critical analysis of how these methods have been implemented in preventing, detecting, and responding to DDoS attacks.
This paper adopted a systematic review method to critically analyze the existing mechanisms. The review of existing literature helped classify the defense mechanism into four categories: source-based, core-router, victim-based, and distributed systems. A qualitative analysis was used to exhaustively evaluate these defense mechanisms and determine their respective effectiveness. The effectiveness of the defense mechanisms was evaluated on six key parameters: coverage, implementation, deployment, detection accuracy, response mechanism, and robustness. The comparative analysis reviewed the shortcomings and benefits of each mechanism.
The evaluation determined that victim-based defense mechanisms have a high detection accuracy but is associated with massive collateral as the detection happens when it is too late to protect the system. On the other hand, whereas stopping an attack from the source-end is ideal, detection accuracy at this point is too low as it is hard to differentiate legitimate and malicious traffic. The effectiveness of the core-based defense systems is not ideal because the routers do not have enough CPU cycles and memory to profile the traffic. Distributed defense mechanisms are effective as components can be spread out across the three locations in a way that takes advantage of each location.
The paper also established that the rate-limiting response mechanism is more effective than packet filtering method because it does not restrict legitimate traffic. The analysis revealed that there is no single defense mechanism that offers complete protection against DDoS attacks but concludes that the best defense mechanism is the use of distributed defense because it ensures that defense components are placed on all locations
A Strategic Vision for Combating Cyberterrorism
No full textCyberterrorism has become a well-known cybersecurity subject in today's digital world. The spread of cybercrimes calls for disseminating ethical values and peace between countries and individuals. Because of this phenomenon's danger to society, this study sought to lay down directives for security strategies to confront cyberterrorism. Hence, the study's main research problem revolves around highlighting the role of security authorities in addressing cyberterrorism according to the specialists in information technology (IT) centers in Saudi universities in Riyadh. Hence, a descriptive analysis method was adopted as a research methodology. We distributed questionnaires as a study tool to 150 specialists in IT centers in Saudi universities in Riyadh. The study yielded different views regarding the types and ways of cyberterrorism committed through the internet. Results showed the respondents' opinions regarding the essential types of cyberterrorism. Moreover, they emphasize the need to raise awareness in dealing with cyberterrorism by enforcing cybersecurity with the most prominent means and procedures that the authorities are responsible for. The most critical recommendations are: (1) the need to provide the employees with the technical skills to know how to deal with any potential security breach, (2) the need to provide specialized training courses in protection methods for workers, and (3) the need to develop the means of security and legal protection through developing e-government security agreements.Cyberterrorism has become a well-known cybersecurity subject in today's digital world. The spread of cybercrimes calls for disseminating ethical values and peace between countries and individuals. Because of this phenomenon's danger to society, this study sought to lay down directives for security strategies to confront cyberterrorism. Hence, the study's main research problem revolves around highlighting the role of security authorities in addressing cyberterrorism according to the specialists in information technology (IT) centers in Saudi universities in Riyadh. Hence, a descriptive analysis method was adopted as a research methodology. We distributed questionnaires as a study tool to 150 specialists in IT centers in Saudi universities in Riyadh. The study yielded different views regarding the types and ways of cyberterrorism committed through the internet. Results showed the respondents' opinions regarding the essential types of cyberterrorism. Moreover, they emphasize the need to raise awareness in dealing with cyberterrorism by enforcing cybersecurity with the most prominent means and procedures that the authorities are responsible for. The most critical recommendations are: (1) the need to provide the employees with the technical skills to know how to deal with any potential security breach, (2) the need to provide specialized training courses in protection methods for workers, and (3) the need to develop the means of security and legal protection through developing e-government security agreements
User Acceptance of Password Manager Software: Evidence from Australian Microbusinesses
No full textWhile text passwords are still a pervasive authentication tool, their inadequacies are well recognized. Poorly chosen and weak passwords are the main reason behind security breaches. Multiple authentication techniques such as biometric, token-based, and knowledge-based authentication have been developed to overcome data leaks. However, acceptance of these authenticating techniques is complicated, and users find them hard to use. Microbusinesses, defined as having less than two employees, usually have very limited resources including budget, information security expertise and updated computer systems to fulfil the security requirements. Many microbusiness owners use the same information technology as in the home but for more sophisticated commercial reasons. An effective and easy way for microbusinesses to add an extra protection layer to their systems and passwords is through the use of password managers. This paper examines the useability and ease of use of the password manager software. We extended the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and tested the mediating role of self-efficacy on TAM's relationship with computer security usage. A sample of 420 microbusiness owners was taken to test the relationships among the variables through an online web-based survey. The results confirmed that self-efficacy plays a vital role in the user acceptance of password managers and reported its mediating role between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and computer security usage.While text passwords are still a pervasive authentication tool, their inadequacies are well recognized. Poorly chosen and weak passwords are the main reason behind security breaches. Multiple authentication techniques such as biometric, token-based, and knowledge-based authentication have been developed to overcome data leaks. However, acceptance of these authenticating techniques is complicated, and users find them hard to use. Microbusinesses, defined as having less than two employees, usually have very limited resources including budget, information security expertise and updated computer systems to fulfil the security requirements. Many microbusiness owners use the same information technology as in the home but for more sophisticated commercial reasons. An effective and easy way for microbusinesses to add an extra protection layer to their systems and passwords is through the use of password managers. This paper examines the useability and ease of use of the password manager software. We extended the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and tested the mediating role of self-efficacy on TAM's relationship with computer security usage. A sample of 420 microbusiness owners was taken to test the relationships among the variables through an online web-based survey. The results confirmed that self-efficacy plays a vital role in the user acceptance of password managers and reported its mediating role between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and computer security usage
Saudi Arabia Experience in Controlling Corona Virus
No full textتناول البحث جهود المملكة العربية السعودية في مواجهة جائحة كورونا، فبين واقع الجائحة فيها من حيث مستوى الإصابات والوفيات والتعافي، وعرض أبرز الإجراءات التي اتخذتها المملكة في المجال الصحي من حيث الأطر التنظيمية والبروتوكولات الصحية واستحداث مراكز التطعيم وتوفير اللقاح اللازم، كما وقف على الجهود التي بذلتها في المجال الاقتصادي، من حيث الإجراءات التي قام بها عدد من الأجهزة الحكومية، ودعم القطاع الخاص، وأوضح جهود المملكة في توظيف وسائل التقنية الحديثة لمواجهة جائحة كورونا، وأظهر البحث إسهامات المملكة على المستوى الدولي في مكافحة الجائحة والتخفيف من آثارها.
وخلص البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج، من أهمها: أن نجاح المملكة العربية السعودية في التصدي لجائحة كورونا والتحكم بمنحنى الإصابات والوفيات إلى معدلات قريبة من الحالة الطبيعية يعود إلى الإجراءات التي اتخذتها في المجالات الصحية والاقتصادية والتكنولوجية. وأن هناك دوراً بارزاً للقيادة السياسية في المملكة في نجاح تجربتها في مواجهة الجائحة، من خلال المتابعة المستمرة وتقديم الدعم اللازم، وتأمين الأطر التنظيمية اللازمة. وأن المملكة اعتمدت على رصيد كبير من التجارب المماثلة في التعامل مع الوباء من خلال التنظيم السنوي للحج والعمرة ووباء سارس والفيروسات المتحولة منه، مزاوجة في الوقت ذاته بين الاستعداد والتجهيز الجيد والإجراءات الاحترازية والتطبيق الفعال للتباعد الاجتماعي والحجر الصحي. كما خلص البحث إلى أن هناك استجابة مجتمعية واضحة للإجراءات الحكومية المتخذة لمواجهة الجائحة، وكانت أحد أسباب نجاح التجربة السعودية في مواجهة الجائحة والتقليل من آثارها.This research addressed the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s efforts in fighting the Coronavirus pandemic. It clarified the state of the pandemic in terms of the levels of infected cases, deaths, and recoveries. The research presented the most prominent measures that the kingdom has taken in the field of health, in terms of organizational frameworks, health protocols, establishment of vaccination centers and provision of the necessary vaccines. Additionally, it highlighted the economic efforts made by the kingdom in terms of measures implemented by a number of government agencies and support provided to the private sector. The research also highlighted the kingdom’s efforts in employing modern technological measures to combat the Coronavirus pandemic and outlined the kingdom’s contributions on an international level in fighting the pandemic and minimizing its effects.
The research concluded with a number of findings: Some of the most important are the reasons for the kingdom’s success in facing the pandemic and controlling the curve of infections and deaths until rates decreased to approximately normal levels. This success is attributed to the measures taken by the kingdom’s government in areas of health, the economy and technology. Another important finding is the large role of its political leadership in successfully facing this pandemic through constant monitoring, provision of all necessary support and provision of the required secure organizational structures. The kingdom depended on the huge wealth of similar experience it gained in dealing with the pandemic during the annual organization of the Hajj and Umrah pilgrimages
Predictive Accuracy of Consumer Mood State on Consumer Behavior During COVID-19 Pandemic
No full text المستخلص عربي هدفت الدراسة إلى التحقق من الإسهام النسبي للحالة المزاجية في التنبؤ بالشراء القهري والشراء الاندفاعي لدى المستهلك في البيئة المصرية من خلال الاستجابة على مقاييس إلكترونية. وتكونت عينة الدراسة من 200 متطوع من الشباب من الجنسين. وتم انتقاء العينة بصورة متاحة من مرتادي الشراء العادي والإلكتروني. كما أعدت الدراسة مقياس الشراء القهري ومقياس الشراء المتهور، ومقياس الحالة المزاجية. وتحققت من صدق الأدوات باستخدام التحليل العاملي التوكيدي. وتوصلت إلى ثبات مقبول في ضوء معامل ألفا كرونباخ، وقد استبعدت الدراسة الحالات المتطرفة في استجاباتها. وتوصلت النتائج إلى أن المزاج الإيجابي منبئ بالشراء القهري للمستهلك في ظل جائحة كورونا. كما أكدت أن المزاج لا يؤثر في اتجاهات الشراء الاندفاعي؛ حيث إن الدافع للشراء هو تلبية الاحتياجات الرئيسة من الطعام والشراب وأدوات الوقاية والأدوية في ظل جائحة كورونا. Abstract English The study aimed to investigate the relative contribution of mood in predicting compulsive and impulsive buying among consumers in Egyptian society through responses to electronic scales. The study’sample consisted of 200 young volunteers of both genders. The sample was selected from available consumers who are regular and electronic purchasers. The study prepared the compulsive buying scale, the impulsive buying scale, and the mood scale. The study confirmed the validity of the tools using confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis showed an acceptable stability, considering Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The study dismissed outlying cases in its responses. The results concluded that a positive mood is predictive of compulsive buying among consumers during the coronavirus pandemic. The results confirmed that mood did not affect impulsive buying trends, as the motive to buy is to satisfy basic needs like food, drink, protective equipment, and medicines during the coronavirus pandemic
Post-mortem Interval and Its Relation with the RNA Degradation in the Dental Pulp in Submerged Teeth
No full textزمن الوفاة هو الفترة الزمنية الممتدة ما بين وقوع الوفاة واكتشاف الجثة أو الرفات البشرية. إن بنية الأسنان هي أكثر بنية مقاومة في جسم الإنسان، فهي قادرة على تحمل العديد من الظروف مثل ارتفاع درجة الحرارة والرطوبة وتحلل الجسم بعد الوفاة.
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم مدى قابلية تطبيق طريقة القياس الكمي لتدهور الحمض النووي الريبي المستخرج من اللب السني لتقدير زمن الوفاة، وذلك بمحاكاة ظروف الغرق حيث تكون الأسنان مغمورة في المياه العذبة على مدى فترات زمنية مختلفة.
تألفت عينة الدراسة من 80 سنًا بشريًا (الأضراس الثالثة)، وتم تقسيمها إلى ثماني مجموعات ووضعها في بيئة مائية لفترات محددة مسبقًا مدتها ثلاثة أيام و 1، 2، 3، 4، 8، 12 و 16 أسبوعًا. بعد انقضاء الفترات الزمنية المحددة تمت استعادة الأسنان وإزالة اللب السني واستخراج جزيء الحمض النووي الريبي وعمل تحليل لتدهور الجزيء.
أظهرت نتائج التحليل أن أعلى قيمة لعدد سلامة الحمض النووي الريبي هي 6.50، كما أظهرت النتائج وجود جزيئات متدهورة، مما يشير إلى أن وضع العينات في البيئة المائية مع محاكاة الظروف اليومية الحقيقية قد يكون عاملًا رئيسيًا في تعليل النتائج التي خلصت إليها هذه الدراسة.
لم تكن طريقة القياس الكمي لتدهور الحمض النووي الريبي قابلة للتطبيق، حيث لم يكن من الممكن إنشاء علاقة بين تدهور جزيء الحمض النووي الريبي وتقدير زمن الوفاة.Post-mortem interval is the time between death and the discovery of the body or human remains. Teeth are the most resistant structures of the human body, able to withstand extreme conditions such as high temperature, humidity, and post-mortem degradation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the method of quantifying degradation of RNA extracted from dental pulps to estimate the post-mortem interval, by simulating drowning conditions with teeth submerged in fresh water and exposed to different time intervals.
The sample consisted of 80 human teeth (third molars), divided into eight groups, and placed in the aquatic environment, for pre-established periods of three days, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks respectively. After the stipulated time, the teeth were removed and the RNA was extracted form the dental pulp. Finally, the RNA was electrophoresed and its Integrity Number (RIN) was calculated for each RNA pulp sample.
After the analysis, significant amount of dental pulp degradation was observed showing a RNA RIN of 6.50. The 18S/28S ribosomal RNA ratio was null (with a value of zero), and only in sample, it was extremely low (0.8). The fact that the samples were submitt to the environment associated with that the low proportion the18S/28S ribosomal RNA found in the samples, may be essential factors to justify the results obtained.
RNA degradation quantification method was not applicable, since it was not possible to establish a relation between the degradation of the RNA molecule and the estimation of the post-mortem interval
The Use of DNA Profiling in Identifying Murderers and Sexual Abusers: A Case Report
No full textتم تسجيل شكوى في مركز للشرطة في منطقة فيصل أباد في باكستان بدعوى ذهاب صبي يبلغ من العمر 7-8 سنوات إلى متجر قريب ولم يعد أبدًا، وشوهد آخر مرة مع المتهم بواسطة شهود عيان، وعثر على جثة الصبي عارية مقيدة بملابسه في الحقول المجاورة، وكشف تشريح الجثة عن وجود ثلاث جروح محفورة في الرقبة. كما تم تقديم أدلة وعينات من الجثة ومن مسرح الجريمة.
وفحصت العينات لتحديد السوائل البيولوجية البشرية والسائل المنوي والدم، وخضعت العينات الإيجابية للسائل المنوي والدم لفحوصات الحمض النووي الجنائي، وباستخدام تقنية تحليل التكرارات المترادفة القصيرة (STR) للمواقع المستهدفة، واستخدام الرحلان الكهربائي الشعري تم تحديد السمات الوراثية، وفسرت السمات في العينات المختلطة بواسطة برنامج EuroForMix برنامج التنميط الجيني الاحتمالي.
وأشار تشريح الجثة إلى احتمال تعرض الصبي للاعتداء الجنسي قبل قتله، حيث عثر على مادة منوية على مسحات الشرج التي جمعت من الجثة. وكانت السمات الوراثية التي تم الحصول عليها من المسحات الشرجية متسقةً مع مزيج من السمات الوراثية لكل من المشتبه به والضحية. كما تم العثور على السمات الوراثية للمشتبه به في مسحات الأظافر المأخوذة من الضحية، كما تطابقت السمات الوراثية الناتجة عن بقع الدم الموجودة على ملابس المشتبه به مع السمات الوراثية للضحية. وبالنتيجة كان الحمض النووي للمشتبه به موجودًا على مسحات الشرج والأظافر التي تم جمعها من الضحية. وكان الحمض النووي للضحية موجودًا في بقع الدم الموجودة على ملابس المشتبه به، وتم التأكد من أن المشتبه به هو الجاني.A complaint was registered at a Police Station in the Faisalabad District of Pakistan. A boy aged 7-8 years went to a nearby shop and never came back. He was last seen with the accused by eyewitnesses. The naked dead body of the boy was found tied with his clothing in nearby fields. An autopsy revealed three incised wounds on the neck.
Evidence material from the dead body and crime scene were submitted for forensic analysis. The evidence material was screened for human biological fluids, semen, and blood. The items positive for semen or blood were subjected to DNA extraction. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers were amplified from extracted DNA after quantification. The amplicons were subjected to capillary electrophoresis to generate DNA profiles. Mixture DNA profiles were interpreted by EuroForMix, the probabilistic genotyping software.
Post-mortem examination indicated the possibility of sexual abuse of the boy prior to his killing. Seminal material was found on anal swabs collected from the dead body. The DNA profile obtained from anal swabs was consistent with a mixture of the DNA profiles of both the suspect and the victim. The DNA profile of the suspect was also found in nail swabs taken from the victim. The DNA profile generated from blood stains present on the suspect’s clothing matched the DNA profile of the victim.
The DNA of the suspect was present on anal and nail swabs collected from the victim. The victim’s DNA was present in blood stains present on the suspect’s clothing. The suspect was confirmed to be the perpetrator
Study of Palatal Rugae Patterns and their Use in Sex and Ethnicity Identification in a Sample of Adult Egyptians and Malaysians
No full textتنظير الغضون الحنكي هو استخدام غضون الحنك للتعرف على الأشخاص المجهولين. غالبية السكان في مصر هم من الشعب المصري. ومع ذلك، فإن بعض الماليزيين يعيشون في مدينة الإسكندرية في مصر لغرض التعليم. لذلك في حالة وقوع كارثة جماعية، هناك حاجة ماسة لطريقة موثوقة وسهلة للتمييز بين الماليزيين والمصريين. وهدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد أنماط الغضون الحنكية في مجموعتين متنوعتين من السكان؛ المصريين والماليزيين وعلاقتها باختلاف الجنس والسكان. وشملت الدراسة ثمانين طالبًا وطالبةً من كلية طب الأسنان بالإسكندرية، أربعين مصريًا (20 أنثى و 20 ذكرًا) وأربعين ماليزيًا (20 ذكرًا و 20 أنثى)، تراوحت أعمارهم بين 18 و 30 سنة. وقد تم أخذ الانطباعات باستخدام الألجينات (مادة انطباع غرواني مائي غير قابل للانعكاس)، واستخدم تصنيف توماس وكوتز لتقييم غضون الحنك من حيث الطول والشكل والاتجاه والتوحيد. تم إدخال البيانات إلى الكمبيوتر ومعالجتها باستخدام حزمة برامج IBM SPSS الإصدار 20.0 وتم تحديد البيانات النوعية باستخدام العدد والنسبة المئوية. تم تطبيق اختبار Kolmogorov-Smirnov لإثبات الحالة الطبيعية للتوزيع، وتم الحكم على دلالة النتائج المتحصل عليها عند مستوى 5٪.
وفي النتيجة لوحظ اختلاف كبير بين الذكور والإناث الماليزيين حسب العدد الإجمالي للغضون على كلا الجانبين (t= 2.210 and p= 0.033)، وكان لدى الماليزيين عدد أعلى بكثير من إجمالي عدد الغضون عند كلا الجنسين وذو دلالة إحصائية مقارنة مع المصريين. وكان الشكل المنحني هو الشكل السائد في العينات الأربع المدروسة (42.9%, 36.3%, 46.8% and 44.1%) . وتم الكشف عن فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية بين المصريين والماليزيين فيما يتعلق باتجاه الغضون الحنكية السائد على كلا الجانبين الأيسر والأيمن (x2 = 6.293 and p=0.043) (x2 =6.620 and p=0.037) بالتتالي. وكان لدى الإناث المصريات نسبة أعلى بكثير من تغيب الشكل الموحد مقارنة بالذكور المصريين. وتم بناء نماذج الانحدار اللوجستي الثنائي لتحديد الجنس والعرق.Palatal rugoscopy is the use of palatal rugae for identification of unknown persons. The majority of the population in Egypt consists of native Egyptian people. However, some Malaysian people live in Alexandria city of Egypt for the purpose of education. So, in case of mass disaster, there is a critical need for a reliable and easy method to differentiate between Malaysians and Egyptians. This study aimed to determine the palatal rugae patterns in two diverse populations; Egyptians and Malaysians and its relation to sex and population difference.
Eighty students of Alexandria Faculty of Dentistry; forty Egyptians (20 females and 20 males) and forty Malaysians (20 males and 20 females). The age ranged 18-30 years. Impressions were taken with alginate (irreversible hydrocolloid impression material). Thomas and Kotze classification was used to assess palatal rugae regarding their length, shape, direction and unification. Data were introduced to the computer and processed using IBM SPSS software version 20.0.
Qualitative data were defined using number and percent. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to attest the normality of distribution. Significance of the obtained results was judged at the 5% level. Significant difference was noted between Malaysian males and females according to total number of rugae on both sides (t= 2.210 and p= 0.033). Malaysians had significantly higher total rugae number on both sides than Egyptians. Curved shape was the predominant shape in the total sample in the four studied groups (42.9%, 36.3%, 46.8% and 44.1%). Significant difference was detected between Egyptians and Malaysians according to the predominant palatal rugae direction on both left and right sides (x2 = 6.293 and p=0.043) (x2 =6.620 and p=0.037) respectively.
Egyptian females had significantly higher percentage of absent unification than Egyptian males. Binary logistic regression models for sex and ethnicity identification were built up
Response of forensic scientific community to Covid-19 pandemic: A Review Article
No full textتهدف هذه المراجعة العلمية إلى بيان تأثير جائحة كوفيد-19 على علوم الأدلة الجنائية تبعًا لما عكسته المقالات العلمية والتي نشرت خلال العام 2020م. حيث غطى هذا المقال الموضوعات التالية: تصدي الخبراء الطبيين القانونيين لعبء العمل اليومي الزائد المتعلق بالقضايا ذات الصلة بالممارسات الجنائية، والمخاطر المتفاقمة الناشئة في الممارسات الجنائية، لا سيما ما يتعلق بتشريح الجثث، والعقاقير المستخدمة في علاج كوفيد-19 ودلالاتها السمّية، وتأثير جائحة كوفيد -19 على منظور ومدى تعاطي مواد الإدمان.The purpose of this review was to show the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on forensic science as reflected in the publications, which appeared in 2020. The review covered following topics: response of legal medical experts on the increased daily workload in forensic practice and enhanced risk issues arising in forensic practice, particularly regarding autopsy, drugs used in Covid-19 therapy and their toxicological significance, and influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on the profile and extent of substance abus
Voltammetric Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances
No full textإن مواد العلاجات النفسية الجديدة (NPS) هي عقاقير اصطناعية ذات تأثيرات مماثلة لمختلف المواد المخدرة والمواد المؤثرة على العقل. وتتوافر اليوم أنواع مختلفة من مواد العلاجات النفسية الجديدة، مثل الميفيدرون، والسينثاكين، والقنب الاصطناعي، إلخ، والتي تباع عبر منصات متعددة مثل أسواق المخدرات، والمتاجر الكبيرة، أو عبر الشبكة السوداء. وهي تنتشر بسرعة، وتتسع شعبيتها في المجتمع بسبب طبيعتها المتغيرة، والسهولة في تفادي انتهاك القانون. وبالتالي، يعتبر تحليلها أمرًا بالغ الأهمية في منع إساءة استخدام العقاقير، و في تطوير أساليب مختبرية جديدة. وتقدم هذه الدراسة نظرة شاملة عن تحليل مختلف مواد العلاجات النفسية الجديدة بواسطة التقنيات الفولتميترية من أمثال، تقنية التحليل الفولتميتري الدوري، وتقنية التحليل الفولتميتري النبضي التفاضلي، وتقنية التحليل الفولتيمتري بالموجات المربعة، وتقنية التحليل الفولتيمتري التجريدي، إلخ. كما تُركز هذه الدراسة على مختلف المناهج التي تم تطويرها لكشف مواد العلاجات النفسية الجديدة التي تؤدي دورًا رائدًا في التحقيقات الجنائية، وذلك لأنها تقدم منصات سريعة، ودقيقة وقليلة التكلفة للتحاليل. علاوة على ذلك، ناقشت الدراسة أيضًا مدى الحاجة لتطوير مختلف طرق التحليل لمزيد من العقاقير.New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) are synthetic drugs that create similar effects as various narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Different NPS such as mephedrone, synthacaine, synthetic cannabinoids, etc. are available today which are sold across numerous platforms like drug markets, head shops, the dark web, etc. They are emerging rapidly and becoming popular in society because of their variable nature and ease in avoiding breaking the law. Consequently, their analysis is extremely crucial in the prohibition of drug abuse and the development of laboratory methods. This review introduces a broad overview of the analysis of various new psychoactive substances by voltammetric techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry etc. It also focuses on various methodologies that were developed for the detection of these NPS which play a leading role in forensic investigation by providing a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective platform of analysis. The need for the advancement of various detection methods and analysis of more drugs is additionally discussed