OJS University of Karbala
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Infertility: Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Option a Review
No full textInfertility is a term used to describe a pathological condition that can affect married relationship in more than one line, it means the women don’t have pregnancy after twelve months of successful sexual relationship. Infertility could be primary or secondary and the main causes include ovulation fault, ovum transport problems, and implantation failure. There are many mean to early diagnose infertility and specialize it cause to decide proper treatment intervention. Infertility can result from men or women causes and for each case suitable treatment options are present now. Now a day, there are different interventions that can help couples to have successful conceive such as Intra-Uterine Insemination, In-vitro fertilization, Donor egg and sperm in addition to the medications. Finally, infertility could result in a health, social, and economic complication if not diagnosed and treated early
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Surfactants Containing Alkyl-Sugar 1,4-Disubstituted Triazoles
No full textTwo surfactants containing alkyl-sugar 1,4-disubstituted triazoles glycoconjugates were synthesized via Cu(I) catalyzed click conditions between azido alkane(C7,C8) and D-mannose based bis –O- propynyl ether. The latter was prepared via Williamson etherification between propargyl bromide and the2C-branched-D-mannose diacetonide which was synthesized in a previous work by aldol condensation between formaldehyde and the protected sugar in MeOH. The two surfactants have been examined in vitro by inhibition of bacteria growth ( Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus) and showed a moderate activity. The two prepared surfactants were purified by column chromatography and identified by TLC, FTIR, 1HNMR , 13CNMR, 2D-NMR correlation COSY and HSQC
Isolation and Identification of Acinetobacter Baumannii from Different Clinical Sources and Determine Antibiotic Resistance in Karbala City
No full textBackground: Acinetobacter baumannii one of the important multidrug-resistant opportunistic nosocomial pathogens, in part due to its high capability of acquiring resistance to different antibiotics groups.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the bacterial infection with A.baumannii and antibiotics sensitivity pattern in Karbala city.
Patients and Methods: Two hundred different Clinical specimens were collected from various sources from patient who admitted to Imam Hussein Medical City, the study beginning from the period January 2024 till the August 2024. The specimens which included sputum, wound, urine, blood and fluid and all specimens was collected as 40 cases.
Results: The collection specimens from patients included 40(20%) positive specimens distributed as 25 (62.5%) from females, and 15 (37.5%) from males and they were divided into: 17(42.5%) sputum, 10(25%) wound, 7(17.5%) urine,5(12.5%) blood ,1(2.5%) fluid specimen. After cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar, the isolates were identified via VITIK 2 compact system (Biomérieux, France). All isolates were tested for their resistance to 18 different antibiotics and the results exhibited that highest level of resistance in A.baumannii isolates to total antibiotics used in this study except Minocycline, Colistin and Tigecycline . Most isolates were resistant to Ticarcillin 100%, Ticarcillin/ Clavlanic Acid, Piperacillin and Meropenem (39)97.5%, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Cefotaxime, and Ceftazidime (38) 95%, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin and Ampicillin /Sulbactam showed resistance rate 37 (92.5%) and Cefepime 35(90%), Amikacin and Tobramycin34(85%), Gentamicin 82.5%, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 75%. Our study showed the Colistin, Minocycline and Tigecycline were sensitive in the rate36 (90%), 35 (87.5) and 30(75%) respectively.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the most common cases of infection with A.baumannii bacteria in sputum, and that this bacteria has a high resistance to most antibiotics
New Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review
No full textMillions of individuals worldwide suffer from diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic condition caused by either insulin resistance or insufficiency. Accordingly, it is divided into Types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, and Gestational Diabetes (diabetes related to pregnancy). Insulin injections are used to treat diabetes type 1, which is caused by lack of insulin as a result of the autoimmune destroy of β-cells in pancreas. Insulin resistance (lack of insulin function) and impaired insulin secretion combine to cause diabetes type 2, which is the most common type. Consequently, there are anomalies in the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. By altering the endocrine glands\u27 ability to produce hormones, diabetes mellitus also contributes to the emergence of secondary metabolic disorders. Diabetes mellitus is a serious health issue because of increased Incidence and mortality rate, increased cost of treatment, and considerable impact on people\u27s lives owing to lost productivity. Furthermore, research conducted globally indicates that a large number of people have undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes. Newly identified Important indicators for glucose regulation and the reason of metabolic diseases like diabetes mellitus have been brought to light by recent research. Presenting recently discovered Prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers of diabetes mellitus with recent advancements is the goal of this review. It has been suggested that employing novel Diabetes biomarkers as indicators of risk and associated information could help clinical evaluations by enabling the early detection of diabetic complications
Formulation and Evaluation of Apigenin-Loaded Topical Organogel for the Wound Healing
No full textWound healing is a complicated process that requires the use of many medications including anti-inflammatory and antioxidants. A naturally occurring flavonoid, apigenin can be found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants that has versatile benefits and medical uses including wound healing, antioxidant, antiaging and others. Organogel is one of the promising topical drug delivery strategies which have many potentials in drug delivery effect. Organogel will be used for the topical delivey of apigenin. Different organogels were prepared by using lecithin, isopropyl myristate, pluronic F127, PEG 400 and water. The formulations were evaluated for their gelation temperature, pH, drug content, viscosity and drug release. The results demonstrated that without PEG 400 only 55% of the drug was released after 6 hours while 91% was released when PEG 400 was used. Formulation F5 was the optimum formula with appropriate viscosity (3372 mPs), pH (6.33), drug content (91%) and 27◦C gelation temperature. Drug release was around 91% within 6 hours. The formulated APN topical organogel will have the potential to improve wound healing by delivering the medication to the wound site in a sustained and localized approach
The Impact of the SLC5A2 Gene Polymorphism on the Treatment Efficacy of Empagliflozin in Iraqi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
No full textBackground:
Diabetes is a prevalent, life-threatening chronic disease and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. sodium glucose co-transporter 2, is the major co-transporter involved in renal glucose uptake, and its inhibition has been shown to be a relatively new strategy for managing diabetes. The gene encoding sodium glucose co-transporter 2 is located on chromosome 16 and is also known as soluble carrier family 5 member 2. Empagliflozin is a relatively new agent that improves glycemic control by increasing glucose excretion and inhibiting sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.
The aim of study:
was to investigate the potential effects of common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 encoding gene soluble carrier family 5 member 2 on diabetes-related metabolic characteristics in patients who are at risk of type 2 diabetes. Secondly, we investigated whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms have pharmacogenetic significance by potentially influencing the response of type 2 patients to empagliflozin treatment.
Methodology:
The study participants included 50 healthy subjects and 110 diabetics who were selected during outpatient clinic visits with age range 30 to 65 years. Each subject underwent glycemic analysis, renal parameters, and genetic analysis of the soluble carrier family 5-member 2 reference SNP 121918621 polymorphism with blood samples that collected from different cities of Iraq. Each patient received 10 mg oral tablet of empagliflozin daily as monotherapy.
Results:
The findings of the study revealed significant variability with P-value less 0.05 in each of the glycemic and renal parameters among the study groups, with diabetic patients having significantly higher glycemic and renal parameters than healthy samples. soluble carrier family 5 member 2 reference SNP 121918621genotype distribution showed that (Fasting Serum Insulin, Fasting blood glucose, Glycated hemoglobin) levels did not differ significantly. The results also showed significant differences in (Serum creatinine, blood Urea) levels.
Conclusion:
The soluble carrier family 5-member 2 polymorphism is one of the genetic variables that contribute to heterogeneity in empagliflozin responsiveness in people with type 2 diabetes
Computational Insights into Quinazoline-Isatin Conjugates as VEGFR Inhibitors: Anticancer Candidates
No full textBackground:
As one of the most significant contributors to global mortality, cancer continues to stimulate intensive investigations into the anticancer and free radical-scavenging properties of new conjugates as potential therapeutic agents for advanced cancer treatment strategies.
Method:
This study reports the rational design and systematic assessment of four quinazoline-isatin hybrids (HK1-HK4) as potential VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors through molecular docking and dynamic simulations, with binding affinities evaluated based on docking scores and RMSD values.
Results:
SwissADME analysis confirmed excellent drug-likeness with complete Lipinski\u27s Rule of Five compliance (MW: 347-401 Da, iLOGP: -0.44 to 1.02). All conjugates showed high GI absorption, no BBB penetration, and 0.55 bioavailability scores. Molecular docking revealed superior VEGFR binding affinities (-7.8 to -9.681 kcal/mol), with HK1 demonstrating optimal binding (-9.681 kcal/mol) through interactions with Lys868, Cys919, and Asp1046.
Conclusion:
The quinazoline-isatin hybrids demonstrate excellent drug-likeness with complete Lipinski compliance and superior VEGFR binding. These promising computational results warrant experimental validation through in vitro enzymatic assays and cytotoxicity studies to advance clinical anticancer drug recognition.
 
Potential Health Risks Due to Heavy Metals in Indian Rice Available in Karbala Markets, Iraq
No full textBackground: Hypothyroidism, characterized by insufficient thyroid hormone production by This study aims to assess the concentrations of six heavy metals, lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), and Selenium (Se), in samples of Indian basmati rice available in Karbala markets, Iraq. The concentrations of (As, Cr, Se, Ni, Pb, and Cd) were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), to evaluate the potential human health risks associated with the consumption of this rice, several health risk assessment parameters were calculated, including the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer risk (CR). The average concentrations of As, Cr, Se, Ni, Pb, and Cd in the analyzed rice samples were 94.77, 326.06, 132.58, 179.39, 164.42, and 156.90 µg/kg, respectively. The average value of the Hazard Index (HI) was 4.242, which exceeded safe levels. The corresponding average carcinogenic risk (CR) values for As, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd were 8.21×10-04, 8.71×-04, 9.40×10-04, 8.05×10-06, and 5.70×10-03, respectively. However, the concentrations of As and Cd in several samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits set by European Union regulations. The calculated health risk indicators (EDI, THQ, HI, and CR) remained within internationally recognized safe exposure levels. In conclusion, although specific heavy metal concentrations in Indian basmati rice sold in Karbala exceed regulatory limits, the overall risk to human health from regular consumption appears minimal under current dietary exposure scenarios. Continuous monitoring and stricter import quality control are recommended to ensure long-term food safety for the local population
Removal of Pollution with Methyl Orange Dye Waste Water by Using Novel Graft Nano Co-polymer
No full textThe grafted nanocopolymers were synthesized via an esterification process, where the first step was to generate a linear copolymer by reacting terephthalic acid with glycerol. Then, a certain amount of maleic anhydride was added to the resulting linear copolymer solution to obtain the grafted PTGM nanoparticles. The prepared nanopolymers were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The average particle height was 8.3 nm and was exposed to three different temperatures (298, 308, and 318 K). Four different concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7 ppm) of the nanocopolymers were examined and it was evident that they play a vital role in the adsorption process. The experimental results showed that the average surface area of this nanopolymer for adsorption of dye (methyl orange) decreased with increasing temperature, indicating that the process is endothermic. It was also observed that the highly efficient nanocopolymers were able to successfully remove (methyl orange) from aqueous solutions.The grafted nanocopolymers were synthesized via an esterification process, where the first step was to generate a linear copolymer by reacting terephthalic acid with glycerol. Then, a certain amount of maleic anhydride was added to the resulting linear copolymer solution to obtain the grafted PTGM nanoparticles. The prepared nanopolymers were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The average particle height was 8.3 nm and was exposed to three different temperatures (298, 308, and 318 K). Four different concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7 ppm) of the nanocopolymers were examined and it was evident that they play a vital role in the adsorption process. The experimental results showed that the average surface area of this nanopolymer for adsorption of dye (methyl orange) decreased with increasing temperature, indicating that the process is endothermic. It was also observed that the highly efficient nanocopolymers were able to successfully remove (methyl orange) from aqueous solutions
Estimation of Interleukin 6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor in Pfizer Covid Vaccinated Case
No full textBackground: Pfizer vaccine, which is a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the first mRNA products to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to study the impact of Pfizer vaccine on the levels of interlukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) after 3 months and 6 months of vaccination with Pfizer vaccine.
Materials and methods: The study was done during the period from May /2022 to September / 2022). A case-control study involved 150 subjects who were divided into three groups (each group included 50 subjects). The first group included (50) vaccinated group 3 months after second dose of Pfizer vaccine, and the second group included (50) vaccinated group 6 month after second dose of Pfizer vaccine. The third group was the control group which included (50) healthy unvaccinated subjects. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were estimated by ELISA technique. Results: The results showed that the mean levels of TNF-α among male participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and in the control group) were (65.40, 47.34, and 9.45), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). The results showed that the mean levels of TNF-α among female participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and the control group) were (67.50, 48.74, and 9.06), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). In addition, the results showed that the mean levels of IL-6 among male participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and the control group) were (81.36, 101.88, and 51.26), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). The results showed that the mean levels of IL-6 among female participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and the control group) were (83.05, 98.03, and 52.07), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). Conclusion: Pfizer vaccine was shown to have significant impacts on IL-6 and TNF-α levels among vaccinated individuals.Background: Pfizer vaccine, which is a nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the first mRNA products to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).
Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to study the impact of Pfizer vaccine on the levels of interlukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) after 3 months and 6 months of vaccination with Pfizer vaccine.
Materials and methods: The study was done during the period from May /2022 to September / 2022). A case-control study involved 150 subjects who were divided into three groups (each group included 50 subjects). The first group included (50) vaccinated group 3 months after second dose of Pfizer vaccine, and the second group included (50) vaccinated group 6 month after second dose of Pfizer vaccine. The third group was the control group which included (50) healthy unvaccinated subjects. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were estimated by ELISA technique. Results: The results showed that the mean levels of TNF-α among male participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and in the control group) were (65.40, 47.34, and 9.45), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). The results showed that the mean levels of TNF-α among female participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and the control group) were (67.50, 48.74, and 9.06), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). In addition, the results showed that the mean levels of IL-6 among male participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and the control group) were (81.36, 101.88, and 51.26), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). The results showed that the mean levels of IL-6 among female participants (after 3 months of vaccination, after 6 months of vaccinations, and the control group) were (83.05, 98.03, and 52.07), respectively, with highly significant differences between the three groups (p<0.01). Conclusion: Pfizer vaccine was shown to have significant impacts on IL-6 and TNF-α levels among vaccinated individuals