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»Trezno ljudstvo bo bogatelo, bo cvelo in se krepko razvilo «: Koroškoslovenski boj proti pijančevanju ob koncu 19. in v prvi polovici 20. stoletja
No full textAlcohol and its dangers in Carinthian-Slovene history have hardly been given any scholarly consideration. In my article I deal with the anti-alcohol discourse and anti-alcohol movement at the and of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century in journalistic and archival materials. The Slovene national movement in Carinthia, marked by conservativism and Catholicism, believed the main reasons for alcoholism were religious tepidity (habitual drinking as a sin of excess), immoral social life (dances) and, of course, the Germanizing policy of the German »Freisinn« in Carinthia. Similarly, not only the causes but also the consequences of alcohol were seen above all in the moral and national fields. Alcohol apparently led to the decay of the two pillars of Carinthian Slovene spirit: the farms and nationally conscious families. The negative economic, moral and health consequences of habitual drinking weakened the people and furthered assimilation. (Excessive) consumption of alcohol also served the purpose of marking the enemies of the nation; from the Slovene perspective, for example, habitual drinking was one of the characteristics of a “nemčur” (a Germanophile). With strong support from the clergy and in a close alliance with the all-Slovenian anti-alcohol movement, special temperance societies, for example “The Holy Army”, were founded in order to fight alcohol. The Slovene Christian-Social Alliance for Carinthia had educational centres that addressed the problem of alcohol not only in its temperance sections but also through comprehensive action, with special emphasis on youngsters and women. The gymnastic societies like the “Orli”, St. Mary\u27s societies and the central political organization also supported the fight against alcohol.Alkohol in njegove nevarnosti so komaj raziskana tema koroškoslovenske zgodovine. V svojem prispevku avtorica obravnava protialkoholni diskurz in protialkoholno gibanje ob koncu 19. in na začetku 20. stoletja, ki temelji na publicističnem gradivu in arhivskih virih. Konservativno in katoliško obeleženo slovensko narodno gibanje na Koroškem med glavnimi vzroki alkoholizma navaja versko mlačnost (pijančevanje kot greh nezmernosti), nemoralno družabno življenje (plesi) in seveda germanizacijsko politiko nemškega „Freisinna“ na Koroškem. Podobno kot vzroke vidi tudi zle posledice alkohola predvsem na moralnem in narodnostnem polju. Alkohol domnevno vodi k propadanju dveh stebrov koroškega slovenstva, kmečkih gospodarstev in zavednih družin. Negativne ekonomske, nravstvene in zdravstvene posledice pijančevanja slabijo ljudstvo in pospešujejo asimilacijo. (Prekomerna) konzumacija alkohola služi tudi označevanju nacionalnih nasprotnikov, saj je npr. s slovenskega vidika ena od značilnosti „nemčurjev“, da popivajo. Za boj proti alkoholu se – ob močni podpori duhovščine in do prve svetovne vojne v ozki povezavi z vseslovenskim protialkoholnim gibanjem – ustanavljajo posebna treznostna društva, kot je bila Sveta vojska. Slovenska krščansko-socialna zveza za Koroško s svojimi izobraževalnimi društvi ne tematizira problematike alkohola samo v treznostnih odsekih, ampak v celotnem delovanju, s posebnim ozirom na mladino in ženske. Tudi telovadna društva Orli, Marijine družbe ter osrednja politična organizacija so imeli protialkoholno ost
Vpliv alkohola na degeneracijo naroda med obema svetovnima vojnama
No full textThe article deals with the condition called “alcohol degeneration.” Between the World Wars, solving this problem gained a new impetus from increasingly radical solutions. The nation and responsibilities towards the nation and the state were becoming more and more of a norm. Individuals who had fallen prey to alcoholic stupefaction became a burden to society and parasites on the nation, according to the well-known degeneration theories. Because of “evidently” corrupt genetic material, alcoholics became inferior in the eyes of the refiners of the national essence and an obstacle in the path of the evolutionary idealists who dreamed about the next stage in the development of mankind. Dr Avgust Munda, lawyer and Lecturer in Penal Law at the Faculty of Law in Ljubljana, for example, suggested in a law journal that “all drunkards who have been stripped of their dignity should be sterilized”. In the supplement to the Medical Journal called Evgenika, they agreed with his views: “This might have an enormous effect in Slovenia, yet a radical and necessary one. As far as sterilization goes, it could be performed with consent. The author thus cites Kohlrausch, who believed compulsory sterilization was logical: \u27The will of an individual unconditionally must serve the good of the community.\u27”Avtor v prispevku obravnava t. i. alkoholno degeneracijo. Med obema vojnama je reševanje tega problema dobilo nov zagon, ko so se pojavljale vedno bolj radikalne rešitve. Narod in dolžnosti do naroda ter države so vse bolj postajale normativ. V omamo alkohola padli posamezniki pa so v skladu z že znanimi degeneracijskimi teorijami postajali breme družbe in škodljivci naroda. Alkoholiki so zaradi »dokazano« zastrupljenega dednega materiala postali enaki manjvrednim v očeh izboljševalcev narodne biti in ovira na poti evolucijskih idealistov, ki so sanjali o naslednji stopnji v razvoju človeštva. Dr. Avgust Munda, pravnik in predavatelj kazenskega prava na Pravni fakulteti v Ljubljani, se je npr. leta 1934 v svoji stanovski reviji zavzel, »da bi se sterilizirali vsi preklicani pijanci«. V prilogi Zdravniškega vestnika Evgenika so ob teh razmišljanjih prikimavali: »V Sloveniji bi bil efekt morda gorostasen, toda radikalen in potreben. Kar se pa sterilizacije tiče, ob privolitvi bi jo lahko že opravljali. Tako citira Kohlrauscha, ki pravi, da je prisilna sterilizacija logična: \u27volja posameznika se mora nepogojno podrediti koristi občestva\u27.
Gostinski lokali na Jesenicah v obdobju od konca 19. stoletja do druge svetovne vojne
No full textThe article describes everyday-life in guest-houses around Jesenice between the end of the 19th century and the start of the Second World War. It features guest-houses as important centres of social life, as places for meeting people, having fun and relaxing after a tiring day, as well as places of tippling and “immorality”. The clientele of a particular guest-house provided a good reflection of the national and political divisions in Jesenice. The division of guest-houses into the more eminent ones, on the one hand, and those for the “commoners”, on the other, is also indicative of the social differences in this industrial settlement.Članek prikazuje dogajanje v jeseniških gostilnah v obdobju od konca 19. stol. do 2. svetovne vojne. Gostinske lokale izpostavlja kot pomembna središča družabnega življenja, prostore srečevanja, druženja, zabave, sprostitve po napornem delu pa tudi pijančevanja in »nemoralnosti«. Pri zahajanju v gostilne se lepo kažejo nacionalne in politične delitve na Jesenicah, z delitvijo na imenitnejše lokale in lokale za »rajo« pa tudi socialne razlike v tem industrijskem naselju
"Ti si ničla, manj kakor od bohinjskega dreka dim!": Žaljenje časti in klevetanje med letoma 1937-1950
No full textThe article deals with insult to honour before, during and after the Second World War. It is restricted to the court circuits of Kranjska gora and Radovljica and the court circuit of Jesenice that was (temporarily) united after the war; the article is based on the files of the competent courts. The high number of lawsuits shows that litigation because of honour was common in the pre-war period. During the war, as expected, people had less time for these issues; immediately after the war, however, the percentage of litigations because of injured honour rose once again. The majority of the charges regarding insult to honour were connected with sexuality; among the defamation charges, larceny was the most common. Insult of the authorities and the state soon grew from insult and defamation to violation of public law and order, which is why the article only features “milder” cases. The cases with a political background represent a special category because they provide evidence of the most current contemporary issues. Before the war, for example, “political” insults commonly occurred during overheated electoral campaign events. After the war, when political life gradually died away, insults with a political basis turned into a direct attack on the authorities. The war period and the events related to it left many traces on people and their mutual relationships, which also manifested itself in reproaches and insults. Insults and defamations on the basis of wartime loyalties became an important category of accusations. In this respect it needs to be pointed out that, in the first few years after the war, court verdicts were often obviously in line with the “spirit of the time”. Comparison between the sexes shows us that men sued more often than women before the war; men were sued many more times because of insult to honour. After the war, unlike in the pre-war times, women defended their honour before the court more often; at the same time, the number of women who were sued because of insult to honour and defamation became similar to that of men.Razprava se ukvarja z žaljenjem časti pred drugo svetovno vojno, med njo in po njej. Omejuje se na območje sodnih okrajev Kranjska Gora in Radovljica, oziroma po vojni (začasno) združeni sodni okraj Jesenice, temelji pa na kazenskih spisih pristojnih sodišč. Številčnost vloženih tožb nam najprej pokaže, da je bilo v letih pred vojno pravdanje zaradi časti zelo razvito. Med vojno, pričakovano, za te zadeve ljudje niso imeli toliko časa, takoj po vojni pa je odstotek pritoževanja glede prizadete časti ponovno narasel. Nadalje glede na vrsto obtožb žaljenja časti lahko ugotovimo, da so pri žalitvah prednjačile tiste glede spolnosti, pri klevetah pa obdolžitve kraje. Žaljenje organov oblasti, države je kaj hitro preraslo iz žaljenja in klevetanja v kršenje javnega reda in miru, zato so tu zajeti le »nežnejši« primeri. Kot posebna kategorija so zanimivi primeri s političnim ozadjem, saj nam pričajo o aktualnostih obravnavane dobe. Pred vojno je do raznih »političnih« žalitev prihajalo na primer v razgretem predvolilnem dogajanju, agitacijah. Po vojni, ko je politično dogajanje zamrlo, pa so žaljivke s politično osnovo pomenile neposreden napad na oblast. Vojni čas je z vsem svojim dogajanjem pustil močne sledove na ljudeh in njihovih medsebojnih odnosih, kar se je odražalo tudi v očitkih in žalitvah. Žalitve in klevete glede medvojnega zadržanja so postale pomembna kategorija obtoževanja. Tu gre še omeniti, da je sodišče v prvih povojnih letih znalo razsojati tudi v primerih žaljenja časti izrazito v »duhu časa«. Primerjava med spoloma nam pokaže, da so bili pred vojno moški večkrat tožniki kot ženske, še večkrat pa so bili moški toženi zaradi žaljenja časti Po vojni pa lahko za razliko od predvojnega časa vidimo, da so v novih časih ženske pogosteje branile svojo čast pred sodiščem, po drugi strani pa se je tudi precej zmanjšal zaostanek žensk za moškimi, ki so bili toženi zaradi žaljenja časti in klevetanja
"Kupida je spoznala preden je srečala matičarja": Slovenski in italijanski avtorji o problemih spolnosti v dobi meščanstva
No full textThe article deals with the differences in the treatment of sexual practices that existed between works that were published in central Slovenian regions and works that were published in Trieste, Koper, Gorizia and Reka during the bourgeois era. These were mostly written by Italian-speaking authors, who wrote about topics such as women sexuality, masturbation, sex education and sexual diseases with no major constraint. They were able to do so because they had come to realize that ignorance did not help protect morality and that it was no longer possible to keep quiet, given the alarming rate with which sexual diseases spread. While Italian writers openly supported birth control, the use of condoms, education of the young and strict hygiene in brothels, their Slovene counterparts adhered to moral teachings and complicated terminology that referred to the subject matter only indirectly. Slovene and Italian writers shared only the similarly uncompromising attitude towards masturbation; however, even here the two sides differed in their approach: Italian authors talked openly about the phenomenon and threatened every possible and impossible consequence that might deter individuals from performing it, while Slovene authors preferred simply to avoid this problem.Prispevek obravnava razlike v obravnavi spolnih problematik, ki jih je mogoče opaziti med deli, ki so izhajala v osrednjeslovenskih pokrajinah in deli, ki so izhajala v Trstu, Kopru, Gorici in na Reki v dobi meščanstva. Ta so nastajala večinoma izpod peresa italijansko govorečih avtorjev, ki so se tematik, kot so ženska seksualnost, masturbacija, spolna vzgoja in spolne bolezni, lotevali brez večjih zadržkov. Med njimi je namreč že zgodaj prevladalo prepričanje, da nevednost ni obramba kreposti in da ob alarmantni razširjenosti spolnih bolezni ni več mogoče molčati. Medtem ko so se italijanski pisci odkrito zavzemali za nadzor rojstev, uporabo kondomov, osveščanje mladih in strogo higieno ob obiskih javnih hiš, so ostajali slovenski avtorji pri moralnih naukih in zapleteni terminologiji, ki daje bralcu zgolj slutiti, o čem je govor. Slovenske in italijanske pisce je združeval le podobno nepopustljiv odnos do masturbacije, tudi v tem primeru pa je bila očitna razlika v pristopu: italijanski avtorji so o pojavu govorili odkrito, pri čemer so najraje grozili z vsemi mogočimi in nemogočimi posledicami, ki naj bi človeka odvrnile od tega početja, slovenski pa so se problemu najraje preprosto izognili
Tuberkli, tuberani,--- tuberkuloza! Zvonka Zupanič Slavec, Tuberkoloza - kuga 19.in 20. stoletja na Slovenskem na primeru sanatorija Golnik (1921-1998)
No full textKrvave rejnice: O primerih zlorabe rejništva iz prve polovice devetnajstega stoletja
No full textFearing the shame of illegitimate pregnancy and birth, Carniolan women often preferred to give birth in the remote city of Trieste rather than in nearby Ljubljana. They often left their newborn child there. Foundling homes placed these children with families in the countryside in exchange for remuneration. Foster families usually gladly accepted these children because they provided a stable annual source of income. However, the institution of remuneration was often abused when the foster child died and its foster parents kept receiving foster care payment. The records of the Provincial Court in Ljubljana contain case files from 1817–1823 that deal with such scapegraces. An extensive investigation focused on many cases of murder because foster children often died not long after they were placed in the family, after which their foster mothers showed other children to the foster care committee and kept receiving remuneration. However, such parents were sentenced and penalized only for fraud. Married parents sometimes performed a particularly dirty kind of profit-making because they first left their own children in a foundling home and then signed a contract to become their foster parents. It is interesting that the provincial court saw this not as fraud but as a matter of civil law.V strahu pred sramoto zaradi zanositve in poroda izven zakona, so ženske s Kranjske pogostoma raje hodile rojevat v oddaljeni Trst, kot pa v bližnjo Ljubljano. Tam so ponavadi tudi pustile novorojeno dete. Najdenišnice so nato te otroke oddajale v plačano rejo na podeželje, kjer so jih dokaj radi jemali, saj so predstavljale redni letni vir denarnega prihodka. Pri tem pa je lahko prihajalo tudi do zlorab, ko so najdenci umrli, njihovi rejniki pa so še kar sprejemali rejnino zanje. V fondu Deželnega sodišča v Ljubljani so se nam ohranili sodni spisi iz let 1817-1823, ki obravnavajo tako skupino malopridnežev. V obsežni preiskavi so sicer obravnavali veliko sumov umorov, da so namreč v rejo oddani otroci zaradi nedokazanega zanemarjanja ponavadi zelo hitro pomrli, potem pa so zločinske rejnice s kazanjem drugih otrok najdenišnični komisiji pobirale oskrbni denar. Izrečene pa so bile le sodbe in kazni zaradi prevar. Posebno zgodbo v tem umazanem pridobitništvu so predstavljali poročeni starši, ki so svoje otroke oddajali v najdenišnico in jih potem jemali nazaj z oskrbno pogodbo. Zanimivo pri tem je stališče deželnega sodišča, da to ni zločin prevare, ampak stvar civilnega dela sodišča
Male skrivnosti velikih obloženih miz: Prispevek k zgodovini prehranjevanja kranjskega plemstva ob koncu 18. stoletja
No full textProbate inventory is a rich source of information about various aspects of human existence. Among others, it also offers information regarding the eating habits of Carniolan nobility. Indeed, the least abundant information in it is that about the dishes themselves. We are limited to the inventories of foods that were kept in the pantries, garners and cellars, and to those of animals in the stables. As for the beverages, there is plentiful information about wine, coffee, tea and chocolate. Unlike with the dishes, much more is known about the cutlery and the vessels used during meals. All Carniolan noblemen used all three types of cutlery at the end of the 18th century: the fork, the spoon and the knife. The cutlery was most often silver. Kitchenware was limited to serving spoons and ladles, while the absence of serving knives and forks indicates that meat-cutting took place in the kitchen, away from the eyes of the eaters. Tableware, often displayed in glass cabinets in the dining room, was made of porcelain (the more expensive sets), Holič faience or tin. The existence of plates, cutlery and napkins for personalized use reveals the desire on the part of this noble society for a more individualized manner of food consumption that considered common bowls no longer acceptable. An individual secured himself his own little space at the table, which belonged solely to him for the duration of the meal. The position at the table (in terms of distance from the host) was reflective of the esteem that that person enjoyed in contemporary society.Zapuščinski inventar je vir bogat z informacijami iz različnih področij človekovega bivanja. Med drugim nam nudi tudi informacije, ki zadevajo prehranjevanje plemstva na Kranjskem. Še najmanj informacij dobimo prav o jedeh. Omejeni smo na popise živil, ki so se nahajala po shrambah, kaščah in kleteh, ter živine v hlevih. Od pijače imamo sporočenih dovolj informacij o vinu, kavi, čaju in čokoladi. Veliko več kot o jestvinah nam je znano o jedilnem priboru in posodju, ki so ga uporabljali med jedjo. Vsi kranjski plemiči ob koncu 18. stoletja so uporabljali vse tri dele jedilnega pribora: vilico, žlico in nož. Material, iz katerega je bil izdelan pribor, je bil največkrat srebro. Servirni pribor se je omejeval na servirne žlice in zajemalke, odsotnost servirnih nožev in vilic pa kaže, da se je razkosanje mesa opravljalo že v kuhinji, stran od oči jedcev. Namizno posodje, ki je bilo navadno razstavljeno v zastekljenih vitrinah v jedilnici, je bilo izdelano iz porcelana (dražji servisi), holiča ali kositra. Lasten krožnik, pribor in prtič kažejo na željo plemiške družbe po bolj individualiziranem načinu prehranjevanja, kjer skupne sklede niso bile več sprejemljive. Posameznik si je pri mizi izboril svoj delček prostora, ki je bil v času obeda njegov zasebni prostor. Sam položaj, ki ga je zasedal za mizo (glede na oddaljenost od gostitelja) je odražal tudi ugled, ki ga je oseba uživala v takratni družbi
