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    Investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of a modular treatment program for children and adolescents with depression and interpersonal problems: study protocol of a quasi-experimental pilot feasibility trial (CBASP@YoungAge)

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    Depression is a serious disorder in childhood and adolescence. Affected children and adolescents show significant impairments in various aspects of life. Studies on the effectiveness or efficacy of psychotherapy in depressed children and adolescents are qualitatively very heterogeneous and reveal small effect sizes. There is thus a need to better tailor psychotherapy approaches to these age groups to improve outcomes like parent-child relationship, symptomatology, or quality of life. To address this gap, we designed a modular, individualized treatment program for children and adolescents based on the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) including caregiver involvement. This quasi-experimental pilot feasibility trial is a phase 1 to phase 2 study investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of CBASP@YoungAge by including an intervention group (CBASP@YoungAge) and a treatment-as-usual control group. The treatment of depressive symptoms as well as interpersonal problems with primary caregivers are the main targets of CBASP@YoungAge. Personalization is ensured concerning the treatment course, caregivers’ involvement, and the patient’s age. The primary outcome relates to two areas: the feasibility of the CBASP@YoungAge treatment program in an outpatient context and a change in patients' depressive symptomatology from before to after treatment. We conduct a brief process evaluation after each session in the intervention group to closely monitor the treatment process and examine feasibility from the therapists' and patients' perspectives and mechanisms of symptom change. In addition, we consider interpersonal behavior between children and caregivers, parenting behavior, and monitor the global-health-index in children and parents as secondary outcomes. Pre-, post-, and follow-up data are evaluated. This is the first study of a modular-based intervention program for children and adolescents with depression and a clear focus on the interpersonal problems between the depressed young patient and her/his caregiver. It will provide important knowledge on the feasibility and effectiveness of the program and potential benefits of including caregivers in psychotherapy. Based on this study’s results, we plan a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial whose long-term aim is to improve the psychotherapeutic care of young patients with depression while preventing persistent courses of depressive disorders.Gefördert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der UB Marburg

    MAGED2 Depletion Promotes Stress-Induced Autophagy by Impairing the cAMP/PKA Pathway

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    Melanoma-associated antigen D2 (MAGED2) plays an essential role in activating the cAMP/PKA pathway under hypoxic conditions, which is crucial for stimulating renal salt reabsorption and thus explaining the transient variant of Bartter’s syndrome. The cAMP/PKA pathway is also known to regulate autophagy, a lysosomal degradation process induced by cellular stress. Previous studies showed that two members of the melanoma-associated antigens MAGE-family inhibit autophagy. To explore the potential role of MAGED2 in stress-induced autophagy, specific MAGED2-siRNA were used in HEK293 cells under physical hypoxia and oxidative stress (cobalt chloride, hypoxia mimetic). Depletion of MAGED2 resulted in reduced p62 levels and upregulation of both the autophagy-related genes (ATG5 and ATG12) as well as the autophagosome marker LC3II compared to control siRNA. The increase in the autophagy markers in MAGED2-depleted cells was further confirmed by leupeptin-based assay which concurred with the highest LC3II accumulation. Likewise, under hypoxia, immunofluorescence in HEK293, HeLa and U2OS cell lines demonstrated a pronounced accumulation of LC3B puncta upon MAGED2 depletion. Moreover, LC3B puncta were absent in human fetal control kidneys but markedly expressed in a fetal kidney from a MAGED2-deficient subject. Induction of autophagy with both physical hypoxia and oxidative stress suggests a potentially general role of MAGED2 under stress conditions. Various other cellular stressors (brefeldin A, tunicamycin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, and camptothecin) were analyzed, which all induced autophagy in the absence of MAGED2. Forskolin (FSK) inhibited, whereas GNAS Knockdown induced autophagy under hypoxia. In contrast to other MAGE proteins, MAGED2 has an inhibitory role on autophagy only under stress conditions. Hence, a prominent role of MAGED2 in the regulation of autophagy under stress conditions is evident, which may also contribute to impaired fetal renal salt reabsorption by promoting autophagy of salt-transporters in patients with MAGED2 mutation.Gefördert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der UB Marburg

    Molekulare Strategien des Bakteriophagen T4 zur effizienten Übernahme der Kontrolle über Escherichia coli

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    Bacteriophages are bacterial predators that serve as excellent models to study host-pathogen interactions and hold significant potential for industrial and medical applications. These include the utilization of bacteriophages as alternatives to antibiotics in combating multi-resistant bacterial strains, controlling microbial communities, and engineering phages for specific diagnostics purposes. To fully exploit the potential of phages, a comprehensive understanding of phage infection mechanisms and the bacterial countermeasures is crucial. The T4 phage stands out as one of the model bacteriophages and its infection of Escherichia coli is one of the best-studied bacterium-bacteriophage interactions. Research on the molecular mechanisms of T4 phage infection has strongly shaped our understanding of the fundamental principles in molecular biology. Fundamental concepts like DNA being a blueprint of life, principles in molecular genetics, phage evolutionary mechanisms, and beyond were discovered upon research on T4 phage. Additionally, many T4 phage proteins became indispensable tools in molecular biology. However, despite the considerable knowledge gained from studying the T4 phage, numerous aspects of its infection remain unresolved. While approximately half of the T4 proteins have been associated with specific functions, the roles of the remaining 45% of T4 phage proteins are still unexplored. Therefore, this knowledge gap alone makes it evident that our molecular understanding of the T4 phage infection and the strategies the phage employs to execute an efficient infection is far from complete. This thesis aimed to enhance our knowledge of the T4 phage infection at the molecular level and to uncover previously unexplored mechanisms used by the T4 phage to carry out infection efficiently. Chapter II describes a multi-omics study designed to provide a temporal resolution of an E. coli infection with T4 phage at the molecular level. The transcriptome and proteome of E. coli and T4 phage were analyzed throughout the infection. This enabled the identification of temporal gene expression patterns for T4 phage transcripts. Even more, a decoupling of transcription and translation processes was observed for certain T4 phage genes. The transcriptome and proteome analysis of E. coli revealed a general degradation of host transcripts and preservation of the host proteins. This study presents the molecular kinetics of T4 phage infection for the first time. The results strongly suggest the existence of additional, unexplored regulatory mechanisms that allow differential degradation of host and phage transcripts and decoupling of transcription and translation for specific phage genes. A possible explanation for the differential RNA degradation upon infection and decoupling of transcription and translation observed for some T4 phage genes, could be the presence of RNA modifications. RNA modifications may provide the molecular basis for the discrimination between bacterial and viral transcripts during T4 phage infection. Chapter III summarizes the current knowledge on the bacterial epitranscriptome, emphasizing mRNA modifications. The known writers, readers, and erasers that regulate RNA modifications, and techniques to identify and study specific RNA modifications are discussed. This work demonstrates a significant knowledge gap regarding RNA modifications on bacterial mRNA, their modulators, and their biological significance. While some initial insights into the bacterial epitranscriptome already exist, the epitranscriptome of bacteriophages remains unexplored to date. In Chapter IV, the current knowledge of RNA modifications in bacteria is used to hypothesize how some bacterial and phage enzymes may shape and modulate the epitranscriptome of bacteriophages during infection. To investigate the biological role of potential T4 phage-derived infection regulators, it is necessary to study how their absence or inactivity affects phage infection. However, this requires efficient tools for phage mutagenesis. CRISPR-Cas is a powerful tool for precise genome engineering, but its effectiveness for T4 phage mutagenesis is severely hampered by the highly abundant modifications of T4 DNA. Chapter V outlines an approach for temporal reduction of T4 phage DNA modifications. This enables efficient and scarless CRISPR-Cas-based mutagenesis of T4 phage DNA. This system not only facilitates T4 phage mutagenesis but also allows the study of the role of DNA modifications in phage infection and has the potential to be extended to other phages beyond T4 phage. Chapter VI focuses on the T4 ADP-ribosyltransferase ModB and reveals that ModB not only accepts NAD as a substrate to perform ADP-ribosylation but also NAD-RNA to perform RNAylation – a novel post-translational modification. This modification was shown to be introduced by ModB in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that ModB RNAylates several E. coli proteins, including ribosomal proteins S1 and L2. The biological role and molecular mechanisms of RNAylation were investigated. Additionally, a T4 phage mutant with a catalytically inactive ModB was generated to explore the impact of ModB activity on phage infection and phage phenotype. This thesis contributes to an enhanced understanding of the T4 phage infection of E. coli by providing insights into the molecular organization of infection, showing the impact of phage DNA modifications on phage phenotype and mutagenesis efficiency, and through the discovery of RNAylation – a novel post-translational protein modification. Apart from deepening our understanding of the T4 phage infection and its regulation, the knowledge gained in this thesis also lays the groundwork for its translation into application. Particularly, understanding the molecular organization of the phage infection and its gene expression patterns is essential for designing a synthetic phage or tailoring an existing phage for specific needs. To tailor the T4 phage, the mutagenesis strategy reported here can be efficiently applied. Furthermore, the discovery of RNAylation expands the arsenal of T4 phage-derived molecular tools, as RNAylation can find potential applications in synthetic biology for the development of novel artificial cellular RNA-protein constructs and opens up new possibilities for the design of next-generation RNA-based therapeutics. Taken together, this study expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying efficient T4 phage infection and underscores that the discovery potential based on T4 phage research is far from being fully exploited.Bakteriophagen sind Viren von Bakterien, die nicht nur als hervorragende Modelle für die Untersuchung von Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen dienen, sondern auch ein erhebliches Potenzial für industrielle und medizinische Anwendungen haben. Dazu gehören der Einsatz von Bakteriophagen als Alternative zu Antibiotika bei der Bekämpfung multiresistenter Bakterienstämme, deren Nutzung für die Kontrolle mikrobieller Gemeinschaften und die Entwicklung von Phagen für spezifische Diagnosezwecke. Um das vollständige Potenzial der Phagen für medizinische und biotechnologische Anwendungen zu entfalten, ist ein umfassendes Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Infektionsmechanismen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Der T4 Phage ist einer der Modell-Bakteriophagen und seine Infektion von Escherichia coli ist eine der am besten untersuchten Bakterium-Bakteriophagen-Interaktionen. Die Erforschung der molekularen Mechanismen der T4 Infektion hat maßgeblich zu unserem heutigen Verständnis der grundlegenden Prinzipien der Molekularbiologie beigetragen. Grundlegende Konzepte wie die DNA als Bauplan des Lebens, Prinzipien der Molekulargenetik, Evolutionsmechanismen von Phagen und vieles mehr wurden durch die Forschung an T4 Phagen entdeckt. Darüber hinaus sind viele Proteine der T4-Phagen zu unverzichtbaren Schlüsselwerkzeugen in molekularbiologischen Labors geworden. Trotz des umfangreichen Wissens, das bei der Erforschung des T4 Phagen gewonnen wurde, sind zahlreiche Aspekte seines Infektionsprozesses nach wie vor ungelöst. Während etwa die Hälfte der T4-Proteine mit spezifischen Funktionen in Verbindung gebracht wurden, ist die Rolle der übrigen 45 % der T4-Proteine noch unerforscht. Allein diese Wissenslücke macht deutlich, dass unser molekulares Verständnis der T4 Phageninfektion und der eingesetzten Strategien, die dem Phagen eine effiziente Infektion ermöglichen, noch lange nicht vollständig ist. Daher wurden eine grundlegende Verbesserung unseres Verständnisses der T4 Phageninfektion auf molekularer Ebene und die Aufdeckung bisher unerforschte Infektionsmechanismen als Ziele dieser Dissertation gesetzt. In Kapitel II wird eine Multi-Omics-Studie beschrieben, die eine zeitliche Auflösung einer Infektion von E. coli mit T4 Phagen auf molekularer Ebene bereitgestellt hat. Das Transkriptom und das Proteom von E. coli und T4Phagen wurden während der gesamten Infektion analysiert. Dies ermöglichte die Identifizierung von zeitlichen Genexpressionsmustern für Transkripte des T4 Phagen. Bei bestimmten viralen Genen wurde eine Entkopplung von Transkriptions- und Translationsprozessen observiert. Die Transkriptom- und Proteomanalysen von E. coli ergaben einen allgemeinen Abbau der Wirts-Transkripte und die Erhaltung der Wirtsproteine. Zusätzlich liefert diese Studie erstmals Einblicke in die molekulare Kinetik der T4 Phageninfektion. Die Ergebnisse deuten stark auf die Existenz zusätzlicher, unerforschter Infektionsregulationsmechanismen hin, die eine differenzielle Degradation von Wirts- und Phagentranskripten ermöglichen und überdies eine bisher unbekannte Entkopplung von Transkription und Translation für zahlreiche Phagengene begründen. Eine mögliche Erklärung für die differenzielle RNA Degradation und damit die Unterscheidung zwischen bakteriellen und viralen Transkripten während der T4 Infektion könnte das Vorhandensein von RNA-Modifikationen sein. Zusätzlich würde dieses Phänomen eine fundierte Erklärung für die beobachtete Entkopplung von Transkription und Translation für einige T4-Phagengene liefern. Kapitel III fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand zum bakteriellen Epitranskriptom zusammen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf mRNA-Modifikationen liegt. Die bekannten Proteine, die RNA Modifikationen einfügen, erkennen oder entfernen können, werden zusammen mit Techniken zur Identifizierung und Untersuchung spezifischer RNA Modifikationen diskutiert. Diese Arbeit zeigt eine erhebliche Wissenslücke in Bezug auf RNA Modifikationen in bakterieller mRNA, ihre Modulatoren und ihre biologische Bedeutung auf. Während wenige Studien bereits Erkenntnisse über das bakterielle Epitranskriptom sammeln konnten, ist das Epitranskriptom von Bakteriophagen bisher hingegen unerforscht. In Kapitel IV wird das aktuelle Wissen über die RNA-Modifikation in Bakterien genutzt, um Hypothesen darüber aufzustellen, wie einige der bakteriellen und viralen Enzyme das Epitranskriptom von Bakteriophagen während der Infektion formen und modulieren könnten. Um die biologische Rolle potenzieller Infektionsregulatoren aus dem Repertoire des T4-Phagen zu erforschen, muss untersucht werden, wie ihre Abwesenheit oder ihre Inaktivität die Phageninfektion beeinflusst. Dies erfordert jedoch effiziente Werkzeuge für die Phagenmutagenese. CRISPR-Cas ist in dieser Hinsicht ein vielversprechendes molekularbiologisches Werkzeug für präzises Genome-Engineering, jedoch wird seine Effektivität für die Mutagenese von T4 Phagen durch abundante Modifikationen der T4 DNA stark beeinträchtigt. In Kapitel V wird ein Ansatz vorgestellt, der eine effiziente zeitliche Reduzierung der T4 Phagen-DNA-Modifikationen ermöglicht. Dadurch wird eine effiziente CRISPR-Cas-basierte Mutagenese von T4 Phagen ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus erlaubt dieses System auch die Untersuchung der Rolle von DNA Modifikationen bei der Phageninfektion und hat das Potenzial auf andere Phagen ausgeweitet zu werden. Kapitel VI befasst sich mit der T4 ADP-Ribosyltransferase ModB und zeigt, dass ModB nicht nur NAD als Substrat akzeptiert, sondern auch NAD-RNA. Auf diese Weise ist es ModB möglich eine neuartige post-translationale Modifikation, genannt RNAylierung, durchzuführen. Die Katalyse der RNAylierung durch ModB wurde sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo nachgewiesen. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass ModB mehrere E. coli Proteine, darunter die ribosomalen Proteine S1 und L2, RNAyliert. In diesem Kontext wurden die biologische Rolle und die molekularen Mechanismen der RNAylierung untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde eine T4 Phagenmutante mit einer katalytisch inaktiven Variante der ADP-Ribosyltransferase ModB erzeugt, um die Auswirkungen der katalytischen Aktivität auf die Phageninfektion und den Phänotypen zu untersuchen. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass diese Arbeit zum besseren Verständnis der Infektion von E. coli durch T4 Phagen beiträgt, indem sie Einblicke in die zeitliche Organisation molekularer Abläufe der Infektion, die Auswirkungen von viralen DNA Modifikationen auf den Phänotypen der Phagen und die Entdeckung der RNAylierung – eine neuartige posttranslationale Proteinmodifikation – liefert. Die in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse legen auch den Grundstein für den Transfer in die Anwendung. Insbesondere das Verständnis der zeitlichen Organisation der Phagengenexpression ist für die Erzeugung synthetischer Phagen oder die Anpassung der bereits existierenden Phagen für spezifische Anwendungen von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Weiterhin kann die in dieser Arbeit entwickelte und vorgestellte Mutagenesestrategie effizient eingesetzt werden, um solche Phagen mit verbesserten Funktionen zielgerichtet zu erzeugen. Außerdem erweitert die Entdeckung der RNAylierung das Arsenal der von T4-Phagen abgeleiteten molekularen Werkzeuge. Die RNAylierung könnte in der synthetischen Biologie für die Entwicklung neuartiger künstlicher zellulärer RNA-Protein-Konstrukte eingesetzt werden und eröffnet somit neue Möglichkeiten für die Zukunft von RNA-basierten Therapeutika. Insgesamt erweitert diese Studie unser Verständnis der molekularen Mechanismen, die einer effizienten T4-Phageninfektion zugrunde liegen, und unterstreicht, dass das Entdeckungspotenzial der T4-Phagenforschung noch lange nicht ausgeschöpft ist

    Die Rolle moderner Technologien in der Verbesserung externaler Validität von experimenteller Psychopathologie: Untersuchungen anhand von Spinnenangst und darüber hinaus

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    Within the realm of experimental psychopathology, experiments constitute the main method of conducting research. In this line of research, external validity has been frequently sacrificed in favor of internal validity. Historically, these two concepts have often been viewed as opposing forces, and it has been argued that increasing external validity is not feasible when also aiming for sufficient internal validity. This resulted in issues regarding the generalizability of experimental psychopathological studies to real-life therapeutic scenarios. As translational science experienced a new surge of interest in clinical psychology in recent years, these concerns have received more attention again. One potential solution for these matters is the use of modern technology in experimental designs, as it offers the possibility to develop experimental designs with increased external validity while keeping internal validity high, enabling robust scientific conclusions. The overall aim of this dissertation was to use modern technology in scenarios where virtual environments, following the systematic representative design approach, can be applied to fill research gaps and offer innovative ways to investigate research questions within experimental psychopathology. The studies in this dissertation all had different research scopes, offering insights into how different areas of experimental psychopathology can profit from modern technology. Study 1 experimentally investigated disorder-specific etiological and maintaining influences of spider movement patterns on aversive responding as well as the role of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in spider fear. 3D-animated spiders were developed to achieve realistic movement while maintaining precise experimental control over the spider’s movements. The study found that spider-fearful individuals perceive spiders as moving disproportionately unpredictable and uncontrollable. They further responded with more fear and disgust when spiders move more randomly. Additionally, spider-fearful individuals displayed higher IU than non-fearful ones. This study provided first experimental evidence of the effects of spider movement on cognition and emotion in spider fear. In study 2, we developed a software-based, openly accessible alternative to real-life behavioral avoidance tests (BATs) called vBATon. In BATs for spider fear, individuals are tasked with approaching a spider as closely as possible, but can chose to abort the test at any time, i.e. display avoidance. vBATon was evaluated in regards to whether it could (a) discriminate between spider-fearful and non-fearful individuals, (b) induced avoidance behavior equally well as the real-life BAT and (c) displayed convergent validity. vBATon managed to successfully discriminate between spider-fearful and non-fearful individuals and also performed equally well in inducing avoidance behavior. Additionally, vBATon displayed good convergent validity. Thus, vBATon can be regarded as an easy-to-use, efficient alternative to real-life BATs. Study 3 then investigated learning patterns in extinction learning, using a virtual reality conditioning paradigm with improved generalizability, a spider-fearful sample and 3D-animated spiders as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Specifically, it was tested whether trial-by-trial extinction learning could be better explained by a non-linear than a linear statistical model and if high IU negatively influences trial-by-trial extinction learning. US expectancies served as the main outcome. They are regarded as the laboratory analogue to threat expectancies in real-life exposure. Additionally, the association of IU with US expectancies in extinction still needs more clarification. US expectancies in extinction were better explained by a non-linear than a linear statistical model, suggesting that fear extinction might happen non-linearly and that non-linear models are more appropriate when analyzing trial-by-trial extinction data. However, IU did not meaningfully influence US expectancies in fear extinction in any way, leaving the question of its influence on overt measures of fear extinction open. In sum, this dissertation provides new insights in different areas relevant to experimental psychopathology through the use of modern technology to create more externally valid research designs.Im Bereich experimenteller Psychopathologie stellt das Experiment die Hauptmethode zur Durchführung von Forschung dar. Dabei wurde häufig eine niedrige externe Validität zugunsten einer hohen internen Validität in Kauf genommen. Historisch betrachtet argumentierte man, dass diese Konzepte sich gegenseitig ausschließen und eine hohe externe Validität bei gleichzeitiger Beibehaltung hoher interner Validität nicht machbar ist. Dies führte zu Problemen hinsichtlich der Übertragbarkeit experimentell psychopathologischer Studien auf therapeutische Kontexte außerhalb des Labors. Im Zuge einer vermehrten Aufmerksamkeit der translationalen Forschung in der klinischen Psychologie in den letzten Jahren bekamen diese Probleme wieder vermehrte Aufmerksamkeit. Eine mögliche Lösung hierfür besteht in der Verwendung moderner Technologien in experimentellen Designs, da dadurch die Möglichkeit gegeben ist, Experimente mit erhöhter externer Validität zu entwickeln, während die interne Validität hoch bleibt und robuste wissenschaftliche Schlussfolgerungen ermöglicht. Das übergeordnete Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, moderne Technologie in Szenarien einzusetzen, in denen virtuelle Umgebungen basierend auf dem Ansatz des „Systematic Representative Design“ genutzt werden können, um Forschungslücken zu schließen und innovative Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung von Forschungsfragen in der experimentellen Psychopathologie zu explorieren. Die Studien in dieser Dissertation fokussierten sich dabei auf verschiedene Gebiete der experimentellen Psychopathologie und lieferten Einblicke, wie diese Gebiete von moderner Technologie profitieren können. Studie 1 stellte eine experimentelle Untersuchung störungsspezifischer ätiologischer und aufrechterhaltender Einflüsse von Bewegungsmustern von Spinnen auf aversive Reaktionen sowie der Rolle von Unsicherheitsintoleranz (IU) bei Spinnenangst dar. Es wurden 3D-animierte Spinnen entwickelt, um realistische Bewegungsdarstellungen zu ermöglichen und gleichzeitig präzise experimentelle Kontrolle über die Bewegungen zu behalten. Die Studie zeigte, dass spinnenängstliche Personen Spinnen als überproportional unvorhersehbar und unkontrollierbar wahrnahmen sowie mit mehr Angst und Ekel reagierten, wenn sich Spinnen vermeintlich zufälliger bewegen. Darüber hinaus zeigten spinnenängstliche Personen eine höhere IU als nicht-ängstliche Personen. Diese Studie lieferte erste experimentelle Hinweise zu den Auswirkungen der Bewegung von Spinnen auf Kognition und Emotion bei Spinnenangst. In Studie 2 wurde eine softwarebasierte, frei zugängliche Alternative zu realen Vermeidungstests (BATs) namens vBATon entwickelt. In BATs zur Messung von Spinnenangst sollen sich Personen einer Spinne so nah wie möglich annähern, können den Test jedoch jederzeit abbrechen, d.h. Vermeidungsverhalten zeigen. vBATon wurde daraufhin evaluiert, ob er (a) zwischen spinnenängstlichen und nicht-ängstlichen Personen unterscheiden kann, (b) Vermeidungsverhalten vergleichbar gut hervorruft wie der BAT im realen Leben und (c) konvergente Validität aufweist. vBATon konnte erfolgreich zwischen spinnenängstlichen und nicht-ängstlichen Personen unterscheiden. Ebenfalls konnte er vergleichbares Vermeidungsverhalten wie der BAT im realen Leben hervorrufen. Zudem wies vBATon eine gute konvergente Validität auf. Somit kann vBATon als eine benutzer:innenfreundliche, effiziente Alternative zu realen BATs betrachtet werden. Studie 3 untersuchte Lernmuster im Extinktionslernen mittels eines Virtual-Reality-Konditionierungsparadigmas mit verbesserter Generalisierbarkeit, einer spinnenängstlichen Stichprobe und einer 3D-animierten Spinne als unkonditionierten Stimulus (US). Konkret wurde getestet, ob das trial-by-trial Extinktionslernen besser durch ein nichtlineares als durch ein lineares statistisches Modell erklärt werden kann und ob hohe IU das trial-by-trial Extinktionslernen negativ beeinflusst. Die US-Erwartungsratings dienten als Hauptergebnismaß, da sie als das Laboräquivalent zu Bedrohungserwartung in Expositionen in echten Therapiekontexten betrachtet werden. Zudem ist Zusammenhang von IU mit US-Erwartungsratings ist nach wie vor nicht vollständig geklärt. Die trial-by-trial US-Erwartungsratings in der Extinktion konnten in dieser Studie besser durch ein nichtlineares als durch ein lineares statistisches Modell vorhergesagt werden. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass Extinktion möglicherweise nichtlinear erfolgt und nichtlineare Modelle besser geeignet sind, wenn trial-by-trial Extinktionsdaten untersucht werden. Allerdings zeigte sich kein Einfluss von IU auf die die US-Erwartungsratings in der Extinktion, was die Frage nach den spezifischen Einflüssen von IU auf beobachtbare Maße der Extinktion offenlässt. Zusammenfassend liefert diese Dissertation neue Erkenntnisse in verschiedenen für die experimentelle Psychopathologie relevanten Bereichen. Hierzu wurde moderne Technologie eingesetzt, um extern valide Forschungsdesigns zu schaffen

    Terahertz Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Solid-State Investigation of Norfloxacin in Paper Tablets after Wet Granulation

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    (1) Background: Amorphous drug systems are an intensively studied approach to overcome the insufficient bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Here, paper tablets were studied, which were made from cellulose-based paper matrices loaded with norfloxacin. Moreover, wet granulation was introduced as an additional processing step for improving the flowability of the solids, which is necessary when considering production on an industrial scale. (2) Methods: The possible impact of the wet granulation on the crystallinity of norfloxacin was studied by examining granulated and non-granulated samples. Crystallinity investigations were performed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS). (3) Results: THz TDS allowed for a more straightforward crystallinity assessment than XRD. Moreover, using THz TDS, it was possible to detect minor changes in the crystallinity of the API after the granulation, whereas this was not possible with the XRD analysis. (4) Conclusions: THz TDS results indicate a partial crystallization of norfloxacin due to the wet granulation. Depending on the formulation, THz TDS can serve as a beneficial and advantageous tool to determine the crystallinity of an API.Gefördert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der UB Marburg

    Is sleep bruxism in obstructive sleep apnea only an oral health related problem?

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    Background The etiology of sleep bruxism in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients is not yet fully clarified. This prospective clinical study aimed to investigate the connection between probable sleep bruxism, electromyographic muscle tone, and respiratory sleep patterns recorded during polysomnography. Methods 106 patients with OSA (74 males, 31 females, mean age: 56.1 ± 11.4 years) were divided into two groups (sleep bruxism: SB; no sleep bruxism: NSB). Probable SB were based on the AASM criteria: self-report of clenching/grinding, orofacial symptoms upon awakening, abnormal tooth wear and hypertrophy of the masseter muscle. Both groups underwent clinical examination for painful muscle symptoms aligned with Temporomandibular Disorders Diagnostic Criteria (DC/TMD), such as myalgia, myofascial pain, and headache attributed to temporomandibular disorder. Additionally, non-complaint positive muscle palpation and orofacial-related limitations (Jaw Functional Limited Scale-20: JFLS-20) were assessed. A one-night polysomnography with electromyographic masseter muscle tone (EMG) measurement was performed. Descriptive data, inter-group comparisons and multivariate logistic regression were calculated. Results OSA patients had a 37.1% prevalence of SB. EMG muscle tone (N1-N3, REM; P = 0.001) and the number of hypopneas (P = 0.042) were significantly higher in the sleep bruxism group. While measures like apnea–hypopnea-index (AHI), respiratory-disturbance-index (RDI), apnea index (AI), hypopnea-index (HI), number of arousals, and heart rate (1/min) were elevated in sleep bruxers, the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference in sleep efficiency (SE; P = 0.403). Non-complaint masseter muscle palpation (61.5%; P = 0.015) and myalgia (41%; P = 0.010) were significant higher in SB patients. Multivariate logistic regression showed a significant contribution of EMG muscle tone and JFLS-20 to bruxism risk. Conclusion Increased EMG muscle tone and orofacial limitations can predict sleep bruxism in OSA patients. Besides, SB patients suffer more from sleep disorder breathing. Thus, sleep bruxism seems to be not only an oral health related problem in obstructive apnea. Consequently, interdisciplinary interventions are crucial for effectively treating these patients. Trial registration The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Philipps-University Marburg (reg. no. 13/22—2022) and registered at the “German Clinical Trial Register, DRKS” (DRKS0002959).Gefördert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der UB Marburg

    Remote sensing-supported mapping of the activity of asubterranean landscape engineer across an afro-alpineecosystem

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    Subterranean animals act as ecosystem engineers, for example, through soil per-turbation and herbivory, shaping their environments worldwide. As the occur-rence of animals is often linked to above-ground features such as plant speciescomposition or landscape textures, satellite-based remote sensing approaches canbe used to predict the distribution of subterranean species. Here, we combine in-situ collected vegetation composition data with remotely sensed data to improvethe prediction of a subterranean species across a large spatial scale. We comparedthree machine learning-based modeling strategies, including field and satellite-based remote sensing data to different extents, in order to predict the distributionof the subterranean giant root-rat GRR,Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, an endan-gered rodent species endemic to the Bale Mountains in southeast Ethiopia. Weincluded no, some and extensive fieldwork data in the modeling to test how thesedata improved prediction quality. We found prediction quality to be particularlydependent on the spatial coverage of the training data. Species distributions werebest predicted by using texture metrics and eyeball-selected data points of land-scape marks created by the GRR. Vegetation composition as a predictor showedthe lowest contribution to model performance and lacked spatial accuracy. Ourresults suggest that the time-consuming collection of vegetation data in the fieldis not necessarily required for the prediction of subterranean species that leavetraceable above-ground landscape marks like the GRR. Instead, remotely sensedand spatially eyeball-selected presence data of subterranean species could pro-foundly enhance predictions. The usage of remote sensing-derived texture metricshas great potential for improving the distribution modeling of subterranean spe-cies, especially in arid ecosystems.Gefördert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der UB Marburg

    4D STEM data of the Publication - A Small Step for Epitaxy, a Large Step Towards Twist Angle Control in 2D Heterostructures

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    4D Scanning nano-beam diffraction dataset in the NETCDF dataformat.The datasets are used in the publication: O. Maßmeyer, J. Belz, B. O. Dogahe, M. Widemann, R. Günkel, J. Glowatzki, M. Bergmann, S. Pasko, S. Krotkus, M. Heuken, A. Beyer, K. Volz, A Small Step for Epitaxy, a Large Step Toward Twist Angle Control in 2D Heterostructures. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2024. The paper discusses the investigation of 2D heterostructures of WS2 and graphene grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The datasets contain the 4D scanning nanobeam diffraction data of two different sample regions containing a monolayer and a bilayer region of WS2 on top of the graphene layers. A more detailed description of the dataset structure can be found in the attached markdown file and in the supporting information of the research article

    State-wide implementation of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in specialized outpatient palliative care teams (ELSAH): A mixed-methods evaluation and implications for their sustainable use

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    Background: Such patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient-centered outcome measures as the Integrated Palliative Care Outcome Scale (IPOS), Phase of Illness, and IPOS Views on Care (IPOS VoC), facilitate patientcentered care and help improve quality. To ensure sustainability, implementation and usage should be adapted according to setting. When settings involve several distinct teams that differ in terms of views and working practices, it is more difficult to integrate outcome measures into daily care. The ELSAH study aimed to learn how health professionals working in specialized outpatient palliative care (SOPC) viewed the use of these outcome measures in daily care, and what they express is needed for successful sustainable, state-wide application. Methods: We used a parallel mixed-methods design involving three focus groups (n = 14) and an online-survey based on normalization process theory (n = 76). Most participants were nurses and physicians from 19 SOPC-teams in Hesse, Germany. We used a triangulation protocol including convergence coding matrices to triangulate findings. Results: The majority of health professionals were able to integrate the outcome measures into their working lives and said that it had become a normal part of their day-to-day work. To ensure their sustainable integration into daily care, the motivation and concerns of health professionals should be taken into consideration. Health professionals must clearly recognize how the measures help improve daily care and quality evaluation. Conclusions: To implement the outcome measures in a number of teams, it will be necessary to take individual team characteristics into account, because they influence motivation and concerncs. Further, it will be necessary to offer opportunities for them to engage in peer support and share information with other teams. The sustainable use of outcome measures in SOPC will require continuous support within each team as well as across teams. When several distinct teams are working in the same setting, a cross-team coordination unit can help to coordinate their work efficiently.Gefördert durch den Open-Access-Publikationsfonds der UB Marburg

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