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Atmospheric pollution by PM 2.5 and microplastics: risks and scientific advances
No full textIntroduction: Pollution by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and microplastics (PMs) appeared as a growing environmental and public health problem. PM2.5 particles, with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm, penetrated deeply into the respiratory system, while PMs, plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, acted as carriers of pollutants. Scientific evidence indicated that their combination could increase respiratory, cardiovascular and oncological risks.Development: International and local studies reported variable concentrations of PM2.5, from low values in Villavicencio and Tarapoto to critical levels in Shanghai, New Delhi and Brazilian cities, where WHO recommendations were widely exceeded, especially in winter. Research such as that of Zhu et al. and Abbasi identified PMs in PM2.5 fractions, using techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS). The main sources were documented to include transportation, industrial emissions, domestic combustion and degradation of major plastics. Meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity and wind speed influenced particle dispersion. Spatial and temporal variability evidenced the need for integrated and accurate monitoring systems.Conclusions: The interaction between PM2.5 and PMs generated a complex environmental risk scenario, requiring public policies to reduce emissions and regulate the use of plastics. Methodological advances improved detection, although limitations persisted in understanding their chronic effects. Evidence supported that early and coordinated action was key to mitigate impacts on health and the environment
Environmental Impact of Improper Solid Waste Disposal in San Pablo, Peru
No full textThe study showed that inadequate solid waste management in the district of San Pablo represented a critical environmental problem, characterised by cumulative impacts on soil, water and public health. The absence of a technically designed landfill and the disposal of waste in an open dump without waterproofing or leachate treatment systems led to the continuous release of pollutants. These leachates, generated by the decomposition of organic matter and the percolation of rainwater, contained high concentrations of biodegradable organic matter, heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni) and pathogenic microorganisms, frequently exceeding Environmental Quality Standards. In the soil, leachate infiltration altered physicochemical properties, increasing electrical conductivity, decreasing pH and reducing natural fertility. From a biological point of view, a decrease in microbial diversity and an alteration of essential biogeochemical cycles were observed. This situation was aggravated by sociocultural factors such as hyperconsumption, low recycling rates and low environmental awareness, compounded by the limited technical and budgetary capacities of the local government. Comparative analysis with national and international studies showed that the case of San Pablo replicated a common pattern in localities without adequate infrastructure. The research highlighted the need to implement a sanitary landfill with leachate and biogas control, environmental monitoring programmes, community education campaigns and citizen participation mechanisms as comprehensive strategies to mitigate and prevent environmental and health risks, ensuring a healthy environment for the present and future population
Environmental and health risks due to inadequate waste disposal in San Pablo, Peru
No full textSolid waste generation was one of the most persistent environmental and municipal management problems, affecting both urban and rural areas. In the district of San Pablo, the lack of a formal landfill forced waste to be disposed of in an open dump, producing toxic leachates containing heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium. These contaminants infiltrated the soil and nearby water bodies, putting human health and the quality of natural resources at risk, especially in agricultural areas. National and international research showed that this phenomenon physically, chemically, and biologically degraded the soil, reducing its fertility and affecting food chains. The proximity of the dump to productive areas increased the risk of bioaccumulation of contaminants in crops and livestock. High BOD, COD, and bacteriological values above permissible limits were also observed. Social, cultural and political factors, such as excessive consumption, lack of environmental education and political will, intensified the problem. International experience showed that the solution required planning, adequate infrastructure, technical control, community participation and environmental education. For San Pablo, it was proposed to implement a sanitary landfill with waterproofing, leachate treatment, recycling programmes and continuous environmental monitoring. Without a comprehensive strategy, the negative impact of leachates would continue to degrade the soil, water and public health, compromising food security and the socio-economic well-being of the community
Operating and maintenance manual for the implementation of the conventional drinking water treatment plant (ptap) in the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema, northern Santander
No full textThis manual describes the activities and operating and maintenance characteristics of the water supply service in the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema, Norte de Santander, which is provided by the Public Services Unit. The municipality of Bochalema has two types of water treatment plants, one conventional and one compact. The need for a manual indicating the activities and procedures for the proper operation and maintenance of the conventional plant was identified, since these activities are sometimes carried out empirically by operators, i.e., acquired through several years of experience in their positions, ignoring the importance of having a manual that supports the operational management of the plant and provides the personnel involved with adequate knowledge about the procedures that are carried out and the best way to operate the facilities, equipment, and supplies. Training both current and new managers. The specific objectives focus on: describing the parts that make up the conventional treatment plant, specifying the functioning, operation, and maintenance of the PTAP, indicating the processes and quality standards for water treatment, and preparing safety data sheets for chemical reagents. To achieve the above objectives, the training was organized into sections so that each one would allow for the development of a specific objective, based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the needs of the conventional treatment plant and the operators involved, in accordance with the training required for its optimal operation. Based on the above and as the main result of the project, a detailed and practical manual was produced that meets the needs, focusing on improving the quality of water supplied to the inhabitants of the urban area of the municipality of Bochalema and on good laboratory practices
Quantitative study of the variable pollutant load in hospital wastewater from the Imbanaco Clinic in the city of Cali
No full textWater contamination by emerging contaminants due to human activities has become one of the most critical difficulties in recent years. Within this problem of wastewater, we find hospital wastewater, catalogued as an important source of environmental risk due to the presence of metabolites and emerging micro contaminants. This wastewater includes laundry, kitchen, cleaning and diagnostic services, as well as care, laboratory, research and diagnostic activities. It is a challenge for health service providers to address this problem and comply with current environmental regulations. There are different processes, including advanced oxidation processes, in this case by ozonation. However, it is important to know the pollutant nature of each effluent that is why the purpose of this research was to identify the organic load contributed by the liquid waste from the headquarters of the Imbanaco Medical Center located in the city of Cali, Valle del Cauca, the experimental design evaluated allows concluding that the cleaning and sterilization supplies used in the Imbanaco Medical Center are highly recalcitrant and exceed the maximum permissible limits established by resolution 0631 of 2015
Environmental and health risk assessment of PM 2.5 and microplastics in Morales
No full textThe research analyzed the impact of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on atmospheric quality in the district of Morales, San Martin province, during the year 2022. PM2.5, with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm, was identified as one of the most dangerous pollutants worldwide, associated with millions of premature deaths and chronic respiratory diseases, lung cancer and other disorders. It was highlighted that its concentrations were determined by emissions, meteorological conditions and physicochemical transformations. In Morales, possible sources included rice milling plants, brick kilns, vulcanizing plants, service stations and agricultural activities. In addition, the possible presence of microplastics in the composition of PM2.5 was considered, which represented an additional risk to health and the environment. The research was justified on theoretical, social, economic and environmental criteria, underlining the need for monitoring and control. The lack of previous studies in Peru on the joint presence of PM2.5 and microplastics, as well as the limited real-time measurement infrastructure, motivated the study. The study sought to compare local concentrations with international references and national regulations, evaluating their significance in the deterioration of air quality. It was concluded that PM2.5 air pollution in Morales could have relevant impacts on public health and environmental quality, and that the identification of sources and characteristics of these particles was essential to develop effective mitigation and protection strategies for the population and the ecosystem
The future lies in environmental sustainability and technological innovation: Investing in vegan-vegetarian diversity and a robot waiter for a restaurant
No full textIn this case report, I developed a strategic planning for La Jirafa restaurant, a member of the Sauco S.A business unit, belonging to Grupo Meta, based in the Patagonian city of the province of Rio Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, with the objective of increasing profitability to 5% by 2026. It will be achieved through the corporate growth strategy for the development and implementation of new vegan and vegetarian products, and the competitive differentiation strategy with the purchase of a robot waiter, notably differentiating La Jirafa with the other restaurants in Bariloche. After carrying out a complete analysis about the internal and external framework of the company, it was concluded that a strategic planning was carried out to increase the profitability of the company through the increase and loyalty of its clients, emphasizing the corporate strategy. growth through product development, creating and implementing new dishes on the restaurant menu with the aim of including consumer groups such as vegans, vegetarians and celiacs. The competitive strategy, called service/product differentiation, will be used in order to increase sales and customers through new technological and innovative tools that have emerged in recent years, such as the investment of a robot waiter, with the purpose of improving customer service. to the customer and stand out from the large amount of competition that the restaurant has in a tourist city like San Carlos de Bariloche. On the functional strategies side, post-sale service functions will be carried out. These will allow La Jirafa Restaurant to trace a path to achieve the stated objectives. The general objective of this work is to increase the profitability of the company by 5% by the year 2026, it is an objective that will have a term of 4 years and will be fulfilled through certain specific objectives such as increased sales, customer satisfaction and reward redemption rate
pH values of fluoride mouthwashes marketed in Peru: an observational study
No full textThe objective of this research was to determine the average pH value of fluoride mouthwashes marketed in Peru. The methodological design was experimental-descriptive. Seven commercial brands were evaluated, with a sample of 21 fluoride mouthwashes, three per group, Colgate Plax Ice Glacial Zero Alcohol, Colgate Plax Soft Mint Zero Alcohol, Listerine Total Care Zero, Listerine Anticaries, Oral B Complete, Dento Menta Zero Alcohol and Vitis Orthodontic; a previously calibrated digital pH meter was used to measure the pH and the data was processed with ANOVA and Tukey tests, finding statistically significant differences in the means of the pH values of the mouthwashes p=0. 000(p<0.05), these were considered acidic since they obtained values ranging from 3.93 to 6.27, of which 6 of the brands evaluated obtained values below the critical pH=5.5 considered potentially erosive for the enamel, Listerine Anticaries was the most acidic with a pH=3.93 and Dento Menta Zero Alcohol the least acidic with a pH=6.27, being the only brand that was above the critical value. It is suggested that the pH value be expressed on the commercial label, and thus be taken into account when choosing the most appropriate mouthwash according to the patient\u27s needs, evaluating the benefit/side effect
Assessment of soil contamination by leachates from the municipal landfill in the district of San Pablo
No full textThe present investigation, it had as general aim evaluate the pollution of the soil affected for lixiviados of the municipal botadero of San Paul\u27s District, by means of a descriptive investigation of type, in which they were analyzed to the metals weighed as Cadmium (CD), Lead (Pb), Chrome the VIth (Cr+6) and Total Chrome (Cr Total) in soil, in addition they are established in the D. S N ° 002-2013 MINAM, standards of Environmental Quality (ECA) for soil. The samples were obtained of the soil and later sent to the laboratory of soils of San\u27s Martin National University. The investigation concludes that it was reached to evaluate the pollution of the soil affected for lixiviados of the municipal botadero of San Paul\u27s District, realizing two samplings in different dates, they were sampled to the Cadmium (CD), Lead (Pb), Chrome the VIth (Cr+6) and Total Chrome (Cr Total), the sampling was realized in three different points of the municipal botadero (P1: Agricultural Soil, P2: central Soil of the botadero, P3: Soil of control or initial soil of the botadero), Likewise it was achieved to find the presence of the Cadmium, Lead and Total Chrome in three points of sampling with the exception of the Chrome the VIth. The comparison of the levels of concentration of the heavy metals evaluated with the Standards of Environmental Quality for soil - ECA allowed to establish that the levels of Cadmium (CD) in three sampled points overcome the values established by the ECA for an agricultural soil, with regard to the Lead (Pb) in three sampled points they do not overcome the values established by the ECA for an agricultural soil
Adhesive resistance to shear forces of metal brackets using different adhesive cements. In vitro study. Lima, Peru, 2021
No full textOne of the challenges of orthodontic treatment with braces is the installation and permanence of the fixed orthodontic appliances during the time that the orthodontic treatment entails. For this reason, it was possible to determine the adhesive resistance against shear forces of the metal brackets using different adhesive cements. The research was experimental, cross-sectional, prospective and comparative, where two types of cements were used: orthocem and heliosit, adhering to 20 teeth with their brackets. Subsequently, the mechanical laboratory procedure was carried out, using the universal testing machine that advanced vertically at 1 mm / min of speed until the brackets were detached from the tooth, the data of said action recorded. With the data obtained, it was possible to obtain the adhesive resistance against shear forces of the metal brackets using the Orthocem adhesive cement was 2,592 ± 1.28 megapascals, and for the Heliosit adhesive cement it was 2,437 ± 0.80 megapascals. Concluding that the adhesive cement Orthocem and Heliosit present a similar adhesive resistance, not finding a statistically significant difference (p> 0.05) against the shear force