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A chave dramática e a lenta abertura das fechaduras pessoanas
Get PDFThis article continues the analysis of the categories “dramatic poet” and “playwright” based on the critical tradition on Fernando Pessoa, a task started in a paper published in the previous issue of this journal. In this article, I will not examine the work of critics who rejected this mode of reading proposed by Pessoa, but rather of those who incorporated it in their approaches to the author’s work. Thus, through the discussion of different critical approaches, I will try to demonstrate that these two notions configure less external elements to Pessoa’s work than one of its essential components.O artigo dá continuidade à revisão do tratamento das categorias “poeta dramático” e “dramaturgo” com base na tradição crítica sobre Fernando Pessoa, tarefa iniciada em texto publicado no número anterior da presente revista. Desta vez, são examinados não o trabalho de críticos que rejeitaram tal chave de leitura proposta por Pessoa, mas sim o daqueles que a incorporaram em suas abordagens da obra do autor. Desse modo, por meio da discussão de diferentes abordagens críticas, procura-se demonstrar que aquelas duas noções configuram menos elementos externos à obra pessoana do que um de seus componentes essenciais
“Mulier ne debuerit habere regnum”: a regência na menoridade de D. Afonso V vista pelos juristas
No full textThe question concerning the regency during D. Afonso V minority is not an easy one to solve. During this period, D. Leonor became the Regent of the country and she was sworn in full powers for the government of the kingdom, but later her authority was questioned and she lost her cause against D. Pedro during the “Cortes de Lisboa” in 1439. The tutorial power over the kingdom and the young king was not an effortless answer to achieve, since there was no Law on the subject of the succession of Regency. Thus the lawyers might become the most accurate authorities to tackle the problem, among the many that actually did so. Two of them: Afonso Mangancha and Jean Jouffroy, dean of Vergy, took a public position on these questions. The former jurist presented his view at the time of the events and the latter a posteriori. Although they had never met, they held similar opinions and they both favoured D. Pedro’s intentions: no woman should ever be in charge of the Regency. Nevertheless, when it comes to analysing and evaluating the power and propriety of their arguments, we get suspicious of their speeches for we know that, as lawyers, they were supporting the interests they represented. They were not searching the truth and the equity. Even so, it is worth knowing the arguments of each of them and finding out their strength.A questão da regência na menoridade de D. Afonso V, em que D. Leonor começou por ser investida no cargo de regente e assumido plenos poderes, mas que posteriormente a sua autoridade foi posta em causa, vindo a perder nas Cortes de Lisboa [1439], em favor de D. Pedro, a tutoria do reino e do rei menor, não é de fácil resolução por não haver uma lei da sucessão na regência. Assim sendo, talvez as pessoas mais autorizadas para se pronunciarem sobre este controverso caso, de entre as muitas que o fizeram, sejam os juristas. Dois deles: Afonso Mangancha e Jean Jouffroy, Deão de Vergy, tomaram posições públicas sobre a questão, o primeiro na altura dos acontecimentos, o segundo a posteriori. Ainda que não se conhecessem, as suas opiniões são concordantes e são favoráveis a D. Pedro: a mulher não deve obter a regência. No entanto, quando se trata de indagar a fortaleza e a justeza dos seus argumentos, ficamos desconfiados do seu discurso por sabermos que, como juristas, estavam a favor da parte que representavam ou defendiam e não tanto a favor da verdade ou da equidade. Ainda assim, vale a pena conhecer os argumentos de que cada lado se mune e averiguar acerca da sua robustez
As crónicas de Zurara: a corte, a aristocracia e a ideologia cavaleiresca em Portugal no século XV
No full textThis article aims to analyse Gomes Eanes de Zurara’s chronicles, considering not only form and style, but also the message regarding the general purposes of the text. Chronicles were seen as “nobles' mirrors” based on chivalric principles, which functioned as a way of shaping aristocracy’s behaviour, while simultaneously defining the competitivity amid that social group. Nonetheless, these texts can also be analysed as pieces of ‘propaganda’ on behalf of the crusade in North Africa, validating and reinforcing internally and externally the zeal and eagerness of this same movement.Neste artigo pretende-se analisar a produção cronística de Gomes Eanes de Zurara, enquadrando a sua forma e estilo, assim como as mensagens transmitidas, em função dos objetivos que terão presidido à sua feitura. Por um lado, as crónicas destinavam-se a ser ‘espelhos de nobres’, propondo um conjunto de referenciais cavaleirescos que deviam orientar o comportamento da aristocracia e que, simultaneamente, definiam a matriz de serviço ao rei e da própria competitividade no seio daquele grupo social. Por outro lado, estes textos podem também ser analisados enquanto peças de ‘propaganda’ favoráveis ao esforço cruzadístico no Norte de África, inscrevendo-se num discurso que visava, nos planos interno e externo, justificar e alimentar o entusiasmo por tal empresa guerreira
Would Urban Cultural Heritage Be Smart? Culture as a Land Factor and Italian Cities’ Smartness
Get PDFThe issue of cultural heritage and the topical subject of “smart cities” don’t seem to be a perfect match when it comes to the prevailing definitions of the nature of cities’ smartness. The strong accent and focus on information production and management — then ICT centrality — in basically any mainstream definition of smart cities overemphasises the computing version of intelligence, a version which represents an enduring research study field of cognitive science: the idea that human cognition is basically dependent on logic and calculation, then it can be studied and simulated by computing machines. The essay adopts a different notion of smartness: one which associates brains, bodies, and things, according to the “extended-distributed mind” and “material engagement” approaches. In such a perspective, urban cultural heritage reveals itself as the core of cities’ intelligence: as the living interplay of bodies, minds, and urban built environment all interacting in giving birth to what is usually called “intangible cultural heritage”. To develop such an approach, focusing on the current trend of regeneration projects in Mediterranean cities, the essays at first debunks the idea of urban cultural heritage as an (almost exclusively) economic asset, which mistakes city’s smartness (or “creativity”) for the conscious dependency on monopoly rent market laws and tourism flows and fluctuations. Secondly, the essay presents an example of complexity of urban cultural heritage, namely the Italian one, outlining the cultural, geographical, and historical contexts from which it comes, in order to exemplify why considering to make a city ‘smart’ (or enhance its supposed smartness) in concentrating projects and resources primarily on ICT technologies is meaningless: because the relations put in place by urban cultural heritage are webs of connectivity to be studied taking into account their wholeness. Finally, on the ground of the underlying assumption that cities are the oldest known form and model of artificial intelligence (within the framework of the “extended-distributed mind” and “material engagement” theories), the essay points out the urgent necessity of interdisciplinary research projects being able to look at the interrelations among all cities’ parts (including peripheries, decaying zones, suburbs), to bring out the potential smartness any city has. Starting from urban cultural heritage as the very core of cities’ mind, meant as a coevolving assemblage of built environment (urbs, the city of stones) and people (civitas, the city of human beings), research can play a major role in hampering the speculative exploitation of urban milieus. The issue of cultural heritage and the topical subject of “smart cities” don’t seem to be a perfect match when it comes to the prevailing definitions of the nature of cities’ smartness. The strong accent and focus on information production and management — then ICT centrality — in basically any mainstream definition of smart cities overemphasises the computing version of intelligence, a version which represents an enduring research study field of cognitive science: the idea that human cognition is basically dependent on logic and calculation, then it can be studied and simulated by computing machines. The essay adopts a different notion of smartness: one which associates brains, bodies, and things, according to the “extended-distributed mind” and “material engagement” approaches. In such a perspective, urban cultural heritage reveals itself as the core of cities’ intelligence: as the living interplay of bodies, minds, and urban built environment all interacting in giving birth to what is usually called “intangible cultural heritage”. To develop such an approach, focusing on the current trend of regeneration projects in Mediterranean cities, the essays at first debunks the idea of urban cultural heritage as an (almost exclusively) economic asset, which mistakes city’s smartness (or “creativity”) for the conscious dependency on monopoly rent market laws and tourism flows and fluctuations. Secondly, the essay presents an example of complexity of urban cultural heritage, namely the Italian one, outlining the cultural, geographical, and historical contexts from which it comes, in order to exemplify why considering to make a city ‘smart’ (or enhance its supposed smartness) in concentrating projects and resources primarily on ICT technologies is meaningless: because the relations put in place by urban cultural heritage are webs of connectivity to be studied taking into account their wholeness. Finally, on the ground of the underlying assumption that cities are the oldest known form and model of artificial intelligence (within the framework of the “extended-distributed mind” and “material engagement” theories), the essay points out the urgent necessity of interdisciplinary research projects being able to look at the interrelations among all cities’ parts (including peripheries, decaying zones, suburbs), to bring out the potential smartness any city has. Starting from urban cultural heritage as the very core of cities’ mind, meant as a coevolving assemblage of built environment (urbs, the city of stones) and people (civitas, the city of human beings), research can play a major role in hampering the speculative exploitation of urban milieus
Future Cities of Loneliness: Dysfunctional Urbanities on Filmic Mars
Get PDFThis article discusses cinematic Mars fictions with a hermeneutic approach in their relation to the real-world urban challenges encrypted in these art works. Science fiction movies have long created a collective consciousness of specific imaginations of how city life might look and sound like in the future, condensing our real life beyond the cinematic world, our wishes, hopes and fears into works of art. However, almost all ‘earthly’ sceneries are burdened with connotations. That is why so many filmic future narratives are located in the blank vastness of foreign worlds and their temporarily inexhaustible freedom for speculation – in particular on Mars. Against the historic background of the development of Mars fiction as a movie genre, this paper distinguishes three phases of Mars cinema movies and examines the forms and ideas of urbanity thoses films create, the societal and urban issues that are preferred by those cinematic scenarios, and how these filmic future ‘cities’ can be understood as critical comments on current and forthcoming questions of urbanity. Starting from Nietzsche’s thought of post-moral mankind as a ‘lonely’ species, it demonstrates, on the basis of selected examples, such as the film Total Recall (1990), how Mars science fiction movies deal with dysfunctional communities and the resulting loneliness of the urban human of the future. That makes filmic Mars cities aesthetic projections of ‘earthly’ sociopolitical challenges of urbanization that have been dynamicly changing in the course of history since the beginning of 20th century. This article discusses cinematic Mars fictions with a hermeneutic approach in their relation to the real-world urban challenges encrypted in these art works. Science fiction movies have long created a collective consciousness of specific imaginations of how city life might look and sound like in the future, condensing our real life beyond the cinematic world, our wishes, hopes and fears into works of art. However, almost all ‘earthly’ sceneries are burdened with connotations. That is why so many filmic future narratives are located in the blank vastness of foreign worlds and their temporarily inexhaustible freedom for speculation – in particular on Mars. Against the historic background of the development of Mars fiction as a movie genre, this paper distinguishes three phases of Mars cinema movies and examines the forms and ideas of urbanity thoses films create, the societal and urban issues that are preferred by those cinematic scenarios, and how these filmic future ‘cities’ can be understood as critical comments on current and forthcoming questions of urbanity. Starting from Nietzsche’s thought of post-moral mankind as a ‘lonely’ species, it demonstrates, on the basis of selected examples, such as the film Total Recall (1990), how Mars science fiction movies deal with dysfunctional communities and the resulting loneliness of the urban human of the future. That makes filmic Mars cities aesthetic projections of ‘earthly’ sociopolitical challenges of urbanization that have been dynamicly changing in the course of history since the beginning of 20th century
Cidades do Futuro: Introdução do editor
Get PDFThis issue of the Journal of Communication and Language brings together a transversal set of discourses and ideas converging in a debate where the challenges to the future of cities meet the potentialities of cities of the future.Este volume da Revista de Comunicação e Linguagens reúne um conjunto transversal de discursos e ideias a convergir num debate onde se cruzam os desafios ao futuro das cidades e as potencialidades das cidades do futuro
A Cidade do Futuro (Revisitada)
Get PDFSomeone leaves home, enters their car and the radio is turned on instantly. The same person enters the office and listens to music from the headphones. And if they decide to walk around, they do not forget to turn them on. This behaviour represents an incision in the crossing space that characterizes the city; a break with the constitution of a reality made from vision surveillance and acknowledgement of the other; and a substantial change in the subject’s perception of the urban landscape, that physical, architectural entanglement that has always made up the city.
The constitution of urban data is made here upon sound objects that require a partial disappearance of the visual recognition and the acoustic space. The constitution of the subject in the public space –a space for exchanging signals, knowledge and affection – is done by uninstalling the sound playback device: this action opens up the optical channel to the street.
Aristotle’s urban man, a living being (zoon) made for city life (bios politikós), is changing as a result of mobile devices of sound reproduction. And this change affects the substance of the city, its urban planning and architecture, its physicality. Alguém sai de casa, entra no automóvel e instantaneamente o rádio fica ligado. O mesmo indivíduo entra no emprego e escuta música a partir dos seus headphones. E se decide andar pela cidade, não se esquece de os ligar. Este comportamento do homem urbano constitui um corte com o espaço de cruzamento que caracteriza a cidade; um corte com a constituição de um real feito a partir da vigilância da visão e do reconhecimento dos outros; e uma alteração substancial da perceção do sujeito sobre a paisagem urbana, esse novelo físico, arquitetónico que sempre compôs a cidade.
A constituição da urbanidade é feita aqui sobre objetos sonoros que obrigam a uma desaparição parcial do reconhecimento visual e do espaço acústico. A constituição do sujeito no espaço público, que também é um espaço de troca de sinais, de conhecimentos e de afetos, faz-se pela desinstalação do aparelho de reprodução sonora. E nesta ação abre-se à rua o canal óptico.
O homem urbano de Aristóteles, um ser vivente (zoon) feito para a vida da cidade (bios politikós) está em alteração por efeito dos aparelhos móveis de reprodução sonora. E esta alteração atinge a substância da cidade, o seu urbanismo e arquitetura, isto é, a sua fisicalidade. 
Das Cidades Inteligentes às Metatopias Urbanas
Get PDFTaking the form of a theoretical essay inspired by an exploratory study, this article addresses, firstly, the urbanization crisis due to environmental and social problems. Second, it values new ways of designing and planning urban life. Then, it describes some practical experiments in a medium-sized Portuguese city, active and intelligent forms of urban citizenship using digital networks, rethinking the smart cities of datacracy. It is based on interviews with participants in a phenomenon that accompanies, as an unforeseen effect, the growth of urban centers: the paleopolitics of urban collectives that point to the metatopia of the ecological city governed by the common. Finally, some questions about the future of cities in a context of global crisis of our ecosystem are outlined. Adoptando a forma de um ensaio teórico inspirado num estudo exploratório, este artigo aborda, em primeiro lugar, a crise do urbanismo devido aos problemas ambientais e sociais. Em segundo lugar, valoriza as novas formas de conceber e planear a vida urbana. Descreve, em seguida, algumas experimentações práticas numa cidade portuguesa de média dimensão, formas ativas e inteligentes de cidadania urbana utilizando as redes digitais, repensando as cidades inteligentes da datacracia. Baseia-se em entrevistas realizadas a participantes num fenómeno que acompanha, como efeito não previsto, o crescimento dos centros urbanos: a paleopolítica dos coletivos urbanos que apontam para a metatopia da cidade ecológica governada pelo comum. Finalmente, esboçam-se algumas questões sobre o futuro das cidades num contexto de crise global do nosso ecossistema. 
Metereologia Visual. As diferentes temperaturas das imagens
Get PDFTechnological development had led to the gradual replacement of halftone reticular photographic impressions by digital screens’s cartesian pixel web. Although they are diferent visualization techniques, both expressions are grounded in reticular grid as kulturtechnik, thus producing an undefined séries of images with diferente definition levels and, in macluhan’s terms, of different temperatures. Faced through this perspective, contemporary visual culture becomes a new iconology. In this paper, the author traces the geanealogy of images’ technological evolution calling up the work of contemporary artists that reflect on the political meaning of image definition. O desenvolvimento tecnológico fez com que a grelha de pontos reticulares das impressões fotográficas em meio-tom tenha sido gradualmente substituída pela rede cartesiana dos pixéis dos ecrãs digitais. Ainda que se tratem de diferentes técnicas de visualização, ambas estas expressões se fundam sobre a grelha reticular enquanto Kulturtechnik, produzindo uma série indefinida de imagens dotadas de diferentes níveis de definição e, em termos mcluhanianos, de diferentes temperaturas. Encarada a partir desta perspetiva, a cultura visual contemporânea torna-se o objeto de uma nova iconologia. Neste artigo, o autor traça a genealogia da evolução tecnológica das imagens, focando também o trabalho de artistas contemporâneos que refletem sobre a questão do impacto político da definição das imagens. 
ALIFERIS, Laurence Terrier – L’imitation de l’Antiquité dans l’art médiéval (1180-1230). Répertoire iconographique de la littérature du Moyen Âge. Les études du Rilma 7, Turnhout: Brepols, 2016 (343 pp.)
Get PDFC’est bien plus qu’une belle synthèse sur le “style 1200” que nous offre Laurence Terrier Aliferis dans son livre, puisqu’elle aborde également les antécédents de ce retour aux sources antiques et qu’elle propose surtout, simultanément, une description des influences byzantines dans les oeuvres de la période. L’ouvrage se divise en cinq chapitres. Les trois chapitres centraux abordent les trois principales techniques à travers lesquelles se diffuse le style 1200, c’est-à-dire l’orfèvrerie, la sculpture monumentale et la peinture. Un premier chapitre expose les généralités sur l’imitation autour de 1200, tandis que le chapitre final précise les modalités de l’imitation de l’Antiquité à cette même époque