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以财富创造与人权为重心的 经济学新范式
Full text linkIn search of a new paradigm of economics I submit three heuristic proposals which can bring some clarity and guidance to this difficult undertaking. First, we may focus on the fundamental question of the purpose of business and the economy. Second, we place this question into the global and pluralistic context. And third, we clarify the components of which any economic system consists
罗梅洛、萨尔瓦多耶稣会殉道者和教宗方济各推动和平与和解的使命
Full text linkOn March 24, 1980, Oscar Arnulfo Romero, the Archbishop of San Salvador in El Salvador, was killed while celebrating Mass. On Nov 16, 1989, a unit of soldiers machine-gunned six Jesuits at the Central American University in San Salvador. Romero and the six Jesuits were murdered because they spoke out against injustice towards the poor and promoted non-violent national peace negotiations. Carrying Christ’s mission, they even offered their own lives.In recent decades, the Chinese government has been stricter with churches in China. O’Connell (2018) reported that, in a historic breakthrough, on September 22, 2018 in Beijing, the Holy See signed a “provisional agreement” with China on the appointment of bishops, to foster peace and reconciliation for the Chinese Catholic church. As a human person, a moral leader and a Christian, one must ask oneself: What is God’s mission and my role in it? Inspired by the martyrs and Pope Francis, how can one carry out the mission of promoting peace and reconciliation?1980年3月24日，萨尔瓦多首都圣萨尔瓦多的大主教奥斯卡·阿努弗罗·罗梅洛（Oscar Arnulfo Romero）在主持弥撒时被杀害。1989年11月16日，一队士兵在圣萨尔瓦多的中美洲大学用机枪射杀了六名耶稣会士。罗梅洛和六名耶稣会士的被害是因为他们反对穷人遭受的不公正待遇，并推动非暴力的国家和平谈判。他们是在履行基督的使命，直至献出了自己的生命。近几十年来，中国政府对中国教会的控制更加严格。据奥康奈尔（O’Connell）2018年的报道，2018年9月22日，罗马教廷在北京与中国政府签署了关于主教任命的“临时协议”，这是一个历史性的突破，有助于实现与中国官方天主教会的和平与和解。作为一个人、一个道德领袖和一个基督徒，我们必须问自己：天主的使命是什么？我在其中的角色是什么？在殉道者和教宗方济各的启示下，如何履行推动和平与和解的使命
节俭、自然内在价值和福祉型企业
Full text linkI suggest three key ideas that are crucial to change the economic paradigm towards an economy oriented to the common good based on solidarity and fairness. These are frugality in consumption and production, acknowledging the intrinsic value of nature, and developing wellbeing oriented businesses.我提出了三个核心概念，对于将经济学范式转变为于基于团结和公平的共同利益导向型经济而言至关重要。这三个核心概念分别是：消费和生产中的节俭、承认自然的内在价值、发展福祉型企业
完善消费重新定义营销的角色：: 从驱动消费到实现完善的消费
Full text linkFor the last century or so, the defining economic paradigm of modern nations has been that of ‘the Consumer Society’ (Baudrillard 1970). The phrase describes a set of dynamics in which users of products and services are identified as consumers who follow the acquisitive tendency to maximise the benefits of their consumption. By so doing they ensure the maintenance of economic progress and the provision of benefits to consumers and also to wider society, through the redistribution of surplus value.在过去一个世纪左右的时间里，“消费社会”一直是现代国家最具代表性的经济模式（Baudrillard，1970）。“消费社会”指的是一系列相互作用的方式，即使用产品和服务的群体被定义为消费者，消费者逐利而行，以求实现消费利益的最大化。这些相互作用方式可以确保经济得以持续发展，消费者可以从中获益，社会上的更多群体也可通过重新分配剩余价值而获得利益。随着经济的发展，这些相互作用方式越来越依赖于无形资产推动经济活动的发展，品牌被认为是无形资产推动国内生产总值（GDP）增长的最佳例子（Ökten等，2018）。在商业企业中，营销一直在刺激消费需求和消费社会相互作用方式中发挥着核心作用。营销是指定义和满足市场需求的一系列过程。（美国市场营销协会1
团结是促进经济和社会正义的关键：: 澳门教区及其他当地组织的贡献
Full text linkUntil now, during his pontificate Pope Francis has written three encyclicals: Evangelii Gaudium (2013), Laudato Si’ (2015), and Fratelli Tutti (2020). The central themes of each are: “We are all missionaries” in Evangelii Gaudium ; “Man as a part of Natural Environment” in Laudato Si’ ; and “Fraternity and Solidarity” in Fratelli Tutti .Searching for the underlying message of these three encyclicals, we realize that they convey the "Way" (El Camino , in Spanish) Pope Francis has chosen to show us guiding our own mission in life: achieving happiness in the context of Catholic Church teachings, contributing to the society’s well-being. In what follows I will address three questions about the way the teachings of the three encyclicals are followed in Macau on a daily basis.截至目前，教宗方济各在担任教宗期间已经颁布了三道通谕:《福音的喜乐》(2013)、《愿你受赞颂》(2015)和《众位弟兄》(2020)。三道通谕的中心主题分别是:《福音的喜乐》—“我们都是传教士”;《愿你受赞颂》—“人是自然环境的一部分”；以及《众位弟兄》—“友爱和团结”。探寻三道通谕包含的基本信息，我们意识到它们传达了教宗方济各要展示的指导我们完成人生使命的“道路”(西班牙语El Camino)，即在天主教教义的背景下获得幸福，为社会福祉作出贡献。在下文中，我将就三部通谕的教导在澳门的日常遵守情况，论述三个问题
非正式精神空间
Full text linkInspired by Pope Francis's third encyclical letter “Laudato Si’, ” this paper analyses the significance of spiritual spaces, as well as the main causes and difficulties of the declining spiritual environment in modern society. As an architectural response to Pope Francis’s concern for the diminished role of spiritual places, this paper presents a theoretical study of the concept of “informal spiritual space” and proposes that formal spiritual space is not the only venue in which people may practice contemplation, and that an informal spiritual space can also build a symbolic connection with God, which represents God’s infinite beauty and goodness.受教宗方济各第三道通谕《愿上主受赞颂》的启发，本文分析了精神空间的意义以及现代社会精神环境衰落的主要原因和社会所面临的难题。本文从建筑学视角对教宗方济各所关注的宗教场所重要性降低的现象进行了回应，对“非正式精神空间”的概念进行了理论研究，并提出正式的精神空间并不是人们进行默观的唯一场所，人们也可以在非正式精神空间与天主建立有象征意义的联系，从而展现天主的无限美好和善意
The Macau Manifesto: for The Economy of Francesco, Assisi, November 2020
Full text linkA synthesis of thinking towards the New Economic Paradigm based on the Macau Ricci Institute Symposium at the University of Saint Joseph, Macau, 15-16 October 202
探讨合作经济及其社会影响
Full text linkIn the search for a new paradigm to respond to the changing situation in our world caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic and to marshal the resources for constructing it, we need to study and highlight the importance of the co-operative sector and its impact around the world. A cooperative starts with a need and an idea. It has been a different way of doing business. Some would even say it is a better way of doing business. It is a democratic form of business, organized, owned and controlled by its members; with all members having an equal say in how the organization is run to promote their mutual economic interest. There are many types of cooperatives, e.g. marketing, consumer, producers, financial, energy, housing, service and workers cooperatives. The cooperative model is often called “one solution to numerous problems”. The Cooperative Movement with 3 million cooperatives accounts for at least 12% of humanity. The top 300 cooperatives generate 2.1 trillion USD in turn over. Cooperatives employ 280 million people constituting 10% of the world’s employed population.要回应新冠病毒-19所引起的世界转变并寻求新的经济模式、汇集资源建构它、我们应多研究并重视合作经济的重要性及其在世界范围内的影响。合作经济是因应需要和新观念而产生的，已经成为一种新的商业经营方法，有人更认为它是一种更好的方法。它的经营方式是民主的，由合作经济的社员组成、拥有和监管；所有社员对组织如何经营、达致共同经济利益有平等的发言权。作为合作经济体的合作社有多种，如: 供销、消费、生产、财务、能源、住房、服务及劳工合作社。合作社模式常被称为“多种问题的统一解决方案”。“合作社运动”已有三百万合作社、为百份之十二的世界人口服务。最大的三百家合作社营业额二万一千亿美元“合作社运动”雇佣了2.8亿人，即全球工作人口的百份之十
“对行动正义性的思考”: 萨尔瓦多遇害耶稣会士的证言
Full text linkOn the evening of 15 November 1989, the El Salvadoran army leadership gathered and decided to take out the alleged “heads” of the insurgency (cf. Doggett, 1993). A special commando group was sent to the José Simeón Cañas Central American University (UCA) run by the Jesuits. The soldiers dragged the priests out of their apartment, forced them to lie face down in the grass and shot them at close range. Besides Ignacio Ellacuría, the rector of the university, they were Segundo Montes, Ignacio Martín-Baró, Amando López, Juan Ramón Moreno and Joaquín López y López. The cook Elba Ramos and her daughter Celina had to die because the soldiers had been ordered not to leave any witnesses of the massacre.Why were the six Jesuits and the two women killed? The shortest answer can be read on the gravestone in the university chapel. Here the most important mission of the Jesuit community in our present time is described, as it had been formulated by the 32nd General Congregation in 1975: “What is it to be a Jesuit today? It is to engage, under the standard of the Cross, in the crucial struggle of our time: the struggle for faith and that struggle for justice which it includes.” (General Congregation 32: 1975) With this basic directive the Jesuits wanted to respond to worldwide injustice as the most urgent challenge in our times. Prophetically, however, the General Congregation also predicted: “We will not work for justice without paying a price.” This sentence is also engraved on the tomb slab.The purpose of this paper is to serve as a memorial to the Jesuit martyrs of El Salvador, so that we may be challenged to deepen our understanding of martyrdom and its significance for overcoming our massive indifference to the sufferings of the poor and the marginalized throughout the world.1989年11月15日夜，萨尔瓦多军队领导层会议讨论后决定清除所谓的叛乱 “首领”（参见Doggett，1993）。一支特别突击队被派往耶稣会管理的何塞·西梅翁·卡尼亚斯中美洲大学。士兵们将教士拖出公寓，迫使他们面朝下躺在草地上并近距离射击。除大学校长伊格纳西奥·埃拉库里亚（Ignacio Ellacuría），被射杀的还有塞贡多·蒙特斯（Segundo Montes）、伊格纳西奥·马丁—巴罗（Ignacio Martín-Baró）、阿曼多·洛佩兹（Amando López）、胡安·拉蒙·莫雷诺（Juan Ramón Moreno）和华金·洛佩兹·洛佩兹（Joaquín López y López）。由于士兵得到命令，不得留下任何屠杀行动的目击者，厨师厄尔巴·拉莫斯（Elba Ramos）和她的女儿赛莉娜（Celina）也遭杀害。为什么这六名耶稣会士和两名妇女惨遭杀害？最简单的答案可以在位于大学教堂的墓碑上找到。上面记述了耶稣会在当今世界最重要的使命，即1975年第32届耶稣会总会大会文件中所表述的：“今天成为一名耶稣会士意味着什么？意味着要按照十字架的标准加入我们这个时代至关重要的斗争——为信仰及其所包含的正义而进行的斗争” （第32届总会，1975）。在这一基本要求下，耶稣会士希望对世界范围内的不公正这一时代最紧迫的挑战作出回应。但是，总会大 会 也 预 见 到：“我们将为正义付出代价”。这句话亦被刻在了墓碑之上。本文旨在纪念萨尔瓦多的耶稣会烈士，以使我们加深对殉道的理解，并且面对全世界贫苦和被边缘化的人们所受到的冷漠，进一步认识殉道在此中的意义
为信仰而死，转变的记忆：: 中国基督教殉道者倪柝声（1903–1972）
Full text linkMartyrdom is an integral part of the narrative of all three monotheistic religions. This article draws on the story of Watchman Nee (Ni Tuosheng 倪柝声, 1903–1972) to investigate the meaning of martyrdom in Chinese Protestant Christianity. When countries in East Asia developed into centralized nation-states, some of the governments often perceived Christianity as subversive and mobilized official resources to marginalize, persecute and destroy indigenous Christian communities. Watchman Nee, who founded an indigenous Protestant movement in the early 20th century, was arrested in 1952 and died in a labour camp in 1972. His story reveals his consistent efforts to invoke Christian transcendental ideas against the state’s antireligious measures and to recast the traumatic experience of persecution as a spiritual struggle. Even in the most depressing circumstances, he formed new networks among cellmates for mutual support. His defiance against the state outside and inside the prison walls has greatly shaped the dynamics of Chinese church-state relations today, and Protestants worldwide often refer to martyrs like Watchman Nee to develop new paradigms for negotiating with anti-Christian forces.殉道是所有三个一神宗教叙事不可或缺的一部分。本文利用倪柝声（Watchman Nee，1903–1972）的故事，探讨了殉道在中国基督新教中的意义。当东亚国家发展成为中央集权的民族国家时，一些政府往往认为基督教具有颠覆性，并调动官方资源来边缘化、迫害、摧毁本地基督教团体。倪柝声在20世纪初创立了一个本土基督新教运动，1952年被捕，1972年死于一座劳改营。他的故事揭示了他在召唤基督教先验理念以反对国家的反宗教措施，将受迫害的痛苦经历重塑为精神斗争等方面付出的不懈努力。即使在最令人沮丧的情形下，他也在狱友间建立了新的互助网络。他在狱墙内外对国家的蔑视极大地塑造了当今中国政教关系的动态。全世界的新教徒为发展与反基督教势力进行谈判的新模式时，都经常会提到倪柝声这样的殉道者