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Translating the Bible into Chinese: Robert Morrison’s Decision to Render the Divine Appellative as a Test Case
No full textOn the bi-centenary anniversary of the establishment of the Old Protestant Cemetery in Macao, in which the first Protestant missionary to China, Robert Morrison, is buried, we take the opportunity to revisit one of the great contributions he made, i.e., translating the Bible into Chinese. We focus on the translation decision that he made concerning the divine appellative. After reviewing the semantics of the Christian divine appellative in their original biblical languages, namely, אֱלֹהִים, θεός, and Deus, the earlier Christian missionaries’ proposals, and the implications of the Catholic official ruling on the matter, we make a comparison between Morrison’s version with the Catholic official Chinese version, the Don Scotus Version. The article demonstrates that a reevaluation of the Catholic conventional Chinese rendering of the divine appellative, 天主 Tianzhu, is necessary.
第一位來華的基督教傳教士羅伯特馬禮遜一直安葬在澳門基督教墳場。適逢其兩百週年之際，我們藉此機會重新回顧他所做的其中一項偉大貢獻：將《聖經》翻譯成中文。本文關注的是他針對「神聖名稱」所做的翻譯決定。在考察過在古典語文中「神聖名稱」——即אֱלֹהִים、θεός和Deus——的詞性和語義、早期基督宗教傳教士的提議以及天主教官方對此事的裁決的影響之後，我們將馬禮遜譯本與中國天主教官方翻譯本（《思高》本）進行了比較。本文表明，現在有必要重新評價天主教傳統中文對「天主」這一「神聖稱謂」的翻譯。
No bicentenário da criação do Antigo Cemitério Protestante em Macau, onde está sepultado o primeiro missionário protestante na China, Robert Morrison, aproveitamos a oportunidade para revisitar uma das suas grandes contribuições, i.e., a tradução da Bíblia para o chinês. Focámo-nos na decisão de tradução que tomou a respeito do apelativo divino. Depois de revermos a semântica do apelativo divino cristão nas suas línguas bíblicas originais, nomeadamente אֱלֹהִים, θεός e Deus, as propostas dos primeiros missionários cristãos e as implicações da decisão oficial católica sobre o assunto, fazemos uma comparação entre a versão de Morrison com a versão oficial católica chinesa, a versão de Don Scotus. O artigo demonstra que é necessária uma reavaliação da tradução católica convencional chinesa do apelativo divino, 天主 Tianzhu.
Keywords: Bible translation; Robert Morrison; Tianzhu; Shangdi; Deu
Book Review of Identity in Community: Towards a Theological Agenda for the Hong Kong SAR
No full textThe The Life of The First Pentecostal Missionary to China
No full textThis article chronologically compiles the life and work of T. J. McIntosh. A legendary figure, T.J. McIntosh was the first Protestant Pentecostal missionary sent by the Pentecostal Holiness Church of the USA to China and arrived in Macau by faith on August 7th, 1907. McIntosh had followed the voice within him which he believed to be from the Holy Spirit and bravely voyaged around the world twice with his family, without any solid financial support. He pioneered missional effort in Macau, Hong Kong, and Sainam. As the first Pentecostal missionary to China. McIntosh did not stay in China long enough to see the fruit of his work. Yet his efforts and impact has been taken up and continued by both other missionaries and local Chinese believers
Minimising Maximum Illud: Early Resistance to Missionary Inculturation in China
No full textMaximum Illud, the magna carta of Catholic mission in the modern world, aimed at rooting out narrow nationalistic mentality from among the missioners of the universal reign of God. The exhortations contained in the letter reveal certain principles, and the chief of which is an openness to all nations beyond any self-serving interests and other influences from secular sovereign entities. And one of the most practical consequences would be the growth in prominence of the local clergy. In the case of China, unanimous applaud towards this call did not come spontaneously; rather, some felt uneasy with its urging. It was Ma Xiangbo (1840-1939), the venerated Chinese Catholic doyen who took the initiative to translate Maximum Illud into Chinese and published it in the form of pamphlets by means of private funding. The more conscious Chinese clergy and faithful, as well as evangelisation pioneers like Vincent Lebbe (1877-1940) and Celso Costantini (1876-1958), welcomed the document as the sign of a second spring for the integral development of Catholicism with authentic Chinese characteristics. Keywords: China Mission, Evangelisation, Inculturation, Colonisation, French Protectorate, Propaganda Fide, Benedict XV, Ma Xiangb
冥想作为促进和平的工具
Full text linkWhat follows is a precis of a larger work that invites us to consider how institutions can be instruments of peace following on from what contemplatives must teach peacemakers. In 2022 the world continues to face a pandemic during the roll out of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and China’s Belt and Road Initiative 2049. History has taught us that geographical peace promotion supersedes ideology; the Silk Road attests to that. Peace becomes a matter of survival. The intended audience for this paper is general readers interested in peacemaking. The challenge is for all of us to continue to process what went before, in order to change the future. The infrastructure requires analysis and evaluation and that means, East and West must continue to communicate in specific global ways for an ongoing and effective peace process.本文是一项大规模工作的大纲，它引发我们思考，维护和平的人可以从冥想得到什么启发，以促进现有机制维护和平的作用。2022年，疫情仍在世界肆虐，联合国《2030年可持续发展议程》与中国2049年《“一带一路”倡议》相继出台。历史告诉我们促进地域和平比发展意识形态更重要；丝绸之路也印证了一点。和平已成为生存问题。本文的受众是对缔造和平感兴趣的普通读者。我们的挑战是继续应对过往，以改变未来。要分析和评估既有的措施，这意味着东西方须继续以具体而全面的方式保持沟通，以推动持续有效的和平进程
在《众位弟兄》中发现真相
Full text linkPope Francis’ recent encyclical, Fratelli tutti (2020), is an important resource for understanding the attempt to contribute to a new economic paradigm, outlined in the “Macau Manifesto”. But the encyclical is very long, and readers may not feel ready to devote so much time to absorbing its meaning. The following essay is an attempt to interpret the themes and outline the main points of the encyclical, so that readers of the MRIJ can appreciate its significance, and thus the importance of the “Macau Manifesto” as a response to its message.教宗方济各最近的通谕，《众位弟兄》（Fratelli Tutti） (2020) ，是理解“澳门宣言”所概述的尝试为新经济模式做出贡献的重要资源。由于通谕篇幅很长，读者可能没有这么多时间消化理解它的含义。下面这篇文章试图解释通谕的主题并概述其要点，以便读者领会通谕的意义，从而了解“澳门宣言”作为回应通谕启示的重要性
女性能成为君子吗？: 新冠疫情危机中的妇女领导力
Full text linkAs Confucian teaching becomes more widely known in almost every corner of the world, accompanying the development of China’s economic and cultural influence through the Belt-and-Road (BRI) projects, the Junzi ideal is becoming more attractive as the preferred leadership style for new generations of businesspeople. However, the Junzi ideal tends to be stereotyped as a man acting within a supposedly male-dominant world. At the same time, Confucius has been criticized for his alleged sexism, assuming without much comment women’s subordination to men, as wives, mothers, and daughters, roles other than leaders. This case study starts with reports of women leaders’ early success responding to the Covid-19 crisis, compared to their male counterparts, which raise the question whether women’s leadership embodies the values enshrined in the Confucian ideal of the Junzi. Considering the evidence of both history and current experience, the case study is meant to explore the question whether the Junzi as conceived in Confucian teaching should be clarified, in order to demonstrate its openness to development for both women and men, and not just in China.
Key words: Covid-19 crisis and Chinese response, women in leadership, Junzi, challenging sexism in Confucian teaching.伴随着中国通过“一带一路”项目发展的经济和文化影响力，儒家思想在世界各个角落变得更加广为人知，作为新一代商业人士的首选领导风格，“君子”理想也变得更具吸引力。然而，“君子”型的理想往往被固化为一个男人在一个男性主导的世界中行事。同时，孔子因其所谓的性别歧视而受到批评，他假设妇女作为妻子、母亲和女儿等从属于男人的角色，而对于扮演领导者的角色却没有过多的评论。 本案例研究从女性领导人早期成功应对新冠疫情危机的报告开始，与她们的男性同行相比，提出了女性领导是否体现了儒家理想中的君子价值观的问题。考虑到历史和当前经验的证据，本案例研究旨在探讨儒家学说中设想的君子是否应该得到澄清，以证明其对男女发展的开放性，而不仅仅是在中国。
关键字：新冠疫情危机和中国的反应，女性领导，君子，挑战儒家教学中的性别歧
儒家传统中的圣洁和精神改造
Full text linkIn the philosophical context, the term “holiness” can refer to spiritual excellence or wholeness. In classical Confucianism, “holiness” could be expressed using the virtue of cheng since it contains the meaning of integrity or wholeness. The process of spiritual transformation unfolds over three stages according to a traditional Christian understanding. Beginners go through the purgative stage, the proficient undergo the illuminative stage while the perfect pass through the unitive stage. Similarly, spiritual transformation is described in three stages in the Daxue (The Great Learning ). Beginners manifest the brightness of virtue in themselves, the proficient restore the brightness of virtue in others and the perfect attain utmost goodness. The Daxue also presents a detailed outline of eight steps required for spiritual transformation, namely, investigation of things, perfection of knowledge, formation of holy intentions, rectification of the mind, cultivation of the self, regulation of the household, good governance of the state and attainment of world peace. On this account, the purgative stage requires the first five steps while the illuminative stage requires the last three steps. The unitive stage involves a profound repetition of the entire eight steps.在哲学范畴内，“圣洁”一词可以指精神上的卓越或完整。在古典儒家思想中，“圣洁”可以用“诚”这个美德来表达，因为它包含了真诚或完善的意思。根据传统基督教的理解，灵性转变的过程分三个阶段展开。初学者要经历净化阶段，熟练者要经历阶段，而完美者要经历统一阶段。同样在《大学》中，精神改造也被描述为三个阶段：“大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善”。《大学》还详细介绍了精神改造所需的八个步骤，即格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下。因此，净化阶段需要前五个步骤，而照亮阶段需要后三个步骤。统一阶段包括对整个八个步骤的深刻重复
新冠疫情对澳门旅游业社会创新的影响
Full text linkInnovation is crucial to society’s development; studying innovation will inspire organisations to move them forward. Can social innovation (SI) keep Macau’s Tourism sector moving, or can it benefit Macau society in the long run, once the pandemic quarantine policy is abandoned? This research will first review the definition of SI and understand SI’s basic features and their effect. Selected cases from the Tourism industry will be explored to explain the SI situation in Macau. Then, through qualitative interviews with the SI developers, I will describe their impact of this quarantine situation and evaluate their products’ contribution to SI in Macau. As a significant tourist destination in China and surrounding areas, focusing on the Tourism industry will highlight the communication situation and the effect of SI on the dialogue during the pandemic crisis. This article then discusses the influence of SI, focusing on SI cases in the Tourism industry from 2020 onwards, to examine whether such innovations can strengthen or weaken the social dialogue between China and Macau SAR.
Keywords: Social Innovation on Tourism, Augmented Reality products, Online Tour products. Innovation effect on TourismWorld创新是社会发展的关键；研究创新将激发组织推动其发展。社会创新（SI）能否使澳门的旅游业继续发展，或者说，一旦放弃新冠疫情的隔离政策，社会创新能否使澳门社会长期受益？本研究将首先回顾社会创新的定义，了解社会创新的基本特征及其影响。将探讨旅游行业的部分案例，以解释澳门的社会创新情况。然后，通过对社会创新推动者的定性访谈，将描述他们对这种隔离情况的影响，并评估他们的产品对澳门社会创新的贡献。作为中国及周边地区的重要旅游目的地，关注旅游业将突出沟通情况以及社会创新在新冠疫情危机期间对对话的影响。最后，本文将讨论社会创新的影响，重点是2020年以来旅游业的社会创新案例，以研究这种创新是否能加强或削弱中国和澳门特区的社会对话。
关键词：旅游业的社会创新，增强现实产品，在线旅游产品，旅游业的创新效