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Animating the transition: How agriculture 5.0 revitalises agroecological principles
No full textInternational audienceAgriculture is undergoing a rapid digital transformation that challenges its ecological, social, and ethical foundations. This study explores how the transition from two revolutions, from Agriculture 4.0 (A4.0) to Agriculture 5.0 (A5.0), redefines the relationship between technology and agroecology. The dominant approach of A4.0, driven by automation, big data, and artificial intelligence, has enhanced efficiency but missed many agroecological principles, mainly those contributing to secure social equity and responsibility. Emerging as a corrective paradigm, A5.0 seeks to integrate technological progress with agroecological principles that value the social and human dimension. Adopting a scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, scientific publications indexed in Scopus and CABI up to October 2025 were screened and coded to assess how current A5.0 research embeds the thirteen agroecological principles defined by the High-Level Panel of Experts in 2019. A total of 136 documents were analysed through bibliometric and thematic synthesis. Results show that A5.0 represents a philosophical and structural evolution beyond the efficiency-oriented logic of A4.0, integrating distributed computing, explainable artificial intelligence, digital twins, and collaborative robotics within ecologically restorative and socially inclusive frameworks. However, while A5.0 strengthens resource efficiency, resilience, and certain social segments through open-source technologies and participatory design, gaps remain in policy coherence, emotional engagement, and human-machine co-learning. To address these, the study proposes two complementary agroecological principles, cognitive symbiosis and emotional ecology, emphasising shared intelligence and affective stewardship between humans, machines, and ecosystems. Overall, Agriculture 5.0 reframes digitalisation as a human-ecological partnership that can operationalise agroecology's ethical goals if governed by inclusion, transparency, and regeneration rather than control and optimisation
Argan shell-derived phosphorylated lignocellulose: A sustainable pathway in wood adhesive formulation
No full textInternational audienceThe growing awareness of the environmental and health consequences associated with formaldehyde-based wood adhesives has prompted an urgent demand for alternative adhesive solutions. Lignocellulosic biomass derived from renewable sources such as agricultural residues offer a promising and sustainable solution as an alternative to formaldehyde-based wood adhesives. The objective of this study is to valorize the unexplored Moroccan argan shells by-product (AS), with the specific aim of maximizing its value in the formulation of wood adhesive. For this purpose, AS were subjected to chemical treatments, including hydrolysis to produce hydrolyzed argan shells (HAS) followed by phosphorylation giving as result phosphorylated hydrolyzed argan shells (P-HAS). The as-produced samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and element mapping, Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR), conductimetric titration, x-ray diffraction (DRX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG). Moreover, the effect of various HAS and P-HAS ratios on the mechanical properties of the ultimate particleboards, such as dry internal bond (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and surface soundness (SS), was evaluated and compared to European standards. P-HAS improved the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards. Our results showed enhanced, IB, MOE and MOR, while also reducing formaldehyde emissions. These finding prove that P-HAS can be a promising material for producing more sustainable and high-performance particleboards
New coupling method for anchoring molecularly imprinted polymers onto polymeric transducers: A case study for the detection of the heart failure biomarker Troponin T
No full textInternational audienceMolecularly imprinted polymer nanogels (MIP-NGs) prepared by solid-phase synthesis are attractive as recognition elements in sensors as they offer the advantages of having surface-exposed binding sites, favoring rapid binding kinetics and fast response. On the other hand, transducers like optical fibers meet the needs of contemporary analysis and detection due to their ease of miniaturization, portability and implementation in remote areas. Generally, chemical grafting as opposed to physical coating of the MIP-NGs on the optical fibers is recommended, to ensure sensor stability. To this end, we developed a novel immobilization protocol introducing azido moieties onto polymer microstructures fabricated at the end of a standard telecommunication optical fiber, enabling the anchoring of propargylated MIP-NGs (MIP-ynes) by click chemistry. The set-up was then tested as a proof of concept with MIPs specific for cardiac troponin T (cTnT), a biomarker of myocardial injury. The MIP-NGs were prepared by solid-phase epitope imprinting, whereby the epitope was selected using a rational in silico approach, recently developed in-house. The resultant MIP-NGs were monodisperse and bound recombinant human cTnT with a high affinity and selectivity. MIP-ynes were immobilized on optical fibers using a multi-step process based on initially grafting a visible light trithiocarbonate photoiniferter, followed by surface-initiated photopolymerization of a polymer layer in order to introduce azido moieties on the fiber, and then by MIP attachment using azide-alkyne cycloaddition. The MIP-NGs anchored on the optical fiber recognized a fluorescent epitope peptide of cTnT, opening new horizons for optical fiber sensing with MIPs
More powerful energetic reasoning for the cumulative scheduling problem
No full textInternational audienceEnergetic reasoning is an efficient filtering technique for the Cumulative SchedulingProblem. In this paper we propose a new definition of the energy balance of intervals,together with a new checker that is more accurate for each interval. Our approachinvolves solving a tripartition problem. For checking the intervals, we also propose acubic algorithm leveraging our approach. We report computational results that confirmthat it is more efficient than the classical approaches
Robust Explanations Through Uncertainty Decomposition: A Path to Trustworthier AI
No full textRecent advancements in machine learning have emphasized the need for transparency in model predictions, particularly as interpretability diminishes when using increasingly complex architectures. In this paper, we propose leveraging prediction uncertainty as a complementary approach to classical explainability methods. Specifically, we distinguish between aleatoric (data-related) and epistemic (model-related) uncertainty to guide the selection of appropriate explanations. Epistemic uncertainty serves as a rejection criterion for unreliable explanations and, in itself, provides insight into insufficient training (a new form of explanation). Aleatoric uncertainty informs the choice between feature-importance explanations and counterfactual explanations. This leverages a framework of explainability methods driven by uncertainty quantification and disentanglement. Our experiments demonstrate the impact of this uncertainty-aware approach on the robustness and attainability of explanations in both traditional machine learning and deep learning scenarios
L'intégration du développement durable dans la conception et l'exploitation d'un hôpital
No full textThe integration of sustainable development into the design and operation of a hospital is a topic that has become increasingly important over the years. There are many solutions for reducing the environmental impact of such an establishment, but the difficulty lies in their practical implementation and in the specific characteristics of each hospital. This project is the representation of possible solutions for reducing the environmental impact of a hospital throughout its life cycle. These solutions concern the choice of materials and their recycling, savings in the various resources and energy needed for the hospital to function properly, the transport of these resources and the energy insulation of the building. Then are also discussed the best practices to be implemented within teams and points to consider in order to integrate these practices into daily life without negatively impacting the quality of patient care. These elements are illustrated by various case studies. Finally, in order to promote communication on these topics, a communication tool has been developed. It takes the form of a leaflet summarising the main solutions presented in this dissertation of methodological intelligence.L’intégration du développement durable dans la conception et l’exploitation d’un hôpital est un sujet qui prend de plus en plus d’importance croissante au fil des années, sous l’effet des contraintes environnementales, économiques et réglementaires. Il existe de nombreuses solutions permettant de réduire l’impact environnemental d’un tel établissement, la difficulté réside dans leur mise en place concrète et dans les spécificités de chacun de ces hôpitaux.Ce projet consiste à présenter les solutions possibles permettant de réduire l’impact environnemental d’un hôpital tout au long de son cycle de vie. Ces solutions concernent les choix des matériaux et de leur recyclage, les économies des différentes ressources et énergies nécessaires au bon fonctionnement de l’hôpital, les transports de ces ressources et l’isolation énergétique du bâtiment. Sont également évoquées les bonnes pratiques à mettre en place au sein des équipes ainsi que les points à prendre en compte pour pouvoir intégrer ces pratiques au quotidien sans impacter négativement la qualité de la prise en charge des patients. Ces éléments sont illustrés par différents cas d’étude. Enfin, afin de favoriser la communication sur ces sujets, un outil de communication a été réalisé. Il se présente sous la forme d’un dépliant qui résume les solutions principales présentées dans ce mémoire
Les innovations biomédicales au service de la prise en charge d'urgence de l'AVC
No full textStroke results from an acute disruption of cerebral blood flow, leading to tissue hypoxia and functional impairments of varying severity. Due to its high prevalence and a growing incidence among those under 65, stroke is a major public health issue. Time is a critical factor, as rapid and coordinated care significantly improves outcomes and reduces long-term disability.This report examines strategies to optimize stroke management by integrating biomedical innovations and enhancing care coordination. It first reviews the pathophysiology of stroke, then details the current emergency chain and treatment options according to stroke type. Finally, it develops biomedical innovations that can be used in the diagnosis, patient triage, and therapeutic interventions.L’Accident Vasculaire Cérébral (AVC) résulte d’une perturbation aiguë de la circulation sanguine cérébrale, entraînant une sous-oxygénation des tissus et des déficits fonctionnels de sévérité variable. En raison de sa forte prévalence et d’une incidence croissante chez les moins de 65 ans, l’AVC constitue un enjeu majeur de santé publique. La dimension temporelle est déterminante : une prise en charge rapide et coordonnée améliore significativement le pronostic et limite les séquelles. Ce rapport analyse les projets permettant d’optimiser la prise en charge de l’AVC, en intégrant les innovations biomédicales et en renforçant la coordination des soins. Il présente d’abord la physiopathologie de l’AVC, puis la chaîne actuelle de secours et les traitements disponibles selon les types d’AVC. Enfin, il développe les innovations biomédicales utilisables dans le diagnostic, l’orientation et la gestion thérapeutique des patients
KP2L: Knowledge-driven pyramid prototype learning for semi-supervised medical image segmentation
No full textInternational audienceIn Semi-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation (SSMIS), labeled data contain rich supervision signals with valuable prior knowledge regarding shape and texture characteristics. However, existing methods struggle to formalize and transfer this knowledge during SSMIS. To address this, we propose Knowledge-driven Pyramid Prototype Learning (KP²L), where prototypes act as bridges that enable effective supervision transfer from prior knowledge to unlabeled data. Specifically, we formalize shape and texture prior knowledge as prototypes through signed distance field regression and image identity mapping tasks from labeled data, while incorporating semantic features from both data sources for better generalization. The knowledge-enriched prototypes generate discriminative feature representations, making robust prototype-based predictions. Enforcing consistency constraints between these predictions and segmentation outputs enables the transfer of prior knowledge to unlabeled data and strengthens the performance of the model. Furthermore, we extract pyramid prototypes from multiscale feature maps to capture prior knowledge at different layers, enhancing robustness via pyramid consistency across hierarchical predictions. Experiments on two medical image datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed knowledge-driven strategy. (Code is available at: https://github.com/rhodaliu17/KP2L)
Soigner par le son : mécanismes, enjeux et perspectives des ultrasons thérapeutiques
No full textFor several decades, the use of ultrasound in medicine has played an important role, particularly for diagnosis through modalities such as ultrasound imaging. In therapeutics, however, its use is far less well known and remains limited. Although routine applications are rare, clinical interest in therapeutic ultrasound continues to grow due to its non-ionizing and relatively atraumatic nature compared with other types of waves.This paves the way for indications that did not previously exist, or that relied on more invasive and aggressive methods. The HIFU and LIPUS technologies explored in this thesis provide access to promising alternatives for complex challenges such as the reversible opening of biological barriers for targeted drug delivery, the thermal ablation of tumor tissue, and the stimulation of tissue regeneration.In this study, we present the physical characteristics of ultrasound, its various modes of generation, its interactions with the human body, and its uses. We will also present, through HIFU and LIPUS, innovative applications for which these technologies can be employed. Finally, we will highlight their contributions to medicine, the limitations encountered in their use and future perspectives.Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’utilisation des ultrasons en médecine occupe une place importante notamment pour le diagnostic avec des modalités comme l’échographie. En thérapeutique, leur utilisation est beaucoup moins connue et limitée. Bien que les applications usuelles soient rares, l’intérêt clinique pour les ultrasons thérapeutiques ne cesse de croître pour leur nature non-ionisante et relativement atraumatique comparé à d’autres types d’onde. Cela ouvre la voie à des indications qui n’existaient pas jusqu’alors ou qui utilisaient des méthodes plus invasives et agressives. Les technologies HIFU et LIPUS, explorées dans ce mémoire, ouvrent l’accès à des alternatives prometteuses à des problèmes complexes comme l’ouverture réversible de barrières biologiques pour la délivrance ciblée de médicaments, la destruction thermique des tissus tumoraux ou encore la stimulation de la régénération tissulaire. Dans cette étude, nous présentons les caractéristiques physiques des ultrasons, leurs différentes modalités de génération, d'interaction avec le corps humain et d’utilisation. Nous vous présenterons également, à travers le HIFU et le LIPUS, les applications innovantes pour lesquelles elles peuvent être utilisées. Nous finirons par souligner leurs apports pour la médecine ainsi que les limites rencontrées pour leur utilisation ainsi que les perspectives à venir.Son birkaç on yıldır, ultrasonların tıpta kullanımı özellikle ultrasonografi gibi görüntüleme yöntemleri aracılığıyla tanı alanında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. ultrasonların terapötik amaçlı kullanımı daha az bilinmekte ve halen görece sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, terapötik ultrasonlara olan klinik ilgi, diğer dalga türlerine kıyasla iyonize edici olmamaları ve nispeten atraumatik özellikleri nedeniyle giderek artmaktadır.Bu gelişme, daha önce var olmayan ya da daha invaziv ve agresif yöntemlere dayanan yeni terapötik endikasyonların ortaya çıkmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu tezde incelenen HIFU ve LIPUS teknolojileri, hedefe yönelik ilaç taşınması için biyolojik bariyerlerin geri dönüşümlü olarak açılması, tümör dokularının termal ablasyonu ve doku rejenerasyonunun uyarılması gibi karmaşık tıbbi sorunlara yönelik umut verici alternatifler sunmaktadır.Bu çalışmada, ultrasonların fiziksel özellikleri, farklı üretim yöntemleri, insan vücudu ile etkileşimleri ve kullanım alanları sunulmaktadır. Ayrıca HIFU ve LIPUS üzerinden, bu teknolojilerin kullanılabildiği yenilikçi terapötik uygulamalar ele alınmaktadır. Son olarak, bu yöntemlerin tıbba sağladığı katkılar, kullanım sırasında karşılaşılan sınırlamalar ve geleceğe yönelik perspektifler vurgulanmaktadır
Parameters Impacting Brake Wear Particle Emissions: A Literature Review
No full textInternational audienceWith the implementation by the European Union since the 1980s of strict measures to reduce emissions of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NH3, CH4, O3, NOX, SOX, VOCs (volatile organic compounds), etc.), these emissions have fallen from a total of nearly 65 million tons in 1990 to around 20 million tons in 2021, according to data from the European Environment Agency. In the road transport sector, the implementation of the first European emissions standard in 1992 and the electrification of vehicles have made it possible to reduce exhaust emissions. As non-exhaust emissions increased, the European Commission introduced thresholds for braking systems for certain vehicle categories in the future Euro 7 standard. Car manufacturers are looking for solutions to reduce brake particle emissions, including the modification of the composition of the brake pads and discs. This literature review aims to present the state of the art of a set of parameters that can influence brake particle emissions. The parameters highlighted here include the raw materials and manufacturing process parameters of the brake pads, the composition of brake discs, some test parameters, and some characteristics of brake pads and discs. A brief analysis of the tribological mechanisms that could be involved in particle emissions is also described