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Les leviers de l'hégémonie technique : l'informatisation de la Sécurité sociale et la question de la politique des techniques
No full textSince Langdon Winner sparked debate on the politics of artefacts (1980), authors in philosophy of technology have elaborated competing theories regarding the politics of technology, which share similar understandings of politics as intrinsic properties of artefacts, examined as standalone objects, associated with their agency (Verbeek, 2006; Latour, 2007; Marres, 2012). The history of the computerization of the French National Health Insurance Fund (CNAM) during a period of conflictual reform (1963-1979), offers a rare historical case study to develop critical and more relational conceptions of the politics of technology. Despite the existence of multiple possible computer “configurations” in the health sector in the early 1960s, the CNAM, working in alliance with its supervising ministries and French computing industry, succeeded in imposing a specific, “medium” configuration over the interests of other actors (e.g., trade-unions and local agencies). Beyond being a merely technical choice, this configuration irreversibly centralized both information processing and institutional decision-making power.By detailing the levers of this imposition over a decade - wherein dominant actors coercively imposes their “definition” of technology, and the technology’s functioning naturalized these actors’ institutional position, reinforcing power relations by other, more consensual means - the paper offers a fine-grained, processual account of the constitution of a form of “technological hegemony” (Feenberg, 1999). Adopting an empirically informed approach to philosophy, the paper discusses the relevance and contours of this notion and highlights the limits entailed by an artefactual approach to its examination. Returning to Gramscian understanding of hegemony, it proposes a more relational understanding of politics, conceived as extrinsic properties of technology that emerge from the interaction between technological development and the social and power dynamics of a given institutional context. This renewed technopolitical account also invites a reconceptualization of the associated notion of “technological democracy” (Callon et al. 2001; Latour 2004; Winner 1992), understood neither as plural participation in public debate over technological choices nor as participation in artefactual conception and design (Ehn 1989), but more substantively as the capacity of minority actors to effectively orient the institutional development, deployment and use of technology, thereby reopening emancipatory technological horizons and possibilities
Sphingolipid-driven interleaflet coupling orchestrates Rho-GTPase recruitment to nanodomains for signal activation in plants
No full textBiological membranes are both laterally heterogeneous and asymmetrical across leaflets, yet how this asymmetry contributes to signal transduction remains unclear. Here we show that sphingolipid-driven interleaflet coupling coordinates nanodomain organization and Rho-GTPase activation in plants. Using molecular dynamics simulations, super-resolution and single-molecule imaging, quantitative genetics, and biochemistry, we find that very long acyl chain (VLCFA)–containing sphingolipids in the outer leaflet interdigitate with phosphatidylserine (PS) in the inner leaflet, forming a vertical molecular bridge that organizes PS into nanodomains. This coupling promotes recruitment and activation of the Rho-GTPase ROP6 in response to auxin, whereas disruption of VLCFA synthesis or sphingolipid composition disperses PS and ROP6 nanodomains, impairing cytoskeletal reorganization and directional growth. Our findings reveal interleaflet coupling as a fundamental organizing principle linking membrane asymmetry to signaling, providing a conceptual framework for spatial and temporal control of signal transduction across eukaryotic membranes
Literature review of PLM and AI in industry 5.0: preliminary contribution to proactive design for sustainability
No full textInternational audienceIn the context of Industry 5.0, the integration of sustainability has been particularly emphasized inside theindustrial system. To address this need under today’s highly competitive market, proactive design for sustainability iscrucial to mitigate negative environmental impact from the preliminary design phase of a product’s life cycle. This indicatesthat the environmental assessment will be carried out based on a forward-looking scenario, in which product informationmust be exploited appropriately to cope with the uncertainties that emerge. To ensure the accurate prediction ofenvironmental impact and sustainable decision support for a product still under development, a reliable product-relatedinformation provider and data processor is required. Therefore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with productlifecycle management (PLM) is regarded as a tangible approach. In the paper, a literature review of the implementation ofAI technology in PLM has been presented. The benefits and challenges, including the AI application in PLM have beendiscussed in detail. Furthermore, the role of AI-based PLM in proactive design for sustainability scenarios is outlined.Finally, the detailed future work concludes the discussion
Phenolic Azobenzene as Ligand for Cation Complexation—Syntheses and Applications
No full textInternational audiencePhenolic azobenzenes have garnered significant attention as functional materials due to their ability to undergo reversible photoisomerization and their potential for cation complexation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in the synthesis, properties, and applications of phenolic azobenzene derivatives in cation binding and complexation. This article explores various synthetic strategies for the preparation of phenolic azobenzenes. Additionally, the mechanisms of cation complexation, including the role of the phenolic hydroxyl group and the azobenzene scaffold, are discussed, along with insights into the coordination chemistry involved. This review further examines the diverse applications of phenolic azobenzene complexes in fields such as ion sensing, catalysis, and biological and DSSC applications
Description and Analysis of Horse Swimming Strategies in a U-Shaped Pool
No full textInternational audienceAquatic training has been integrated into equine rehabilitation and training programs for several decades. While the cardiovascular effects of this training have been explored in previous studies, limited research exists on the locomotor patterns exhibited during the swimming cycle. This study aimed to analyze three distinct swimming strategies, identified by veterinarians, based on the propulsion phases of each limb: (S1) two-beat cycle with lateral overlap, (S2) two-beat cycle with diagonal overlap, and (S3) four-beat cycle. 125 underwater videos from eleven horses accustomed to swimming were examined to quantify the differences in locomotor patterns between these strategies. Initially, a classifier was developed to categorize 125 video segments into four groups (CatA to CatD). The results demonstrated that these categories correspond to specific swimming strategies, with CatA aligning with S1, CatB with S2, and CatC and CatD representing variations of S3. This classification highlights that two key parameters, lateral and diagonal ratios, are indeed effective in distinguishing between the different swimming strategies. Additionally, coordination patterns were analyzed in relation to these swimming strategies. One of the primary findings is the variability in swimming strategies both within and between individual horses. While five horses consistently maintained the same strategy throughout their swimming sessions, six others exhibited variations in their strategy between laps. This suggests that factors such as swimming direction, pauses between laps, and fatigue may influence the selection of swimming strategy. This study offers new insights into the locomotor patterns of horses during aquatic training and has implications for enhancing the design of rehabilitation protocols
Asymptotic results of the randomly censored kernel-type expectile regression estimator for functional dependent data
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the intricate process of estimating nonparametrically in expectile regression models for functional time series data that exhibit strong mixing properties within the context of a random right-censoring model. Specifically, we establish the almost complete consistency and asymptotic normality of the kernel-based expectile regression estimator. Notably, these results are derived in an asymptotic setting and are applicable under reasonably broad assumptions about the underlying model. Furthermore, we explore the practical implications of our theoretical findings in analyzing financial time series. To evaluate the performance of the proposed estimator on finite samples, we conducted comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations. These simulations provide a quantitative assessment of the estimator’s accuracy and efficiency under various scenarios, allowing for a thorough understanding of its practical utility
Personalizing the assistive law of an upper-limb exoskeleton based on simulation and experimental data
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Recherche préliminaire pour le développement d'une méthodologie d'évaluation environnementale intégrant les performances mécaniques issues des procédés de fabrication additive métallique
No full textInternational audienceMetal additive manufacturing (MAM) is reputed to be more environmentally friendly thanks to itsprinciple of adding material layer by layer, offering the possibility of manufacturing complex-shapedparts with just the right amount of material, unlike more traditional machining processes involving theremoval of material. This perception is skewed if an environmental assessment is limited to the materialdeposition stage, and therefore ignores and underestimates the key impacts associated with the variousstages of the product life cycle. Indeed, the literature review shows that most research carried out in a sustainability context focuses on the consumption of materials and electrical energy generated, andneglects other factors such as consumables (lubricants, special gases) and impacts linked to safetyrequirements (ventilation, fume extraction). Furthermore, work aimed more specifically at optimizingthe mechanical properties of parts manufactured by MAM often overlooks the environmental impactssurrounding manufacturing processes, which can be in direct opposition to environmental sustainabilityrecommendations.In this context, the aim of this work is to assess the environmental impact of MAM over the entire lifecycle of a system's components, while seeking the best compromise between mechanical performanceand sustainability. The performance index method is used here to select the best depositionprocess/deposited metal pairings by integrating environmental impacts, such as recyclability andemissions associated with each stage of the component life cycle, upstream of the industrial productdesign process.La fabrication additive métallique (FAM) est réputée plus écologique grâce à son principe d’ajout dematière couche par couche qui offre la possibilité de fabriquer des pièces de formes complexes avecjuste ce qu’il faut comme matière contrairement aux procédés plus traditionnels d’usinage parenlèvement de matière. Cette perception est biaisée si on se contente de faire une évaluationenvironnementale qui se limite à l ́étape de dépôt de matière et de fait ignore et sous-estime les impactsclés liés aux différentes étapes du cycle de vie du produit. La revue de littérature montre que la plupartdes recherches menées dans un contexte de soutenabilité, se focalisent sur la consommation de matièreet l’énergie électrique engendrées et négligent les autres facteurs tels que les consommables (lubrifiants,gaz spéciaux) et les impacts liés aux exigences de sécurité (ventilation, extraction des fumées). De plus,les travaux visant plus spécifiquement à optimiser les propriétés mécaniques des pièces fabriquées parFAM passent sous silence souvent les impacts environnementaux environnant les procédés defabrication, qui peuvent être en opposition directe avec les recommandations environnementales desoutenabilité. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à évaluer les impacts environnementaux de la FAM surl’ensemble du cycle de vie des composants d’un système, tout en recherchant le meilleur compromisentre performances mécaniques et soutenabilité. La méthode des indices de performances est ici utiliséepour sélectionner les meilleurs couples procédé de dépôt/métal déposé en intégrant en amont de ladémarche de conception d’un produit industriel les impacts environnementaux, tels que la recyclabilitéet les émissions associées à chaque étape du cycle de vie des composant
Shaping Expressiveness in Robotics: The Role of Design Tools in Crafting Embodied Robot Movements
No full textInternational audienceAs robots increasingly become part of shared human spaces, their movements must transcend basic functionality by incorporating expressive qualities to enhance engagement and communication. This paper introduces a movementcentered design pedagogy designed to support engineers in creating expressive robotic arm movements. Through a handson interactive workshop informed by interdisciplinary methodologies, participants explored various creative possibilities, generating valuable insights into expressive motion design. The iterative approach proposed integrates analytical frameworks from dance, enabling designers to examine motion through dynamic and embodied dimensions. A custom manual remote controller facilitates interactive, real-time manipulation of the robotic arm, while dedicated animation software supports visualization, detailed motion sequencing, and precise parameter control. Qualitative analysis of this interactive design process reveals that the proposed "toolbox" effectively bridges the gap between human intent and robotic expressiveness resulting in more intuitive and engaging expressive robotic arm movements.</div
Selecting the state of shape memory alloys by optical filtering
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this work is to design and fabricate narrow-band optical filters to control the state of shape memory alloys (SMA). The study focuses on developing optical filters capable of inducing localized deformation in SMA micro wires, which are wirelessly operated using laser beams. To achieve this, various filter designs were evaluated through optical modeling of multilayer coatings, tailored to the required filtering function, using the specialized software “Geneticode”. Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and silver (Ag) were deposited onto glass substrates using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) and sputtering techniques, respectively, to fabricate optical filters based on the multi-cavity metal-dielectric (MCMD). The optical properties of the SiOₓCγ:H and Ag films, including the refractive index, were analyzed using transmission and reflection spectra. These properties were determined by applying classical models such as the O’Leary-Johnson-Lim (OJL) interband transition model, the harmonic oscillator model, Tauc-Lorentz model and the Drude model