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De nouveaux défis pour la métaphysique
No full textInternational audienceOn croyait la métaphysique dépassée, voire morte ? Claudine Tiercelin n’a pour sa part jamais cessé d’en défendre la possibilité en construisant une métaphysique scientifique réaliste, héritière du pragmatisme américain et de la tradition rationaliste française.Elle démontre que cette entreprise demeure même indispensable pour pouvoir parler de « vérité » et de « raisons ». La métaphysique doit néanmoins, aujourd’hui, relever de nouveaux défis : ne pas sombrer dans les excès du modalisme, se garder du risque scientiste et éviter les intrusions de la théologie. Vaste programme, donc, que de rendre à la métaphysique à la fois sa légitimité et ses armes, tout en nous invitant à puiser dans la philosophie des forces pour continuer de respirer
Entre-temps : l'histoire publique en revue
No full textInternational audienceLa revue Entre-temps a pour ambition d'explorer et de partager dans un format numérique les nouvelles expériences et écritures de l’histoire. Hébergée depuis 2018 par le Collège de France et animée par de jeunes chercheuses et chercheurs dans le cadre de la chaire de Patrick Boucheron, elle passe chaque semaine en revue, par des textes, des podcasts et des vidéos, les exigences et les questionnements d’une histoire engagée et savante qui ne cherche pas seulement à diffuser plus largement ses savoirs, mais aussi à les mettre à l’épreuve de publics divers, témoignant de la variété et de la créativité des mises en présence du passé historique, notamment par les arts. En ce sens, Entre-temps est bien une revue d’histoire publique, qui s’inscrit dans la mission du Collège de France de faire savoir, c’est-à-dire de mettre la science devant la société.Cet ouvrage présente une anthologie de textes issus de cette revue : suivant les grandes rubriques qui en organisent les contenus (« Façonner », « Créer », « Transmettre » et « Exhumer ») et donnant un aperçu des grandes séries qui l’animent, il permet de prendre la mesure des expériences narratives, visuelles et performatives qu’elle a suscitées. Car si Internet est sa propre archive, la forme du livre demeure aujourd’hui le principal vecteur du débat public. Voilà pourquoi cet ouvrage, donnant forme à une archive numérique du contemporain, entend contribuer à une discussion plus large sur ce que peut l’histoire publique aujourd’hui
Les voies ouvertes à l’égyptologie: Leçon inaugurale prononcée au Collège de France le jeudi 9 novembre 2023
No full textInternational audienceLa civilisation de l’Égypte pharaonique se déploie le long du Nil sur une durée de presque 3 500 ans. La discipline qui l’étudie, l’égyptologie, est née en 1822 avec le déchiffrement des hiéroglyphes par Champollion qui enseigna au Collège de France, quelques années plus tard, une vision déjà très aboutie de ses développements futurs. La chaire « égyptienne » n’a cessé, depuis, d’évoluer et de se renouveler.Tout en retraçant cet héritage bicentenaire, Laurent Coulon s’interroge sur les voies qui s’ouvrent à l’égyptologie aujourd’hui, au-delà de la philologie et de l’archéologie, notamment le dialogue qu’il souhaite nouer, par l’anthropologie, avec les autres civilisations. Il esquisse les thèmes qui seront au cœur de son enseignement : le culte d’Osiris, les images en contexte rituel et la statuaire tardive, ainsi que l’éloquence et la société de cour
Empagliflozin in Acute Myocardial Infarction Reduces No-Reflow and Preserves Cardiac Function by Preventing Endothelial Damage
No full textInternational audienceEmpagliflozin treatment before acute myocardial infarction mainly targets the endothelial cell transcriptome. Empagliflozin treatment before and after myocardial infarction decreased no reflow and microvascular injury, leading to reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells, reduced infarct size, and improved cardiac function in mice. In diabetic patients receiving empagliflozin after myocardial infarction, perfused boundary region, flow-mediated dilation, and global longitudinal strain were improved
Fluid balance after cardiac arrest: Any impact on outcome? Insights from the MIMIC IV database
No full textInternational audienceBackground. Fluid balance is closely associated with outcomes in septic shock. Post-cardiac arrest (CA) shock, which accounts for one-third of deaths after CA, shares many pathophysiological features with sepsis. However, the impact of fluid balance has not been analyzed in this setting. This study aimed to assess the impact of fluid balance on mortality during post-CA shock.Methods. This retrospective study used the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database. Fluid balance was quantified during the first 72 h. Multivariate logistic-regression analysis identified factors associated with early (by day 3) mortality.Results. Among the 1800 patients resuscitated from CA, 868 (68 %) developed post-CA shock. Of these, 801 were analyzed; 334 (42 %) died within 3 days. Early non-survivors had a higher median fluid balance (+3289 mL [25th; 75th IQR + 502; +5806]) than early survivors (+930 mL [–2677; +4353]) (P < 0.001). Positive fluid balance independently predicted death by day 3 (OR 2.23, 95 % CI [1.29; 3.14]; P = 0.005). Mortality increased significantly with increasing fluid balance, especially from 1000 mL and upwards (OR 4.11, 95 % CI [2.32; 2.47]; P < 0.001). Other factors independently associated with early mortality included age >66 years, maximum catecholamines dose, and peak serum lactate.Conclusions. These findings confirm that fluid balance is associated with early mortality during post-CA shock
О некоторых типах ранневизантийских инкрустированных пряжек в понто-каспийском регионе.
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Taste in the Japanese Dwelling: Between Social Codification and Individual Preferences
No full textInternational audienceThe purpose of this panel is to identify the place of individual taste in the construction of a Japanese architectural tradition. In modern times, the question of taste has played an important role in discussions regarding Japanese architecture, as the country is rapidly developing following the Western model. From 1870, under the influence of the government policies, started a movement of inventory and conservation of the architectural heritage. Then, from the 1890's, some architects worked on the identification of the fundamental characteristics of premodern time’s Japanese architecture. Those considerations notably reached the area of residential architecture, a field where individual taste is particularly expressed. Therefore, through the study of habitations, it is possible to question the active presence of individual taste in the construction of a Japanese architectural tradition.This panel's presentations provide elements of reflection through three distinct topics: the beginning of the rationalisation and standardisation of the elite’s architecture at the end of the 17th beginning of the 18th century, through the example of the carpenter master manuscript Shōmei; the establishment of the tea house as a model for Japanese houses designed for the middle class in Taishō era; the heritage process at the end of the 20th century of the kyō-machiya, Kyoto's townhouses, in which the inhabitants taste is expressed in the way of living, beyond the architectural form.While the design rules of the residences are written down and tend to be standardized during the premodern times, it is also a moment of development and diffusion of the tea house, an architecture not subjected to these codes. It is then the tea house that will be used as a model for the design of a modern Japanese dwelling in the Taishō era. During this time, the question of taste, especially the one of the individual, has become an important topic in the discussions of architects. Furthermore, it is under the impulse of the inhabitants and their personal preferences that Kyoto's townhouses are taking the shape that will be inherited and transmitted. Therefore, this panel provides elements to bring a new light on the question of the construction of a Japanese architectural tradition and its specific taste, underlying the role of individuals in the process
Ultraviolet in swallowtail butterflies: contrasted dorso-ventral evolution highlights a trade-off between natural and sexual selection on visual cues
No full textInternational audienceAbstract The evolutionary dynamics of color pattern diversification in animals is strongly influenced by visual interactions within and among species. While much attention has been given to color pattern variation in the human-visible range, perception outside this range is observed in a wide array of species and is poised to influence color pattern evolution. Butterfly species often show sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) light, impacting wing color pattern diversification as their evolution is influenced by both predator vision and sexual selection. Here, we explore UV color pattern diversification in Papilionidae within a comparative phylogenetic framework by quantifying variation from UV photographs of museum specimens using a machine-learning-based method. We find decoupled dorsal and ventral UV color pattern evolution, with brighter and more rapidly evolving ventral sides, especially in males. Conversely, we find a smaller dorso-ventral difference in visible-light color patterns. Moreover, we find divergence in male ventral UV patterns in closely related sympatric species, even after accounting for variation due to visible-light patterns. These results suggest an influence of sexual selection on UV ventral pattern diversification. These findings highlight how the trade-off between sexual and natural selection may lead to contrasted evolution of ventral vs. dorsal sides of the same organ
The speed of vaccination rollout and the risk of pathogen adaptation
No full textInternational audienceVaccination is expected to reduce disease prevalence and to halt the spread of epidemics. But pathogen adaptation may erode the efficacy of vaccination and challenge our ability to control disease spread. Here we examine the influence of the speed of vaccination rollout on the overall risk of pathogen adaptation to vaccination. We extend the framework of evolutionary epidemiology theory to account for the different steps leading to adaptation to vaccines: (1) introduction of a vaccine-escape variant by mutation from an endemic wild-type pathogen, (2) invasion of this vaccine-escape variant in spite of the risk of early extinction, (3) spread and, eventually, fixation of the vaccine-escape variant in the pathogen population. We show that the risk of pathogen adaptation is maximal for intermediate speed of vaccination rollout. On the one hand, slower rollout decreases pathogen adaptation because selection is too weak to avoid early extinction of the new variant. On the other hand, faster rollout decreases pathogen adaptation because it reduces the influx of adaptive mutations. Hence, vaccinating faster is recommended to decrease both the number of cases and the likelihood of pathogen adaptation. We also show that pathogen adaptation is driven by its basic reproduction ratio, the efficacy of the vaccine and the effects of the vaccine-escape mutations on pathogen life-history traits. Accounting for the interplay between epidemiology, selection and genetic drift, our work clarifies the influence of vaccination policies on different steps of pathogen adaptation and allows us to anticipate the effects of public-health interventions on pathogen evolution