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Contextual integrity in Africa's plural-legal contexts: Fintech, privacy, and informational norms in Ghana
No full textInternational audienc
Nouvelles perspectives sur la représentation du monde naturel
No full textInternational audienceThe conference will bring together papers specifically structured around the theme of the "feeling" or "perception of nature" from Antiquity to the Renaissance. The aim is to renew our understanding of the relationship between humans and nature by examining archaeological remains, texts, and iconography.This may involve exploring how nature was integrated, as early as Antiquity, into private residences (through paintings, mosaics, topographical layouts...) and public spaces (palaces, places of worship...), or analyzing what the attraction to landscape—often rooted in notions of domination and control—reveals about individual identity and ecological concerns.Indeed, can we speak of the existence of the homo ecologicus—to use the well-known expression of Polish philosopher Henryk Skolimowski—an individual with ethical obligations toward their environment, in earlier periods? Or is this figure purely a construct of the modern world?Le colloque réunira des communications qui seront structurées tout particulièrement sur : le « sentiment » ou la « perception de la nature » de l’Antiquité à la Renaissance. Il conviendra alors de renouveler notre compréhension sur les relations entre l’homme et la nature à partir de l’examen des vestiges archéologiques, des textes, de l’iconographie. Il pourra s’agir à la fois d’examiner comment la nature était introduite, dès l’Antiquité, au sein des résidences privées (peintures, mosaïques, aménagements topographiques…) et publiques (palais, lieux de culte…) ou encore ce que peut signifier l’attrait pour le paysage, qui repose très souvent sur sa domination et son contrôle, pour la constitution de l’individu et des préoccupations écologiques. En effet, est-ce que l’homo ecologicus, selon l’expression bien connue du philosophe polonais Henryk Skolimowski, qui a des obligations d’ordre éthique par rapport à son environnement, existait-il dans les époques plus éloignées ou est-ce une création du monde contemporain
Cochlear gene therapy restores hearing and auditory processing in an atypical DFNB9 mouse model
No full textInternational audienceBackground The autosomal recessive deafness 9 (DFNB9) is caused by mutations in the otoferlin gene that accounts for 2-8% of all inherited deafness cases. In a previous study, we demonstrated that Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy restored hearing in a preclinical mouse model of profound DFNB9 deafness caused by a frameshift mutation leading to a complete loss of otoferlin expression. However, it remains to be demonstrated that it can address the full spectrum of DFNB9 deafness severity, while also restoring central auditory processing essential for speech understanding. Methods Using homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells, we created a knock-in mouse model carrying the E1799del otoferlin mutation, which mirrors the human E1804del variant linked to DFNB9 deafness, characterized by moderate-to-profound deafness during febrile episodes in affected individuals. A mixture of male and female mice was used at P2, P8, and P30. Some were followed for up to 4 months for longevity monitoring and behavioral tests.ResultsThe mouse model exhibits abnormal otoferlin distribution, failure of synaptic transmission in inner hair cells, and profound hearing loss, all of which is restored to normal through AAV gene therapy. Notably, we conduct objective behavioral testing to provide the first evidence that gene therapy administered to the cochlea, which is part of the peripheral auditory system, can restore frequency discrimination, indicating the recovery of central auditory processing. This is achieved even when treatment is administered late at the end of the critical period. Conclusions These findings indicate that gene therapy can address the entire spectrum of DFNB9 hearing loss, and that profound deafness during critical period may not impede the restoration of central auditory processing
Whole‐exome sequencing in families from Lifou Island (New Caledonia) reveals candidate variants involved in gout pathogenesis
No full textInternational audienceBackground Gout, which manifests as severe inflammation caused by excessive serum urate levels and monosodium urate deposits in the joints, is associated with multiple genomic loci in Europeans. In this exploratory work, we aimed to identify additional gene variants in Melanesian families from New Caledonia, a population in which the disease is highly prevalent. Methods Two families from Lifou Island (New Caledonia) in which multiple members were diagnosed with gout were selected. Whole exome sequencing and/or targeted sequencing of a panel of genes involved in immunity was performed in patients and their healthy relatives. Rare variants in Melanesian populations were selected using an autosomal dominant segregation model. Results Several variants were identified in genes not previously involved in immune diseases or hyperuricemia, several of which were not observed in control individuals from Remote Oceania. Conclusion This work highlights new candidate susceptibility loci for gout in New Caledonians, an underrepresented population in genomic studies, and suggests that novel pathways are likely involved in gout pathogenesis
Patrons, Donors and Workshops: The Making of a Syriac Lectionary
No full textInternational audienceIlluminated gospel lectionaries stand out among the artistic productions of Syriac Christians during the Abbasid Period. The making of these luxurious books, however, remains partially shrouded in mystery. A series of clues shed light on the identity of patrons and craftsmen, the functioning of artistic command, the geographical location of workshops, and the materials employed by the scribes and painters. Based on the evidence of colophons, owners' notes, literary sources and material studies, this article aims to provide a synthesis of current knowledge about Syriac workshops and their practices
The Dharma of Heaven and Earth: Cosmological Discourses and Practices in a Buddhist Context
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Boron Proxies: From Calcification Site pH to Cenozoic p CO2
No full textInternational audienceThe atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) is the key driver of climate variability. Boron isotopic compositions (δ11B) of marine calcium carbonates reveal pCO2 of the geologic past because boron isotope incorporation is sensitive to seawater pH, which closely reflects atmospheric pCO2. Biocarbonate δ11B values record environmental pH through a metabolic prism (so called “vital effects”), sometimes complicating interpretations. However, biocarbonate boron isotopes, coupled with boron concentrations (B/Ca), can also reveal the processes of calcification. Here, we review the link between seawater pH and the effective pH recorded by marine organisms via biomineralisation and summarise pCO2 reconstructions from boron isotopes for the Cenozoic (≈70 Ma to modern times), arguably the most significant contribution of this proxy system to date
La traduction littéraire: l’étranger comme refuge et "patrie"
No full textSéminaire "La part de l’étranger", 3 avril 2025 (coordination Eve de Dampierre-Noiray et Isabelle Poulin (Université Bordeaux Montaigne, UR Plurielles, équipe Littératures & Mondes)Rencontre avec Marie Vrinat-Nikolov dans le cadre du séminaire "La part de l’étranger", 3 avril 2025 (coordination Eve de Dampierre-Noiray et Isabelle Poulin (Université Bordeaux Montaigne, UR Plurielles, équipe Littératures Mondes).Sa communication porte sur sa trajectoire, son refus d’un lieu racine et du refuge de la traduction, de ce qu’être en lien avec des étudiants traduisant à partir de ou dans des langues différentes apporte à sa réflexion et à sa pratique
L'historicité des sciences comme problème chez Canguilhem
No full textInternational audienceCanguilhem's historical epistemology has sometimes been characterized by a desire to inform philosophy of science through history of science. This characterization is not wrong, but it is insufficiently determined if we do not specify what history of science is and in what way it is historical. Or, in Canguilhem’s words, if we fail to answer the fundamental question of what history of science is the history of. This brings me to address what could be called Canguilhem's problem of the historicity of the sciences.My first section shows that, while the early Bachelardians, and Canguilhem in particular, were establishing Bachelard’s recurrence as a distinctive method, they were also establishing that, if taken in its strict sense, it made the practice of history of science difficult, if not impossible. My aim is to begin to dismantle the false evidence that Canguilhem was an heir to Bachelard who extended Bachelard’s methods and concepts into the field of bio-medical sciences. Once I've made a better start, I explain in the second section why Canguilhem asserted, in an at first glance somewhat romantic manner, that history of science must be written as an adventure. This leads me to note that, unlike Bachelard, Canguilhem's history of science, far from borrowing its norms from scientists, is in a certain sense a history of scientists who decide to institute what I call “normative norms”. At the end of this section, I propose a new interpretation, based on the distinction between Galileo's doctrine and his action, of a famous passage, according to which Galileo did not say the truth while “being in the truth”.In the third section, I establish more generally that the source of scientific progress is, for Canguilhem, the excess of a scientist's actions over his knowledge. According to Canguilhem, the origin of every discovery is action, by which he means that which marks the irruption of novelty into the world, and that which is accomplished in a state of ignorance and at the risk of failure. I emphasize that a constitutive duality emerges here, one that Canguilhem established as early as the 1930s, but whose anchor points he varied: applying this duality to the relationship between science and technology, for example, led him to defend theses quite different from those of Bachelard and Bergson.As all true action is free insofar as it introduces an unpredictable novelty into the world, the fourth section explores what Canguilhem thought about free action in the tributes he paid to Cavaillès over half a century. The insistent invocation of Spinoza's figure in these tributes leads me, in the fifth and final section, to question Cavaillès' Spinozism, to show that behind the visible Spinoza there is a hidden Descartes, and thus to argue that, paradoxical as it may seem at first glance, the structure and terms of the problem of the historicity of the sciences were identical in Canguilhem and Cavaillès.L’épistémologie historique de Canguilhem a parfois été caractérisée par la volonté d’informer la philosophie des sciences par l’histoire des sciences. Cette caractérisation n’est pas fausse, mais elle est insuffisamment déterminée si on ne précise pas en quoi l’histoire des sciences est historique. Ou encore, pour reprendre Canguilhem lui-même, si on ne répond pas à la question principielle de savoir de quoi l’histoire des sciences est l’histoire. Cela m’amène à poser ce qu’on peut appeler le problème de l’historicité des sciences chez Canguilhem.La première section de ce chapitre montre que, en même temps que les premiers bachelardiens, et en particulier Canguilhem, érigeaient la récurrence bachelardienne en méthode distinctive, ils établissaient que, si elle était prise au sens strict, elle rendait par principe difficile, voire impossible, la pratique de l’histoire des sciences. Par manière de préambule, il s’agit de commencer à défaire la fausse évidence d’après laquelle Canguilhem aurait été un héritier de Bachelard étendant la méthode de ce dernier à un nouveau domaine.En mesure après cela de prendre un meilleur départ, j’explicite dans la deuxième section les raisons pour lesquelles Canguilhem affirmait, de manière au premier abord un peu romantique, que l’histoire des sciences doit être écrite comme une aventure. Cela me conduit à remarquer que, contrairement à ce qu’il en est chez Bachelard, l’histoire des sciences chez Canguilhem, loin d’emprunter ses normes aux scientifiques, est en un certain sens une histoire des savants qui se décident à prendre parti en instituant ce que j’appelle des normes normantes. À la fin de cette section, je propose une interprétation nouvelle d’un passage fameux, selon lequel Galilée ne disait pas le vrai tout en étant dans le vrai : je m’appuie pour cela sur une distinction entre la doctrine de Galilée et son action.Dans la troisième section, j’établis plus généralement que la source du progrès scientifique est selon Canguilhem l’excès des actions d’un savant par rapport à ses connaissances. À l’origine de toute découverte, il y a en effet selon lui quelque chose de l’ordre de l’action, en entendant par là ce qui marque l’irruption de la nouveauté dans le monde et qui est accompli dans une forme d’ignorance et au risque de l’échec. Je souligne qu’une dualité constitutive se manifeste ici, que Canguilhem a mise en place dès les années trente mais dont il a fait varier les points d’ancrage : cette dualité lui fait par exemple défendre d’autres thèses sur les rapports entre science et technique que celles de Bachelard et de Bergson.Toute véritable action étant libre en tant qu’elle introduit une nouveauté imprévisible dans le monde, la quatrième section explore la manière dont Canguilhem a pensé l’action libre dans les hommages qu’il rendit à Cavaillès pendant un demi-siècle.La convocation insistante de la figure de Spinoza dans ces hommages me conduit finalement, dans la cinquième et dernière section, à m’interroger sur le spinozisme de Cavaillès, à montrer qu’il y a derrière le Spinoza affiché un Descartes caché, et ainsi à soutenir que, aussi paradoxal que cela puisse paraître au premier abord, la structure et les termes du problème de l’historicité des sciences étaient identiques chez Canguilhem et Cavaillès
Discerning Patterns in Medieval Chinese Polymathy Through Bibliometrics: Astronomy, Mathematics, and their Historical Sister Sciences
No full textInternational audienceOne difficulty in studying “astronomers” and “mathematicians” as distinct classes in ancient China is that the important ones were neither specialists nor professionals, but polymaths, with little to distinguish them from any other intellectual. Another difficulty, confounding any modern taxonomy, is the tight relationship between astronomy, mathematics, Classical exegesis, and ritual. This article uses the thousands of lost and extant works cataloged under discrete emic categories in the Hanshu, Suishu, and Jiu Tangshu bibliographic treatises to weigh the place of the sciences and their practitioners vis-à-vis other contemporary forms of knowledge and, using polymathy as a vector, to map the connectivity and clusters between fields. It presents numerous findings about relative anonymity, fame, productivity. and the fields in which “scientists” were most implicated, but its principal interest is in proposing a method to sidestep modern observer’s categories