Portail HAL du Collège de France
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Nouveaux regards sur la koiné du nord de la mer Égée et ses liens avec Athènes
No full textInternational audienceÀ propos de : Efestia (Lemno) da “interfaccia tra Egeo e Anatolia” a cleruchia ateniese. Atti della Giornata di Studi (Napoli, 13 gennaio 2020). – E. Greco ed. – Rome : Edizioni Quasar, 2023. – 230 p. : ill., plans, cartes. – (Pelargòs, ISSN 2723.9551 ; supplemento 1). – ISBN 978.88.5491.432.2
Two-Body Contact Dynamics in a Bose Gas near a Fano-Feshbach Resonance
No full textWe investigate the real-time buildup of short-range correlations in a nondegenerate ultracold Bose gas near a narrow Fano-Feshbach resonance. Using rapid optical control, we quench the closed-channel molecular energy to resonance on sub-microsecond timescales and track the evolution of the two-body contact through photo-dissociation losses. Repeated pulse sequences enhance sensitivity to early-time two-body losses and reveal long-lived coherence between atom pairs and molecular states. The observed dynamics are accurately reproduced by our dynamical two-channel zero-range theory, which explicitly accounts for the resonance's narrow width and finite closed-channel decay, establishing a predictive framework for correlation dynamics in quantum gases near Fano-Feshbach resonances
Early life histories in Prehistoric Algeria: first evidences by multi-isotope and bioanthropological approaches
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Représentation humaine et contemplation en islam: les portraits dévotionnels des soufis
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The brain of Homo neanderthalensis
No full textInternational audiencePalaeoneurology is fascinating but a highly debated field, mostly because the brain does not fossilise. Our only way to learn from this organ in fossil specimens is hidden inside the skull: the imprints on the inner surface of the bone that can be molded into what we call the endocast. This proxy, the only available evidence to study brain evolution, has been widely used historically to infer the evolutionary history of the hominin brain. More specifically, the question of the evolution of the brain of prehistoric humans has been addressed in the past by analyzing either specific brain structures [1] or the entire endocranial surface [2]. One study also proposed a reconstruction of a Neandertal brain by deforming virtually a current brain into a Neandertal skull [3]. An obvious limiting factor in the field is the lack of robust scientific data documenting the detailed relationship between the brain's sulci and the fine imprints visible on the inner surface of the skull [4].In this context, we have investigated for the first time the correlation between the shape of the brain and that of the endocast within a sample of 75 living humans using MRI acquisitions, which included some specific acquisitions with a particular sequence (ultrashort time to echo, UTE) allowing better characterisation of bone tissues than conventional sequences like T1 or T2-weighted. Our main objective was to exploit this unique dataset to provide an objective reading key for the endocast. This involved establishing the correspondence between the sulci visible on each brain and all the visible imprints on the endocast of each subject. We described and quantified the link between these different structures to provide objective elements for our understanding and interpretation of all the information visible on an endocast. We conducted an original and integrative study, combining anthropological, neuroanatomical and human sciences. Complementary tools were used to reconstruct all 3D models. We then created an anatomical atlas of visible marks on endocasts, compiling the imprints due to the presence of a sulcus as well as the numerous ones that are not linked to cerebral anatomy. This original knowledge has been applied to investigate the individual characteristics of key fossil specimens to try to assess their brain characteristics in a more objective way than proposed before.We have compiled a large comparative material of human fossils to carry out a particular study of the cerebral characteristics of Neandertals. The methods employed included comparative anatomy, multivariate analyses of measurements defined on real brain areas and a diffeomorphic approach to compare the differential extension of the lobes between the different groups. It appears in our newly proposed model that the brain of Homo neanderthalensis is not simply an enlarged version of the brain of Homo erectus, even if both align along the same allometric trajectory [2]. It is also characterised by unique patterns, including frontal lobes extended backward, wide occipital lobes and an expansion of the posterior-inferior part of the temporal and parietal lobes.Finally, we applied our newly proposed endocast reading key to the description of the detailed morphology of the endocast of key fossil specimens, in order to reconstruct the brains of these specimens. To do this, we used the available data on the skull-endocast relationship within our current sample to transform the endocast models into brain reconstructions that consider the actual individual characteristics of the specimens. This is how we can present for the first time a reconstruction of a Neandertal brain showing the cerebral characteristics of this species
The superiority of graphics over text in long-term memory retention
No full textInternational audienceGraphical representations of data are pervasive in modern communication and are often used to convey socio-economic, scientific, and medical information. Despite their popularity, it is still unknown whether they can enhance the long-term retention of their content. We conducted a delayed-recall task with psychology undergraduates (N = 92), in which participants read about the evolution of a socio-economic phenomenon, with five to six datapoints presented as graphics, text, or table; recall was operationalized as correct reporting of the trend in the data, 2 h after the information was presented. We found that graphics facilitated the delayed recall of such trends. No advantage was found on immediate recall of trends or specific datapoints in another sample of participants (N = 80). Thus, even for equal initial encoding of data, and even for very concise materials, graphics facilitate long-term retention. Overall, the study reveals the potential of graphics as effective tools for enhancing memory retention and therefore highlights their valuable role in educational settings
Refining the chrono-stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age at Contrebandiers cave (Témara region)
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Identifications des espèces animales : controverses antiques et modernes
No full textInternational audienceFruit d'un séminaire de recherche qui s'est tenu à Sorbonne Université, cet ouvrage rassemble des spécialistes de corpus linguistiques, visuels et archéologiques des mondes grec, latin, hébraïque, arabe, perse et sassanide qui ont dialogué autour des controverses antiques, médiévales et modernes à propos des identifications animales.Par sa pluridisciplinarité et sa transculturalité, ce travail collaboratif est un véritable défi qui, loin des chemins battus, offre un panorama solide des connaissances zoologiques pour l'ensemble du pourtour méditerranéen, en mettant notamment l'accent sur les échanges directs et indirects entre érudits sur la très longue durée.Cet ouvrage, en déconstruisant certaines idées reçues, est destiné aux spécialistes de l'histoire des sciences, notamment de la zoologie, et à ceux qui s'intéressent aux cultures antiques, médiévales et modernes à travers une nouvelle approche
Les principes de Base, de Voie, et du Fruit dans les enseignements de la Grande Perfection
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Spatio-temporal slip variability along Central Apennine faults: Insights from the paleoearthquake trenching and long-term slip rate on the Liri and Roccapreturo fault systems
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding the spatial and temporal variability of slip along individual faults and over complex fault systems is crucial for constraining the extent of co-seismic ruptures, estimating paleo-earthquake magnitudes, and refining seismic hazard assessments. While previous studies have primarily focused on timeframes spanning only a few seismic cycles, the long-term persistence of rupture barriers and cumulative slip distribution remains poorly constrained. In this study, we investigate slip variability across multiple timescales-from months to millions of years-along the Liri and Roccapreturo faults in the central Apennines.These faults, located at the contact between Cretaceous limestone and Quaternary deposits, were analyzed through high-resolution topographic data derived from UAV-acquired imagery, Pleiades satellite and Lidar data, complemented by detailed field observations. Along the Liri fault, a ̃16 km-long northern segment displays a subdued scarp morphology with no Quaternary deposits observed on the hanging wall, contrasting with a southern 30 km-long section where sharp fault scarps offset multiple Quaternary surfaces. A ̃6–8 km-long relay zone separates fault segments striking between N110◦ and N160◦. Cosmogenic 3Cl dating of two offset alluvial surfaces yields minimum slip rates of ̃0.4 to ̃2 mm/yr over the past 35–27 kyr. Paleoseismic trenching within Quaternary deposits revealed evidence for at least three surface-rupturing earthquakes in the past ̃2500 years, the most recent postdating 1226 CE.The Roccapreturo fault system comprises a NE-verging main fault and a SW-verging anti- thetic fault, on which two trenches were excavated to characterize recent activity.We will discuss how the displacement varies along both fault both in time and space