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Adaptive laboratory evolution of Klebsiella oxytoca: Enhanced 2,3-butanediol synthesis from glycerol fermentation
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Attacking the First-Principle: A Black-Box, Query-Free Targeted Mimicry Attack on Binary Function Classifiers
No full textBinary function classifiers play a crucial role in maintaining the security and integrity of software systems by detecting malicious code and unauthorized modifications. However, machine learning-based classifiers are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that can evade detection. In this study, we present Kelpie, a novel framework for executing mimicry attacks, a stronger type of targeted evasion attacks, on binary function classifiers in a black-box, zero-query setting. Unlike previous approaches that rely on querying the target classifier to refine untargeted evasion attacks, Kelpie leverages code transformations that preserve the functionality of malicious payloads while causing them to be misclassified as we want. Through extensive experimentation, we demonstrate that Kelpie can successfully execute mimicry attacks against six state-of-the-art binary function classifiers representing different model architectures without requiring direct interaction with them. We further validate our approach with a practical demonstration, involving a keylogger and a wiper concealed within benign-looking functions embedded in an application. This work, to our best knowledge, is the first to demonstrate such a mimicry attack in a black-box, zero-query context, raising important questions about the reliability and security of existing machine learning-based binary function classifiers
Raman Spectroscopy Applied to Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites
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Serum Magnesium, Outcomes, and the Effect of Empagliflozin in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced and Preserved Ejection Fraction
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Magnesium plays a central role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Limited data exist on the clinical implications of magnesium derangements and the influence of SGLT2 inhibitors on magnesium levels in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFmr/pEF).Aims: Using the EMPEROR-Preserved (NCT03057951) population, we aim to study the association of serum magnesium with outcomes, assess the impact of empagliflozin on serum magnesium levels, and explore the influence of serum magnesium on the effect of empagliflozin on the study outcomes.Methods: Patients with HFmr/pEF were randomized to receive placebo or empagliflozin 10 mg/daily. Laboratory results were available at baseline, week 4, and weeks 12, 32, 52, and every 24 weeks thereafter. The median follow-up time was 26.2 months. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization.Results: A total of 5988 patients were included. The mean serum magnesium levels at baseline were 0.82±0.11 mmol/L. The corresponding magnesium quintiles (Q) were: Q1=0.67±0.07 mmol/L (N=1291); Q2=0.78±0.02 (N=1189); Q3=0.83±0.01 (N=1378); Q4=0.88±0.01 (N=1078); and Q5=0.96±0.05 (N=1052). Patients with higher magnesium levels were older, had lower eGFR, and higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Conversely, patients with lower serum magnesium had diabetes and use thiazide-type diuretics more frequently. Placebo-treated patients experienced a higher risk of primary outcome events with higher magnesium levels (Q5).Empagliflozin (vs placebo) was associated with a more pronounced reduction of primary outcome events at higher baseline magnesium levels: Q1:HR=1.05, 95%CI=0.77-1.39, Q2:HR=0.85, 95%CI=0.63-1.14, Q3:HR=0.88, 95%CI=0.66-1.17, Q4:HR=0.62, 95%CI=0.45-0.86, Q5:HR=0.60, 95%CI=0.45-0.79, interaction P-trend=0.030. At week 4 empagliflozin had increased magnesium levels by 0.05 mmol/L, reaching a steady-state thereafter.Conclusions: In EMPEROR-Preserved, higher serum magnesium levels were associated with a higher risk of primary outcome events among patients treated with placebo but not among patients treated with empagliflozin who experienced pronounced benefit.</div
Reachability in multi-agent transfer systems
No full textInternational audienceThis paper introduces collaborative reachability games with energy constraints. In the considered arenas, agents can spend or gain energy during moves, or share it with their peers if their current position allows it. We study several variants of energy reachability games where agents move either synchronously or asynchronously, and with/without constraints on energy transfers among peers. We show that these problems have dierent complexities ranging from NP to EXPSPACE
The Tensor-Plus Calculus
No full textWe propose a graphical language that accommodates two monoidal structures: a multiplicative one for pairing and an additional one for branching. In this colored PROP, whether wires in parallel are linked through the multiplicative structure or the additive structure is implicit and determined contextually rather than explicitly through tapes, world annotations, or other techniques, as is usually the case in the literature. The diagrams are used as parameter elements of a commutative semiring, whose choice is determined by the kind of computation we want to model, such as non-deterministic, probabilistic, or quantum. Given such a semiring, we provide a categorical semantics of diagrams and show the language as universal for it. We also provide an equational theory to identify diagrams that share the same semantics and show that the theory is sound and complete and captures semantical equivalence. In categorical terms, we design an internal language for semiadditive categories (C,+,0) with a symmetric monoidal structure (C,x,1) distributive over it, and such that the homset C(1,1) is isomorphic to a given commutative semiring, e.g., the semiring of non-negative real numbers for the probabilistic case
A review of forest management practices potentially suitable for carbon farming in European forests
No full textInternational audienceTo meet the European Union's climate neutrality targets by 2050, carbon farming (CF) has emerged as a key strategy to enhance carbon (C) sequestration in managed ecosystems. This review assesses a broad set of forest management practices with potential to sequester carbon in aboveground biomass (AGB) and soil organic carbon (SOC) in European forests, while considering co-benefits and trade-offs. The analysis, based on a literature review covering boreal, temperate, and Mediterranean regions, evaluates practices such as afforestation, species selection, changes in rotation periods, reduced harvest intensity, continuous cover forestry, and peatland management. Results show that afforestation on croplands offers the highest short-term carbon sequestration potential, while agroforestry and peatland rewetting provide significant long-term benefits, particularly for SOC. Reduced or no harvest also offers short term sequestration potential, but the risk of leakage is potentially very high. However, the success of CF practices is highly context-dependent, influenced by forest type, disturbance risk, and future climatic conditions. This review highlights the urgent need for future studies considering both above and belowground carbon sequestration as well as co benefits. Furthermore, the importance of integrating sustainability, permanence, leakage prevention and additionality into CF initiatives and underscores the need for long-term, site-specific studies to inform policy and carbon certification frameworks
Towards Pen-and-Paper-Style Equational Reasoning in Interactive Theorem Provers by Equality Saturation
No full textInternational audienceEquations are ubiquitous in mathematical reasoning. Often, however, they only hold under certain conditions. As these conditions are usually clear from context, mathematicians regularly omit them when performing equational reasoning on paper. In contrast, interactive theorem provers pedantically insist on every detail to be convinced that a theorem holds, hindering equational reasoning at the more abstract level of pen-andpaper mathematics. In this paper, we address this issue by raising the level of equational reasoning to enable pen-and-paper style in interactive theorem provers. We achieve this by interpreting theorems as conditional rewrite rules, and use equality saturation to automatically derive equational proofs. Conditions that cannot be automatically proven may be surfaced as proof obligations. Concretely, we present how to interpret theorems as conditional rewrite rules for a significant class of theorems. Handling these theorems goes beyond simple syntactic rewriting, and deals with aspects like propositional conditions and type classes. We evaluate our approach by implementing it as a tactic in Lean, using the egg library for equality saturation with e-graphs. We show four use cases demonstrating the efficacy of this higher level of abstraction for equational reasoning
Contacts et conflits en Méditerranée (VIe-XIIIe siècle) ; Société, Église et pouvoir politique dans l'Occident médiéval (XIe-XVe siècle)
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Comparative Analysis of the Performances of a Nonlinear Observer and Nonlinear Kalman Filters in the Presence of Non‐Gaussian Disturbances
No full textInternational audienceABSTRACT This paper focuses on state estimation for a fairly general class of systems, involving nonlinear functions and disturbances in both the process dynamics and output equations. A nonlinear observer that satisfies a disturbance attenuation constraint in addition to providing asymptotic stability in the absence of disturbances is developed using Lyapunov analysis. A weighted form of this observer is able to adjust the estimation performance for systems that have states with considerably different levels of magnitude. The observer is shown analytically to provide a guaranteed upper bound on the vector norm of the estimation error, and this upper bound is utilized to guarantee the stability of observers in disturbed systems that are designed to be stable over a finite domain. The performance of the nonlinear observer is compared with the performance of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Three different applications are utilized for the comparison, consisting of a magnetic position estimation problem, a state‐of‐charge battery application, and a vehicle tracking application. In the case of the disturbances being Gaussian noise, the UKF and the nonlinear observer provide approximately the same level of performance, and they both surpass the performance of the EKF. However, in the case of 2‐norm‐bounded non‐Gaussian noise, such as spikes/pulses, the nonlinear observer is shown to significantly outperform both the UKF and the EKF. Extensive experimental results and comparisons using a range of covariance choices demonstrate the superiority of the nonlinear observer, confirming that it is not just an artifact of specific tests