HAL portal of the University of Lorraine
Not a member yet
161261 research outputs found
Sort by
Investigation of the Electrochemical Behaviour of Ag and Pd in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Insights from Modulation Excitation X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
No full textInternational audienc
Vers une évaluation hyper-moderne des politiques publiques
No full textNational audienceDepuis son origine en contexte public, l’évaluation des politiques a connu différentes formes. D’abord, une évaluation qualifiée d’« administrative », inscrite dans une logique hiérarchique et centrée sur la conformité procédurale. Ensuite, une évaluation « managériale » portée par les principes du New Public Management (NPM), valorisant la performance, la responsabilisation individuelleet l’usage d’indicateurs quantitatifs. Enfin, une évaluation plus « collaborative et ouverte », intégrant la réflexivité, la participation et la prise en compte du contexte social et territorial de l’action publique, en intégrant des approches post-NPM, plus récentes. Pourtant, malgré ces évolutions, l’évaluation des politiques publiques est actuellement critiquée, que cela soit sur le plan conceptuel ou sur celui plus pratique. Une évaluation renouvelée semble alors nécessaire !
Experimental investigation and multi-scale Mori–Tanaka modeling of viscoelastic asphalt mastic with imperfect interfaces
No full textInternational audienceAsphalt mastics, comprising asphalt binder and mineral filler, play a critical role in determining the performance of asphalt mixtures. This study examines the viscoelastic behavior of mastics composed of two asphalt binders and three fillers (gabbro, quartz, and hydrated lime) with varying particle sizes. Repeated Creep and Recovery Tests (RCRT) were conducted to evaluate the influence of filler type and concentration on mastic strain response. Then, a modified multi-scale Mori-Tanaka model was successfully employed to predict the viscoelastic properties of the mastics. The model parameters were found to be influenced by the filler type and size, as well as by imperfections at the binder-filler interface. Results show that mastics containing hydrated lime exhibit higher moduli, particularly at high filler content (40% by volume), with significantly lower final strain in RCRT compared to those with gabbro or quartz. This enhanced performance is attributed to the high surface area of hydrated lime and its chemical interactions with the asphalt binder, which promote the formation of a network structure within the mastic. While the proposed model effectively captures the physical interactions in asphalt mastics, it requires further refinement to account for the additional influence of chemical reactions between fillers, such as hydrated lime, and the asphalt binder.</div
From local wood charcoal to high-performance supercapacitors: The role of pore accessibility
No full textInternational audienceLocally produced wood charcoal was explored as a sustainable and competitive precursor for activated carbon (ACs) applied to advanced energy storage applications. Three different activation strategies were applied: steam activation, KOH activation after physical mixing (KOH-p), and KOH activation after impregnation (KOH-imp). All materials demonstrated good electrochemical performance at low charging rates, achieving specific cell capacitance above 40 F g -1 at 0.5 A g -1 in acidic aqueous electrolyte with the best-performing material demonstrating a remarkable cell capacitance value of 64 F g -1 at 0.5 A g -1 (i.e., a specific electrode capacitance of 257 F g -1 ) while retaining 85 % and 73 % of its performance at 5 and 40 A g -1 , respectively. Moreover, despite comparable BET areas (~1500 m 2 g -1 ) and microporous volumes (~0.5 cm 3 g -1 ), ACs produced by KOH-p exhibited restricted micropore accessibility, leading to lower performance at high charging rates. In contrast, ACs with increased pore volume and wider pore size from the AC-KOH-p series retained 73 % of their capacitance, while the KOH-imp series stabilized at 55 %. These findings highlight the critical role of hierarchical porosity and effective micropore accessibility in enhancing charge transport and overall electrochemical performance, reinforcing the value of local biomass sources in the development of sustainable energy storage materials.</div
Trade agreements and sustainable fisheries
No full textInternational audienceThis study examines the impact of trade agreements and their specific provisions on the sustainability of marine fisheries resources. Using global data on the Mean Trophic Level (MTL) between 1950 and 2018 and a comprehensive dataset of environmental provisions from trade agreements signed between 1947 and 2018, we estimate the impact on the MTL of signing (i) a free trade agreement and (ii) a free trade agreement including fishery-related provisions. To address potential endogeneity problems associated with fisheries-related provisions, we use a difference-in-differences (DID) propensity score matching method. Our results show that while trade agreements tend to negatively impact the MTL, including fisheries-related provisions offsets this negative impact among signatory countries. By examining the potential mechanisms underlying this result, we are able to temper the optimistic findings in the existing literature on the beneficial environmental outcomes of environmental provisions. Our findings suggest that these provisions do not foster the adoption of more effective resource management practices. Instead, they appear to reduce trade opportunities, which is contrary to the objective of trade creation in trade agreements
Assessing the integrity of SARS-CoV-2 and F-specific RNA bacteriophage RNA in raw wastewater (ANRS0160)
No full textInternational audienceRNA integrity is an essential parameter for analyzing the nature of viral particles, especially in environmental samples where assessing virus infectivity is often difficult or impossible. It is also an important factor in the effectiveness of virus sequencing in environmental matrices containing mixed viral populations composed of variants that differ from one another by only a limited number of mutations, such as in the case of SARS-CoV-2. This study introduces a multiplex Reverse Transcription Digital PCR (RT-dPCR) method for evaluating the RNA integrity of SARS-CoV-2 and F-specific RNA phages belonging to subgroup I (FRNAPH-I) using synthetic RNA, viral stocks, and then raw wastewater (WW) in which SARS-CoV-2 and FRNAPH-I were naturally present. An initial approach using one-step multiplex digital Reverse Transcription PCR (dRT-PCR) demonstrated unequal detection across the genomic regions of both FRNAPH and SARS-CoV-2. To overcome this methodological bias, a two-step method called Long-Range Reverse Transcription digital PCR (LR-RT-dPCR) was developed. This approach involves performing long-range reverse transcription at the 3′ end using a single specific reverse primer to generate contiguous cDNA that spans multiple targets of interest. Following cDNA synthesis, the sample is partitioned, and a multiplex amplification is carried out on targets located at the 3′ end, middle, and 5′ end of the sequence. The LR-RT-dPCR method enabled uniform detection with enhanced sensitivity and was validated using capillary electrophoresis on synthetic RNA of MS2, a phage which belongs to the FRNAPH-I subgroup. LR-RT-dPCR was employed in both triplex and quintuplex formats to analyze the MS2 phage genome (3,569 nucleotides (nt)) and SARS-CoV-2 genome (∼30,000 nt), respectively. Using this approach, viral RNA integrity was evaluated through the detection frequencies of genome fragments of the whole genome. The viral stocks of MS2 phages replicated in a laboratory and stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) exhibited high RNA detection frequencies (> 50 %). In WW, RNA detection frequency was significantly lower, not exceeding 2 % even for the shortest fragment of the FRNAPH-I genome. On the other hand, SARS-CoV-2 RNA showed greater detection frequency than FRNAPH-I RNA in WW, with values exceeding 30 % for short fragments (<1,500 nt) and ranging from 0 % to 44 % for longer fragments (1,500 to 3,500 nt). The relationship between the detection frequency of a fragment and its length does not appear to be strictly linear, as factors other than length can influence genome integrity. These factors include the intrinsic properties of specific genomic regions. For example, the S3-ORF3a region of the SARS-CoV-2 genome appears particularly stable
Automated classification of subsurface impact damage in thermoplastic composites using depth-resolved terahertz imaging and deep learning
No full textInternational audienceReliable detection of barely visible impact damage is critical to ensure the structural integrity of composite components in service, particularly in safetycritical applications such as pressure vessels and transportation systems. This study presents a solution for detecting such damage in woven glass fiberreinforced thermoplastic composites using terahertz (THz) time-of-flight tomography and convolutional neural networks. THz provides non-contact, non-ionizing, high-axial-resolution imaging of subsurface and back-surface damage, addressing key limitations of surface-based inspection methods. While THz imaging alone may not always permit conclusive damage identification, we bridge this gap by training neural network classifiers on depthresolved THz B-scan images using ground truth from co-located X-ray microcomputed tomography. Among several pretrained architectures tested via transfer learning, DenseNet-121 exhibits the highest accuracy. The model remains robust even when trained on truncated B-scans excluding surface indentation features, confirming its ability to detect structural anomalies located internally or on the back surface. This is particularly relevant for applications where back-side access is not feasible. Experimental validation is performed on impacted glass-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic coupons prepared in accordance with ASTM D7136, with damage severity quantified through force-displacement data and micro-tomographic analysis. Labeling for supervised learning conforms to acceptance criteria from industrial standards for composite pressure vessels (ASME BPVC Section X, CGA C-6.2), ensuring regulatory alignment and enabling deployment in quality control workflows. The proposed method minimizes the need for expert interpretation or secondary validation and offers direct applicability to in-service inspection and manufacturing quality control
Nature-based solutions for water management: Pluridisciplinary state-of-the-art and research needs
No full textInternational audienceNature-based Solutions (NbS) offer a way to preserve, manage and restore ecosystems so as to better meet today's societal challenges, by combining benefits for society and the environment, including biodiversity. They are a response to current climate change-related challenges for water management. However, various barriers exist to the implementation of NbS, such as a lack of appropriation of the concept, as well as needs for knowledge and know-how. Focusing on societal challenges linked to water, we highlight the importance of implementing pluridisciplinary and transdisciplinary projects when trying to implement NbS projects. This requires new approaches in research, practice, and governance. This discussion allows identifying levers for a widespread use of NbS for water management
Rapport annuel sur les droits de l’enfant : la Défenseure des droits formule plusieurs recommandations pour garantir « une justice réellement adaptée »
No full textInternational audienceDans son rapport « Enfant 2025 », publié le 19 novembre 2025, la Défenseure des droits dresse un bilan de la justice des mineurs. Estimant que le droit des enfants à une justice adaptée, protégé par la convention internationale des droits de l’enfant notamment, doit constituer un levier d’inclusion, elle formule 25 recommandations parmi lesquelles l’inscription dans la loi du principe d’irresponsabilité pénale des moins de 13 ans, sans exception possible, ou encore la création d’un code de l’enfance qui rassemblerait toutes les dispositions civiles et pénales concernant les enfants
A X-ray view on solutal melting in Cu-Pd
No full textInternational audienceSolutal melting experiments on isomorphous copper-palladium (Cu-Pd) melting couples are performed to better understand the kinetics of the solid-liquid (s-l) interface. In-situ monitoring of the melting process with a subsecond time-resolution by X-ray radiography (XRR) is key to identifying the evolution of the concentration fields during the process. The samples used, were concentric. XRR experiments were performed using thin samples of 220 and 460 μm thickness. The samples were processed in a near-isothermal furnace by rapid heating at approximately 19.5 ◦C∕min followed by annealing at holding temperature of 1090 ◦C slightly above the melting point of copper (Cu) (1085 ◦C) but far below the melting point of palladium (Pd) (1555 ◦C). Solutal melting of Pd was uniformly observed in real-time. In our study particular attention was paid to study the effect of specimen thickness on the s-l interface velocity. Pd dissolved rapidly in the thick sample of 460 μm in comparison with the thin sample of 220 μm. Furthermore, the evolution of in-situ concentrations was determined using transmitted X-ray intensities. Postmortem analysis performed on re-solidified CuPd alloy using SEM showed satisfactory agreement. Persistent non-equilibrium conditions existed at the s-l interface by the end of melting regardless of the melting mechanism and/or sample thickness