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Quantifier l'empreinte environnementale des métavers: Entre légitimé de la précision et mobilisation de l’incertitude
No full textInternational audiencePutting the environmental footprint of digital technology on the agenda and framing it as a public issue feeds on and is fed on by numbers produced by various actors. While the numbers produced by NGOs can be the subject of considerable discussion once they have been circulated, the conditions under which they are produced have been little studied. This is what this article aims to shed light on, through an analysis of the quantification practices of a working group of The Shift Project. The analysis is based on a qualitative survey using interviews and participant observation. After describing the composition of the working group and the backgrounds of its members, the article focuses on the multiple constraints that frame the production of numbers. It shows how actors involved in the working group seek to resolve the tension between the quest for precision and uncertainty by positioning themselves between appropriating and distancing themselves from scientific work on the one hand, and making tactical use of the socio-technical promises generated by the industry on the other.La mise à l’agenda et le cadrage de l’empreinte environnementale du numérique comme problème public se nourrissent de mesures chiffrées portées par divers acteurs. Alors que les chiffres produits par les associations environnementales peuvent faire l’objet de discussions importantes une fois mis en circulation, les conditions de leur production ont été peu étudiées. C’est ce que propose d’éclairer cet article à travers l’analyse des pratiques de quantification en train de se faire d’un groupe de travail de l’association The Shift Project. Cette analyse se base sur une enquête qualitative par entretiens et par observation participante. Après avoir explicité la composition du groupe de travail et les parcours de ses membres, l’article se concentre sur les multiples contraintes qui viennent cadrer la production des chiffres. Il montre comment les acteurs engagés dans le groupe de travail cherchent à résoudre une tension entre quête de précision et incertitude à travers un positionnement entre appropriation et maintien à distance du travail scientifique d’une part, et à travers un usage tactique des promesses technoscientifiques générées par l’industrie d’autre part
Ultra-thin atomic layer deposited HfO2: Tailoring dielectric thickness for low-operating voltage thin-film transistors
No full textInternational audienceTo achieve low-power consumption and high performance in TFTs, it is crucial to reduce the thickness of the dielectric gate layer while maintaining a defect-free structure and high dielectric properties. This study explores the effects of varying HfO2 layer thickness on TFT performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates a decrease in oxygen defects as the film thickness increases. The morphological and topological properties of the films were characterized using grazing incidence small and wide-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy. Impedance spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the dielectric properties, showing that the 10 nm HfO2 film exhibited a low leakage current density of 13 nA cm−2 at 1 V and a permittivity of 5.98. The fabricated ZnO TFT with a 10 nm HfO2 gate dielectric layer operated at an ultra-low voltage of −1.59 V, achieving a high current on/off ratio exceeding 106. These findings highlight the importance of controlling dielectric layer thickness for the development of high-performance TFTs and their potential for low-power microelectronic applications
Changer les outils de collaboration : Dynamique d'introduction d'outils collaboratifs numériques dans les écologies d'artefacts de la sécurité civile
No full textInternational audienceIntroducing new digital collaborative tools in civil security is a recurrent issue in crisis informatics research. Ourwork aims to understand key dynamics in the introduction of the tools used for collaboration by civil securitythrough the lens of the concept of ecology of artifacts (EoA). We identify multiple evolutionary movements basedon real-life tool’s cases inside the EoA of French firefighters of the Moselle region (SDIS57). Our research methodis based on qualitative data collection through inter-service training observations and semi-directive interviewswith active professionals. A thematic analysis reveals a dense, sometimes redundant and inter-connected EoA,constantly evolving through at least 6 movements: 4 related to the introduction of a new digital collaborative tool(personal-to-organizational, bottom-up, top-down and horizontal), 1 related to the realignment of an adopted tool and 1 related to a tool’s replacement. Our research aims to facilitate the introduction of future digital collaborative tools for civil security and guide crisis management system’s design and policy makers towards working with pre-existing EoA instead of replacing it.L'introduction de nouveaux outils numériques de collaboration dans la sécurité civile est une question récurrente dans la recherche sur l'informatique de crise. Notre travail vise à comprendre les dynamiques clés dans l'introduction des outils utilisés pour la collaboration par la sécurité civile à travers le concept d'écologie des artefacts (EoA). Nous identifions de multiples mouvements évolutifs basés sur des cas réels d'outils au sein de l'EoA des pompiers français de la région de Moselle (SDIS57). Notre méthode de recherche est basée sur la collecte de données qualitatives par le biais d'observations de formations inter-services et d'entretiens semi-directifs avec des professionnels en activité. Une analyse thématique révèle un champ d'action dense, parfois redondant et interconnecté, évoluant constamment à travers au moins 6 mouvements : 4 liés à l'introduction d'un nouvel outil numérique de collaboration (personnel à organisationnel, bottom-up, top-down et horizontal), 1 lié au réalignement d'un outil adopté et 1 lié au remplacement d'un outil. Notre recherche vise à faciliter l'introduction de futurs outils collaboratifs numériques pour la sécurité civile et à orienter la conception des systèmes de gestion de crise et les décideurs politiques vers une collaboration avec EoA préexistante au lieu de la remplacer
New Statistic Detector for Structural Image Similarity
No full textInternational audienceSocial networks like LinkedIn, Facebook, and Instagram contribute significantly to the rise of image prevalence in daily life, with numerous images posted in everyday. Detecting image similarity is crucial for many applications. While deep learning methods like Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) are popular, they often overlook image structure. An alternative method involves using pre-trained models (e.g., LeNet-5 and VGG-16) to extract features and employing classifiers. However, deep learning methods demand substantial computational resources and they also suffer from uncontrolled false alarms. This paper proposes a novel Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) detector based on a hypothesis testing framework to identify the similarity of structural image pairs. The proposed approach minimizes the need for extensive computational resources, and false alarms can be regulated by employing a threshold. The detector is applied to Local Dissimilarity Maps (LDM), with gray-level values modeled by a statistical distribution. Experimental results on simulated and real data confirm its effectiveness for structural similarity detection. Additionally, a Simple Likelihood Ratio Test (SLRT) is tested on simulated data. Comparisons with deep learning and classical measures like Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) and Feature Similarity Index (FSIM) show the proposed detector performs comparably or better in terms of Area Under the Curve (AUC) with less computing time, especially for structural similarity.</div
Supporting cooperative work in qualitative analysis: the ergonomic challenges of digital artifacts
No full textInternational audienceComputer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS) has profoundly transformed research practices, particularly within the Grounded Theory Method (GTM) approach. However, when used in collaborative settings, these tools create tensions-such as cognitive overload, loss of traceability, and coordination difficulties-stemming from a mismatch between the functional rigidity of existing software and the interpretive flexibility inherent to cooperative work. An ethnographic study with students and researchers highlights these tensions by examining the coordination mechanisms through the protocols and artifacts utilized. In response to these findings, we propose design directions for a digital artifact better suited to support shared reasoning and document collective adjustments through a participatory approach grounded in the actual practices of GTM users.</div
L'apport des évaluations informelles dans la méthodologie de conception collaborative d'un dispositif de rééducation impliquant ergothérapie et informatique
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the methodology followed in the TeMaCo project, which aims to develop a digital tool designed to make rehabilitation sessions more engaging and enjoyable. The system must be accepted both by the occupational therapist leading the session and by the patient undergoing rehabilitation. To achieve promising results in terms of acceptability, the design process involved 184 participants in feedback collection and evaluations, and over 1,000 people in activity trials conducted during four scientific or public events. This paper highlights how informal evaluations add value to the co-design process of a rehabilitation tool. By informal evaluation, we refer to an assessment with a fixed protocol which, unlike controlled evaluations that we qualify as formal, takes place during public events where visitors are invited to participate. Each informal evaluation contributed to refining the system to better meet user needs and to building a scientific evaluation whose results are promising. Looking ahead, future work will be carried out with occupational therapists to prepare a rehabilitation protocol integrating the system.Cet article présente la méthodologie suivie dans le projet TeMaCo dont l'objectif est de proposer un dispositif numérique permettant de rendre les séances de rééducation plus ludiques. Ce dispositif doit être accepté par l'ergothérapeute qui gère la séance et par la personne en rééducation. Pour obtenir un résultat prometteur en termes d'acceptabilité, le processus de conception a impliqué 184 personnes dans des recueils d'avis et des évaluations et plus de 1000 personnes pour essayer des activités, lors de 4 événements scientifiques ou grands publics. Cet article montre comment les évaluations informelles représentent une plus-value dans le processus de co-conception d’un dispositif pour la rééducation. Nous entendons par évaluation informelle, une évaluation avec un protocole fixe, qui, à la différence des évaluations en situation contrôlée quenous qualifions de formelles, se déroule lors d’événements publics, où les visiteurs sont invités à participer. Chacune des évaluations informelles a permis de concevoir un dispositif répondant au mieux au besoin et de construire une évaluation scientifique dont les résultats sont prometteurs. En perspective, un travail sera mené avec les ergothérapeutes pour préparer un protocole de rééducation utilisant le dispositif
Implicit Function-based 3D Reconstruction for Point Cloud Data
No full textInternational audience3D reconstruction from point cloud data has become a key component in various domains such as computer graphics, medical imaging, industrial design, and virtual reality. Among the many available approaches, implicit function methods have attracted significant attention due to their robustness and their ability to generate high-quality surface meshes from sparse and noisy data. This paper investigates the fundamental principles of 3D reconstruction, with a particular focus on the application of space-partitioned local fitting methods in implicit surface reconstruction from point clouds. Furthermore, we introduce a hybrid normal estimation and orientation technique to enhance global surface consistency. Experimental results on LiDAR point clouds demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed reconstruction pipeline, validating its effectiveness
Explainable multimodal data fusion framework for heart failure detection: Integrating CNN and XGBoost
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Effects of the right to be forgotten for childhood or breast cancer survivors: results of a quasi-experimental study in France
No full textInternational audiencePurpose Cancer survivors have reported difficulties in accessing loan-related insurance, in particular for a home loan. In France, a law called “the Right To Be Forgotten” (RTBF) was adopted in 2017 to counter this “financial toxicity” of cancer. Since then, eight other European countries have adopted or implemented legislation inspired by the French RTBF. Several patients’ organizations in Europe have called for an extension of the RTBF across all European countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the RTBF on the reduction of survivors experiencing difficulties in obtaining loan-related insurance after cancer in France.Method A quasi-experimental study was conducted using different sources of recruitment to enroll breast and childhood cancer survivors (cases) and individuals without a history of cancer (controls). Difficulties in accessing loan-related insurance reported by cancer survivors and controls before and after the adoption of the law (2010–2022) were collected using anonline questionnaire and compared between groups. Groups were matched using propensity scores on age, sex, the amount of insured capital, and health-related variables. The effect of the RTBF’s adoption was estimated using a conditional logistic regression.Results Out of 552 matched respondents (1:3 case–control ratio), difficulties in accessing loan-related insurance were reported by 65% of cases vs. 16% of controls before the RTBF and by 35% of cases vs. 15% of controls after the RTBF (P < .0001). The likelihood of experiencing difficulties in obtaining a loan was significantly decreased (β = − 0.29; OR = 0.74; P = 0.01) after the RTBF. In subgroup analyses, the results remained significant solely for childhood cancer survivors.Conclusions Despite a significant decrease in the proportion of cancer survivors experiencing difficulties after the adoption of the RTBF, there are possible difficulties in the law’s implementation, dissemination, and usage, in particular for adult cancer survivors.Implications for Cancer Survivors The RTBF may alleviate cancer survivors’ difficulties in accessing loan-related insurance with a possible impact in decreasing the financial toxicity of cancer, both from a subjective and an objective point of view
