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Between Bacon and Descartes: Vico’s Methodology and the Critique of Algorithmic Reductionism Tarp F. Bacono ir R. Descarteso: G. Vico metodologija ir algoritminio redukcionizmo kritika
No full textThis paper examines Giambattista Vico’s Scienza Nuova as an epistemological alterna-tive to the algorithmic rationality underlying artificial intelligence. Grounded in Vico’s verum-factum principle that humans can only truly know what they have created, it argues that data-driven models distort knowledge by detaching it from its historical and creative origins. Through a comparative analysis of Baconian empiricism and Car-tesian rationalism, the study demonstrates how Vico synthesises these traditions into a hermeneutic methodology centred on the mondo civile: the human-made world of meanings, laws and institutions. By uniting philologia (the domain of historical particu-lars) with philosophia (the pursuit of universal truths) within a dynamic interpretive circle, Vico establishes the autonomy of the human sciences against technological re-ductionism. His concepts of sensus communis (communal understanding) and ingenium (contextual judgment) reveal why algorithms can simulate but not comprehend mean-ing. The article concludes that Vico’s human-centred framework offers an indispensa-ble foundation for preserving interpretive understanding in the digital age
Nitric Oxide-Mediated Regulation of Cadmium Stress in Lettuce Varieties: Implications for Sustainable Food Safety and Crop Production
No full textNitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a key signaling molecule involved in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Yet, its role in regulating cadmium (Cd) detoxification and ion homeostasis remains insufficiently understood across different lettuce genotypes. This study aimed to elucidate the NO-mediated mechanisms underlying Cd stress mitigation by focusing on oxidative regulation, ion balance, and Cd accumulation dynamics in lettuce. Three lettuce varieties (Lactuca sativa L.), namely curly (var. crispa), romaine (var. longifolia), and iceberg (var. capitata), were exposed to 100 and 500 µM Cd, with or without 200 µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), under controlled greenhouse conditions in a modified Hoagland solution. Growth traits, antioxidant enzyme activities [catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)], oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane permeability (MP), and proline], ionic homeostasis [potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn)], and Cd accumulation indices [bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), total accumulation rate (TAR), and net accumulation via roots (NetAcc)] were evaluated. Cd exposure significantly reduced biomass production, photosynthetic pigment contents, and the accumulation of essential mineral nutrients, while markedly increasing oxidative stress indicators. Antioxidant responses varied among varieties, with Cd generally stimulating CAT activity but suppressing APX, indicating redox imbalance. SNP application partially restored antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced membrane damage, and alleviated oxidative stress in a genotype-dependent manner. Cd accumulation indices revealed substantial Cd uptake and translocation, particularly in curly and iceberg lettuce. SNP significantly reduced BCF, TF, TAR, and NetAcc values, suggesting NO-mediated restriction of Cd mobility, possibly through enhanced root sequestration and detoxification processes. Moreover, SNP improved K+, Ca2+, Fe2+, and Mn2+ homeostasis, highlighting its role in maintaining selective ion transport under Cd stress. Among the tested varieties, curly lettuce exhibited the highest NO-induced tolerance, followed by iceberg and romaine lettuce. Overall, the findings demonstrate that NO acts as an effective regulator of redox balance, ion homeostasis, and Cd detoxification, thereby enhancing physiological resilience and reducing Cd accumulation in lettuce exposed to Cd stress. From a sustainability perspective, these findings highlight the potential of NO application as an effective strategy to reduce Cd accumulation in leafy vegetables, thereby contributing to safer food production and more sustainable crop management under heavy metal-contaminated conditions
PEDİYATRİK HASTALARDA SUPRAGLOTTİK HAVA YOLU GERECİNİN YERLEŞİMİNİN DOĞRULANMASINDA ULTRASONOGRAFİNİN YERİ
No full textFrom Multi-Axial Mapping to Dynamic Integration: Unpacking the Thresholds of Linguistic Understanding
No full textThis commentary analyzes Yongho Choi’s five-axis model (object, mode, depth, frame, biological constraint) of linguistic understanding, which moves beyond traditional philosophical accounts. The model’s success in reframing understanding within a multidimensional participation space, thereby productively explaining both the AI debate and clinical dissociations, is acknowledged. The focus is placed specifically on the “Threshold Conditions” (Sect. 5.6), which carry the model’s normative force and exclusionary claim. Two critical thresholds—“Normative Repair” and “Embodied Anchoring”—are examined in depth, questioning the ambiguity of their sufficiency status: Are these thresholds empirical benchmarks, normative standards, or ontological conditions? It is argued that Normative Repair must distinguish between reason-responsive participation and causal simulation, while Embodied Anchoring should point not merely to a biological constraint but to the existential-vulnerable source of understanding (Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty). In conclusion, a call is made for further dialogue to develop the model’s concept of “dynamic integration” from a descriptive mapping towards a constitutive principle, in light of the phenomenological and hermeneutic traditions the model now incorporates
Design and Validation of a Real-Time FPGA-Based PID Control System for Angular Positioning in Servo-Hydraulic Actuators
No full textSocial cognition and psychological measures in adults with Epilepsy: An exploratory study using Theory of Mind tasks
No full textPurpose: This study explores the relationship between social cognition, psychological well-being, and self-compassion in patients with epilepsy, aiming to generate hypotheses for future research on the role of social cognition in epilepsy. Methods: Including 38 patients with epilepsy and 21 healthy controls, the research assessed psychological well-being using the Flourishing Scale, self-compassion with the Self-Compassion Scale, and social cognition through the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET), Facial Emotion Recognition Test (FERT), and Faux-Pas Test. Results: Compared to healthy controls, patients with epilepsy (PWE) performed significantly lower on all social cognition tasks, including FERT (53.09 ± 5.94 vs. 50.07 ± 4.50, p = 0.032), RMET (23.19 ± 3.98 vs. 20.05 ± 4.82, p = 0.014), and the Faux-Pas Test (19.57 ± 4.27 vs. 15.18 ± 6.90, p = 0.11), with effect sizes ranging from d = 0.60 to d = 0.72, indicating small-to-moderate group differences. PWE with generalized seizures performed lower on the Over-Identification and Isolation subdimensions of the Self-Compassion Scale than those with focal seizures, whereas no significant differences in social cognitive performance were observed across seizure types. Patients experiencing fewer than one seizure per month performed higher on the Faux-Pas Test. Correlation analyses revealed that education positively correlated with FERT, and lower perceived Isolation emerged as a strong predictor of better FERT and Faux-Pas performance, independent of demographic or clinical factors. RMET performance was significantly associated with epilepsy diagnosis but was not predicted by psychological variables. Conclusion: Lower perceived isolation emerged as a strong and independent predictor of better social cognitive performance, with patients experiencing fewer than one seizure per month also exhibiting higher Faux-Pas Test scores, suggesting that both psychological well-being and seizure frequency are important determinants of social cognition in PWE. Findings may inform the development of psychosocial interventions aimed at reducing isolation and supporting self-compassion in people with epilepsy
Multidimensional Assessment of Patient-Reported-Outcomes in a Multicenter Cohort of Inborn Errors of Immunity
No full textPatient-reported outcomes are critical to multidisciplinary, patient-centred approaches in diseases requiring lifelong management. Among inborn errors of immunity (IEIs), reports on this subject are typically limited to specific diagnostic subgroups or focus narrowly on the route of immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgRT), offering a restricted perspective. We aimed to evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and IgRT-related treatment satisfaction (TS) of a heterogeneous cohort of IEI patients and identify factors influencing these outcomes to guide improving the health and well-being of IEI patients. We conducted a cross-sectional survey targeting IEI patients on IgRT, assessing TS (TSQM-9) and HRQoL (KINDL/SF-36). Patient/caregiver-reported data were integrated with clinical data to identify outcomes and influencing factors. The survey included 500 IEI patients (356 children, 144 adults) diagnosed 54% Primary Antibody Deficiency (PAD), 36% combined immunodeficiency, 7% immune-dysregulation, and 3% other IEIs. Non-PAD diagnoses, comorbidities, absence of school/work attendance, and IgRT-related systemic adverse reactions negatively impacted HRQoL. Severe infections and related hospitalizations adversely influenced both HRQoL and TS. The subcutaneous route of IgRT, particularly at home, was associated with higher TS due to its convenience and reduced school/work absenteeism. However, the IgRT route did not influence adult HRQoL. Patient-reported well-being and satisfaction in IEIs are multifactorial and cannot be solely attributed to the route of IgRT. Minimizing negative experiences related to the disease or its treatment and, where possible, encouraging patients to maintain school/work attendance or engage in activities that promote societal participation can enhance self-esteem, coping abilities, and overall well-being
Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Diabetic Macular Edema in Türkiye: 48-Month Data, BOSPHORUS-DME Study Group Report No. 1
No full textObjectives: This study aimed to evaluate the 48-month visual and anatomical outcomes, as well as the number of clinic visits and intravitreal injections, in patients treated with three consecutive loading doses of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for diabetic macular edema (DME) under real-world conditions in Türkiye. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective, multicenter study conducted by the BOSPHORUS-DME Study Group, the medical records of 2,424 eyes of 1,696 patients who experienced vision loss due to DME and were treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections between January 2019 and January 2023 were reviewed. The study was carried out across eight tertiary referral hospitals located on the European side of İstanbul and in the province of Kocaeli. Seven cohort groups were created based on follow-up at baseline and months 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), the number of clinic visits and injections, and the rates of anti-VEGF or dexamethasone switching were analyzed. Results: The study included a total of 2,424 eyes of 1,696 patients (mean age: 60.6±10.0 years; 46.4% female). The mean baseline BCVA and CMT were 0.34±0.24 (decimal) and 400±134 μm, respectively. At month 48, these values improved to 0.49±0.29 (p<0.0001) and 324±115 μm (p<0.0001). The mean cumulative number of injections at years 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 6.5, 9.6, 12.2, and 15.7, respectively. A switch in anti-VEGF therapy occurred between month 3 and 6 in 43.5% of eyes, mostly due to mandatory transition to on-label agents. Conclusion: This is the largest and longest real-world study on DME treatment conducted in Türkiye. It demonstrates that visual and anatomical gains can be sustained over a 48-month period. While the overall trend aligns with previous real-world studies, the higher injection frequency in our cohort appears to have contributed to more favorable outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of early intensive therapy and sustained treatment adherence in the real-world management of DME. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de gerçek yaşam koşullarında diyabetik maküla ödemi (DMÖ) nedeniyle ardışık üç doz intravitreal anti-vasküler endotelyal büyüme faktörü (anti-VEGF) tedavisi uygulanan hastalarda 48 aylık takip süresince elde edilen görsel ve anatomik sonuçlar ile vizit ve enjeksiyon sayılarını değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif, çok merkezli çalışmada, BOSPHORUS-DMÖ Çalışma Grubu kapsamında İstanbul Avrupa yakası ve Kocaeli illerinde bulunan 8 üçüncü basamak hastanede, Ocak 2019-Ocak 2023 tarihleri arasında DMÖ’ye bağlı görme kaybı nedeniyle intravitreal anti-VEGF enjeksiyonu ile tedavi edilen 1696 hastanın (2.424 göz) tıbbi kayıtları incelenmiştir. Başlangıç ve 3., 6., 12., 18., 24., 36. ve 48. aylarda oluşturulan 7 kohortta; en iyi düzeltilmiş görme keskinliği (EİDGK), santral maküla kalınlığı (SMK), klinik vizit ve enjeksiyon sayıları ile anti-VEGF veya deksametazon geçiş oranları analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular: Ortalama yaşı 60,6±10,0 yıl ve %46,4’ü kadın olan 1.696 hastanın 2.424 gözü çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Başlangıç ortalama EİDGK ve SMK değerleri sırasıyla 0,34±0,24 ve 400±134 μm iken; 48. ayda bu değerler 0,49±0,29 (p<0,0001) ve 324±115 μm (p<0,0001) olarak saptanmıştır. Kümülatif intravitreal enjeksiyon sayıları birinci, ikinci, üçüncü ve dördüncü yıllarda sırasıyla 6,5, 9,6, 12,2 ve 15,7 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Üçüncü ve 6. aylar arasında gözlerin %43,5’inde anti-VEGF ajan değişimi yapılmış olup, değişimlerin büyük kısmı endikasyon içi ajanlara geçiş nedeniyle gerçekleşmiştir. Sonuç: Türkiye’de DMÖ tedavisine yönelik yapılan en büyük ve en uzun süreli gerçek yaşam çalışması olan bu araştırma, dört yıllık takip süresince görsel ve anatomik kazanımların sürdürülebildiğini göstermiştir. Bulgularımız, genel eğilim itibarıyla önceki gerçek yaşam verileriyle örtüşmekle birlikte, daha yüksek enjeksiyon sıklığına bağlı olarak daha iyi sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu durum, DMÖ’nün gerçek yaşam koşullarında etkili yönetimi için erken yoğun tedavi ve tedaviye bağlılığın önemini vurgulamaktadır
Retrospective Analysis of the Heifetz and Winograd Methods in the Surgical Treatment of Ingrown Toenails
No full textBackground: We sought to compare the results of the Heifetz and Winograd methods, used in the surgical treatment of ingrown toenails, and their efficacy in different age groups. Methods: A total of 160 toes of 143 patients surgically treated with the diagnosis of toes growing into the skin between 1 June 2012, and 31 July 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. The age, sex, involved foot, involved toe, and relevant Heifetz stages of the patients were assessed. The patients underwent either the Winograd or Heifetz surgical treatment method. The groups were further divided by age (<18 years and ≥18 years) and were re-evaluated in terms of recurrence. Results: No statistically significant difference was detected between the groups in terms of age, sex, side, early infection, and recurrence rates. However, when the groups were divided according to age, a significantly lower recurrence rate was found in patients younger than 18 years who underwent the Heifetz method compared with patients 18 years and older who underwent the Winograd method. Conclusions: Aligned with the literature, these two surgical methods may be regarded as considerably successful, easily applied, and safe, with fewer complications in ingrown toenail cases. Although it is appropriate to select a surgical treatment method depending on the experience of the surgeon, we believe that the Heifetz method should be given priority due to better outcomes in terms of recurrence in patients younger than 18 years