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Vers une approche hybride combinant Intégration de données et IA pour la reconstitution d'un réseau d'adduction d'eau potable
No full textInternational audienceMonitoring the drinking water distribution network to anticipate unserved areas during periods of drought and potentially identify locations of leaks or unauthorized connections is a major challenge, especially in the Haute Matsiatra region (Madagascar), where a number of measures aimed at rationalising water distribution are decided on aseasonal basis. Because the water supply network has existed for a very long time and is constantly being updated, its description is often incomplete and sometimes erroneous.In order to monitor water distribution (one of the challenges of the MADATLAS project co-led by ESPACE-DEV), the first objective is to rebuild the graph of the distribution network from the existing erroneous and incomplete data. In this context, we are looking at various approaches that will enable us to verify the location of the actual network.Permettre le suivi de la distribution d'eau potable afin d'identifier les localisations de fuites, de branchements sauvages sur le réseau d'adduction est un enjeu majeur, spécialement dans la région Haute Matsiatra (Madagascar) où plusieurs mesures visant à la rationalisation de la distribution de l'eau sont décidées de façon saisonnière. Du fait de l'existence très ancienne et de la mise à jour continue du réseau d'adduction, la description de ce dernier est souvent incomplète et parfois erronée. Afin de permettre le suivi de la distribution d'eau (un des enjeux du projet MADATLAS co-porté par l'unité ESPACE-DEV), le premier objectif est de pouvoir reconstruire le graphe du réseau de distribution à partir des données parfois imprécises et incomplètes existantes. Dans ce contexte, nous envisageons différentes pistes qui nous permettront de vérifier la localisation du réseau réel. Mots-clésGestion de la distribution d'eau potable, intégration de données hétérogènes, traitement des incertitudes.</div
Éducation au changement climatique en Haïti : Une initiative sociale pour la résilience dans un pays très vulnérable
No full textتعاني هايتي، من بين الدول الأكثر تأثرًا بتغير المناخ، من سلسلة كوارث طبيعية - أعاصير وزلازل وفيضانات - تفاقمت بسبب إزالة الغابات والتوسع العمراني العشوائي. تُهدد هذه الأزمات الأمن الغذائي والصحة العامة والبنية التحتية، مما يُغرق المجتمعات في دوامة الفقر وانعدام الأمن. في مواجهة هذه الحالة الطارئة، يُصبح التثقيف بشأن تغير المناخ أداةً فعّالة لبناء القدرة على الصمود. يُحفز اليوم الوطني للتثقيف بشأن تغير المناخ في هايتي، الذي أُنشئ بموجب إعلان تورجو عام ٢٠٢٣، المجتمع على فهم آثار المناخ ومواجهتها. يُسلّط فريق أبحاث تغير المناخ (ERC2) في جامعة كيسكيا الضوء على ديناميكيات الظواهر المناخية المتطرفة، ويقترح حلولًا لإدارة الموارد المستدامة. يُعدّ اتباع نهج متعدد التخصصات، يجمع بين العلوم والصحة والتواصل، أمرًا بالغ الأهمية لتحليل مواطن الضعف، وصياغة سياسات فعّالة، وتعبئة المواطنين. من خلال تزويد هايتي بالأدوات التعليمية والعلمية، تُمهّد هذه المبادرات الطريق نحو مستقبل مرن، قادر على التغلب على تحديات المناخ وحماية الأجيال القادمة.Haiti, among the nations most vulnerable to climate change, is being hit hard by cascading disasters — hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods — a mplified by deforestation and chaotic urbanization. These crises threaten food security, public health, and infrastructure, plunging communities into a cycle of poverty and insecurity. In the face of this emergency, climate change education is becoming a powerful lever for building resilience. The Haitian National Climate Change Education Day, established by the Turgeau Declaration in 2023, is galvanizing society to understand and counter climate impacts. The Climate Change Research Team (ERC2) at Quisqueya University is shedding light on the dynamics of extreme events, proposing solutions for sustainable resource management. A transdisciplinary approach, combining science, health, and communication, is crucial for analyzing vulnerabilities, shaping robust policies, and mobilizing citizens. By equipping Haiti with educational and scientific tools, these initiatives are paving the way toward a resilient future, capable of overcoming climate challenges and protecting future generations.Haití, una de las naciones más vulnerables al cambio climático, se ve gravemente afectada por una serie de desastres — huracanes, terremotos e inundaciones —, amplificados por la deforestación y la urbanización caótica. Estas crisis amenazan la seguridad alimentaria, la salud pública y la infraestructura, sumiendo a las comunidades en un ciclo de pobreza e inseguridad. Ante esta emergencia, la educación sobre el cambio climático se está convirtiendo en una herramienta poderosa para fortalecer la resiliencia. El Día Nacional de la Educación sobre el Cambio Climático de Haití, establecido por la Declaración de Turgeau en 2023, está impulsando a la sociedad a comprender y contrarrestar los impactos climáticos. El Equipo de Investigación sobre el Cambio Climático (ERC2) de la Universidad de Quisqueya está arrojando luz sobre la dinámica de los eventos extremos y proponiendo soluciones para la gestión sostenible de los recursos. Un enfoque transdisciplinario, que combina ciencia, salud y comunicación, es crucial para analizar las vulnerabilidades, formular políticas sólidas y movilizar a la ciudadanía. Al dotar a Haití de herramientas educativas y científicas, estas iniciativas están allanando el camino hacia un futuro resiliente, capaz de superar los desafíos climáticos y proteger a las generaciones futuras.Haïti, parmi les nations les plus vulnérables au changement climatique, est durement frappée par des catastrophes en cascade – cyclones, séismes, inondations – amplifiées par la déforestation et une urbanisation chaotique. Ces crises menacent la sécurité alimentaire, la santé publique et les infrastructures, plongeant les communautés dans un cycle de pauvreté et de précarité. Face à cette urgence, l’éducation au changement climatique devient un levier puissant pour bâtir la résilience. La Journée nationale haïtienne de l’éducation au changement climatique, instaurée par la Déclaration de Turgeau en 2023, galvanise la société pour comprendre et contrer les impacts climatiques. L’équipe de recherche sur le changement climatique (ERC2) de l’Université Quisqueya éclaire les dynamiques des événements extrêmes, proposant des solutions pour une gestion durable des ressources. Une approche transdisciplinaire, mêlant sciences, santé et communication, est cruciale pour analyser les vulnérabilités, façonner des politiques robustes et mobiliser les citoyens. En équipant Haïti d’outils éducatifs et scientifiques, ces initiatives tracent la voie vers un avenir résilient, capable de surmonter les défis climatiques et de protéger les générations futures.Ayiti, pami nasyon ki pi vilnerab fas a chanjman klimatik, frape anpil pa yon kaskad dezas — siklòn, tranblemanntè, ak inondasyon — ki vin pi grav akòz deforestasyon ak ibanizasyon kaotik. Kriz sa yo menase sekirite alimantè, sante piblik, ak enfrastrikti, plonje kominote yo nan yon sik povrete ak ensekirite. Fas a ijans sa a, edikasyon sou chanjman klimatik ap vin tounen yon levye pwisan pou bati rezistans. Jounen Nasyonal Edikasyon sou Chanjman Klimatik an Ayiti, etabli pa Deklarasyon Turgeau an 2023, ap galvanize sosyete a pou konprann ak konbat enpak klimatik yo. Ekip Rechèch sou Chanjman Klimatik (ERC2) nan Inivèsite Quisqueya ap mete limyè sou dinamik evènman ekstrèm yo, pwopoze solisyon pou yon jesyon resous dirab. Yon apwòch transdisiplinè, ki konbine syans, sante, ak kominikasyon, enpòtan anpil pou analize vilnerabilite, mete an plas politik solid, ak mobilize sitwayen yo. Lè yo bay Ayiti zouti edikasyonèl ak syantifik, inisyativ sa yo ap louvri chemen pou yon avni ki rezistan, ki kapab simonte defi klimatik yo epi pwoteje jenerasyon kap vini yo.O Haiti, uma das nações mais vulneráveis às mudanças climáticas, é duramente atingido por uma série de desastres — furacões, terremotos e inundações — amplificados pelo desmatamento e pela urbanização caótica. Essas crises ameaçam a segurança alimentar, a saúde pública e a infraestrutura, mergulhando as comunidades em um ciclo de pobreza e insegurança. Diante dessa emergência, a educação sobre mudanças climáticas está se tornando uma poderosa alavanca para a construção de resiliência. O Dia Nacional de Educação sobre Mudanças Climáticas do Haiti, estabelecido pela Declaração de Turgeau em 2023, está mobilizando a sociedade para compreender e combater os impactos climáticos. A Equipe de Pesquisa sobre Mudanças Climáticas (ERC2) da Universidade Quisqueya está lançando luz sobre a dinâmica de eventos extremos, propondo soluções para a gestão sustentável de recursos. Uma abordagem transdisciplinar, combinando ciência, saúde e comunicação, é crucial para analisar vulnerabilidades, formular políticas robustas e mobilizar os cidadãos. Ao equipar o Haiti com ferramentas educacionais e científicas, essas iniciativas estão abrindo caminho para um futuro resiliente, capaz de superar os desafios climáticos e proteger as gerações futuras.Гаити, одна из стран, наиболее уязвимых к изменению климата, серьёзно пострадала от череды стихийных бедствий — ураганов, землетрясений и наводнений, — усугублённых вырубкой лесов и хаотичной урбанизацией. Эти кризисы угрожают продовольственной безопасности, общественному здравоохранению и инфраструктуре, погружая сообщества в порочный круг нищеты и незащищённости. В условиях этой чрезвычайной ситуации образование в области изменения климата становится мощным инструментом повышения устойчивости. Национальный день образования в области изменения климата на Гаити, учреждённый Декларацией Туржо в 2023 году, мобилизует общество на понимание последствий изменения климата и борьбу с ними. Группа по исследованию изменения климата (ERC2) при Университете Кискейя изучает динамику экстремальных явлений, предлагая решения для устойчивого управления ресурсами. Трансдисциплинарный подход, объединяющий науку, здравоохранение и коммуникацию, имеет решающее значение для анализа уязвимостей, разработки эффективной политики и мобилизации граждан. Предоставляя Гаити образовательные и научные инструменты, эти инициативы прокладывают путь к устойчивому будущему, способному преодолеть климатические проблемы и защитить будущие поколения.海地是最易受气候变化影响的国家之一，遭受着飓风、地震和洪水等一系列灾害的重创，而森林砍伐和混乱的城市化进程更是加剧了这些灾害的影响。这些危机威胁着粮食安全、公共卫生和基础设施，使社区陷入贫困和不安全的恶性循环。面对这一紧急情况，气候变化教育正成为增强抵御力的有力杠杆。海地国家气候变化教育日由《图尔戈宣言》于2023年设立，旨在激励社会了解和应对气候影响。基斯克亚大学的气候变化研究团队 (ERC2) 正在揭示极端事件的动态，并提出可持续资源管理的解决方案。跨学科方法，结合科学、健康和传播，对于分析脆弱性、制定强有力的政策和动员公民至关重要。通过为海地提供教育和科学工具，这些举措正在为建设一个能够抵御气候挑战并保护子孙后代的韧性未来铺平道路
Obesity: The dynamical impact of media coverage on overweight individuals
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Trait-based approach coupled to metatranscriptomic-derived sequence similarity network: towards the depiction of the functional diversity of freshwater microbial eukaryotes
No full textInternational audienceMicrobial eukaryotes play a crucial role in biochemical cycles and aquatic trophic food webs. The recent advances in sequencing technologies have significantly improved our understanding of their taxonomic and functional diversity. However, the link between the diversity of these microorganisms and their ecological role remains poorly described, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. Moreover, the vast amount of data generated by -omics approaches are still largely underexplored, partly due to limitations in public databases. Data-driven methods are therefore becoming essential for predicting the role of eukaryotic microorganisms. Based on environmental genomic data obtained from a meromictic lake ecosystem (Pavin, France), we propose integrating metatranscriptome-derived sequence similarity network– and traits– based approaches. This combined strategy aims to identify genetic signatures of specific traits and biological pathways that are challenging to study using traditional microbiology methods. Using parasitic organisms as a case study, we investigate the genetic specificity of their associated protein families highlighting their high degree of specialization. While no universal marker for parasitism was found, we identified candidate genes at a fine taxonomic level. We notably present several protein families that could be key to understanding host-parasite interactions and pathogenicity. Identifying these protein families may provide valuable insights for developing antiparasitic treatments, with important implications for both health and economic sectors, while also validating our methodological approach
Repeated Evolution of Storage Root and Invasions of Alpine Biome Drove Replicated Radiations of the Megadiverse Corydalis (Papaveraceae) in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Abstract.—The interplay of key innovation and ecological opportunity is commonly recognized to be the catalyst for rapid radiation. Underground storage organs (USOs), as a vital ecological trait, are advantageous for the adaptation of plants to extreme environments, but receive less attention compared to aboveground organs. Repeated evolution of various USOs has occurred across the plant tree of life. However, whether repeated occurrences of a USO in different clades of a group can promote its replicated radiations in combination with the invasion of similar environments remains poorly known. Corydalis is a megadiverse genus in Papaveraceae and exhibits remarkable variations in USO morphology and biome occupancy. Here, we first generated a robust phylogeny for Corydalis with wide taxonomic and genomic coverage based on plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data. By dating the branching events, reconstructing ancestral ranges, evaluating diversification dynamics, and inferring evolutionary patterns of USOs and biomes and their correlations, we then tested whether the interplay of USO evolution and biome shifts has driven rapid diversification of some Corydalis lineages. Our results indicate that Corydalis began to diversify in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) at ca. 41 Ma, and 88% of dispersals happened through forests, suggesting that forests served as important dispersal corridors for range expansion of the genus. The storage root has originated independently at least 6 times in Corydalis since the Miocene, and its acquisition could have operated as a key innovation toward the adaptation to the alpine biome in the QTP. Repeated evolution of this game-changing trait and invasions of alpine biome, in combination with geoclimatic changes, could have jointly driven independent radiations of the 2 clades of Corydalis in the QTP at ca. 6 Ma. Our study provides new insights into the joint contribution of USO repeated evolution and biome shifts to replicated radiations, hence increasing our ability to predict evolutionary trajectories in plants facing similar environmental pressures
New constraints on the geometry of the Lodève-Grayssessac Basin based on gravity modelling and GIS multi-data ntegration: preliminary results
No full textInternational audienceThe Lodève-Graissessac Basin is a ca. 150-km2 Stephano-Permian basin, located 60 kmnorthwest from Montpellier, in southern France. This basin was particularly studied as it hostsabout 20 000 tons of U, which were exploited from 1956 to 1997. In the framework of theNEEDS-URALOD project, a multidisciplinary study has been initiated in 2022, in order to revisitthe uraniferous mineral system. In this context, the geometry of the basin as well as itsevolution with time are key factors on the mineralization. The Basin is classically consideredas a south dipping half graben, covered unconformably by a thick horizontal Mesozoic cover.Unfortunately, if the shallow NW part of the basin is relatively well constrained by boreholedata, the southern part is not so well known in terms of depth and relationships with boundingfaults. Therefore, we have performed a new gravimetric survey using Scintrex CG5 and CG6portable relative gravimeters, complementing previous data from the Bureau GravimétriqueInternational (BGI; 435 datapoints). The 229 new datapoints have been acquired along threeNS profiles and one EW profile, in order to have a continuous set of data (ca. 3 datapoints/km).All available data (gravimetric, structural, topographic) have been integrated in a GIS project.Bouguer anomaly and residual anomaly maps reveal that the Basin has a relatively lownegative gravimetric signature, bound to the NW and the SE by two strong negative signaturesof the Mendic granite and Clermont l’Hérault Oligo-Miocene basin respectively. From thesedata, 2D forward gravimetric modelling of the Basin and surrounding rocks have beenperformed using GM-SYS modelling software along the three NS and the WE cross-sections.These models were constrained by the outcrop and borehole data (several of them reachingthe base of the basin) and also by newly acquired density measurements performed on themain lithologies of the basin. The three NS sections suggest that the depth profile of the basinis more symmetric from N to S and less triangular than proposed in the literature. Furthermore,a variation in the maximum depth of the basin is documented along the WE section with adeepening of the basin from about 1000 m to the W to about 2000 m to the E. Globally, theprofiles also display significant, kilometric-scale variations of the gravity that have still to beexplained (basalt, topography, faults). The results of these models, as well as the othergeological data will be integrated in the gocad 3D modelling software, in order to model moreaccurately the 3D geometry of the basin. In fine, the obtained geometries will be used to modelcoupled thermoconvective circulations, to investigate which type of circulation at whichtemperatures may be expected in the basin at the time of deposition and during the Mesozoic
Transcriptomic analyses reveal sexual cues in reproductive life stages of uncultivated Acantharia (Radiolaria)
No full textInternational audienceThe ability to reproduce is a key process for the perpetuation of organisms. Along the evolution of protist reproductive strategies, the molecular machinery of sexual recombination is estimated to have been inherited from the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Unraveling the sexual cycles of free-living protists remains challenging, given the enigmatic roles of many uncultivated life stages. For the planktonic group of Acantharia (Radiolaria), a hypothetical sexual cycle has been proposed since the late 19th century, including a gamete-like stage, referred to as swarmers. In order to investigate the sexual nature of acantharian reproductive stages, we compared transcriptomes of various acantharian life stages. Our results show distinct functional profiles for reproductive and vegetative stages, while revealing the expression of the gamete fusion genes, HAP2/GCS1 and KAR5-GEX1-BMB in swarmers. Annotation of differentially expressed life stage-specific genes, also highlighted putative meiosis-related functions among pre-swarmer and swarmer stages, while suggesting the existence of a putative zygotic stage. This original life stage-specific genetic data is coherent with morphological evidence supporting the acantharian sexual cycle, with swarmers acting as gametes. Moreover, it paves the way for a deeper understanding of radiolarian cell biology and ecology at a single-cell scale
Worldwide Soundscapes: A Synthesis of Passive Acoustic Monitoring Across Realms
No full textInternational audienceAimThe urgency for remote, reliable and scalable biodiversity monitoring amidst mounting human pressures on ecosystems has sparked worldwide interest in Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM), which can track life underwater and on land. However, we lack a unified methodology to report this sampling effort and a comprehensive overview of PAM coverage to gauge its potential as a global research and monitoring tool. To address this gap, we created the Worldwide Soundscapes project, a collaborative network and growing database comprising metadata from 416 datasets across all realms (terrestrial, marine, freshwater and subterranean).LocationWorldwide, 12,343 sites, all ecosystem types.Time Period1991 to present.Major Taxa StudiedAll soniferous taxa.MethodsWe synthesise sampling coverage across spatial, temporal and ecological scales using metadata describing sampling locations, deployment schedules, focal taxa and audio recording parameters. We explore global trends in biological, anthropogenic and geophysical sounds based on 168 selected recordings from 12 ecosystems across all realms.ResultsTerrestrial sampling is spatially denser (46 sites per million square kilometre—Mkm2) than aquatic sampling (0.3 and 1.8 sites/Mkm2 in oceans and fresh water) with only two subterranean datasets. Although diel and lunar cycles are well sampled across realms, only marine datasets (55%) comprehensively sample all seasons. Across the 12 ecosystems selected for exploring global acoustic trends, biological sounds showed contrasting diel patterns across ecosystems, declined with distance from the Equator, and were negatively correlated with anthropogenic sounds.Main ConclusionsPAM can inform macroecological studies as well as global conservation and phenology syntheses, but representation can be improved by expanding terrestrial taxonomic scope, sampling coverage in the high seas and subterranean ecosystems, and spatio-temporal replication in freshwater habitats. Overall, this worldwide PAM network holds promise to support cross-realm biodiversity research and monitoring efforts
Denying that we may be experiencing the start of the Sixth Mass Extinction paves the way for it to happen
No full textInternational audienceArguing that we are not currently experiencing a Sixth Mass Extinction, or at least playing down its possibility, gives support to those who would happily allow it to happen. Wiens and Saban [1], in a critique of the notion t hat w e are a lready enmeshed in the Sixth Mass Extinction, cited a number of publications that have appeared over the last decade or more, including one of our own [2]. However, in that paper, we were careful not to state t hat w e a re w itnessing the S ixth Mass Extinction, since, as Wiens and Saban [1] emphasized, we are not near the traditional, admittedly overly simplistic, though perhaps usefully heuristic, threshold for the definition of a mass extinction: 75% of all species going extinct in a short timeframe [3]. We also acknowledge that comparisons with background extinction rates are complicated, and that the current wave of extinctions is largely non-marine, while the previous mass extinctions have been largely marine, notwithstanding the demise of the giant dinosaurs. But we did, however, posit that at the current rate of extinction, as estimated by ourselves and others, whom we cited, and across diverse major taxa, we may well be headed in the direction of a new mass extinction event.</div
