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Assurer les colonies, dominer les territoires. L’extraversion du marché assurantiel aux Antilles françaises (1840-2024)
No full textThis study traces two centuries of property insurance history in the French Antilles (1840-2024) and examines a paradox: how do these territories, the most exposed to natural disasters in the French Republic, remain structurally underinsured? The analysis reveals three structural dynamics. First, a logic of radical extraversion: British domination until 1940, followed by capture by French metropolitan groups, without any lasting emergence of local actors. Second, the systematic failure of local insurance autonomy attempts (1861-1910), crystallizing tensions between centralizing imperial logics and Creole aspirations. Third, the contemporary persistence of massive non-insurance despite the apparent normalization of supply. This paradox does not result from technical inadequacy but from a structural gap between an imported insurance model and Antillean realities: poverty, alternative solidarities, and exclusionary insurance practices. The article demonstrates that uninsurability is not a natural condition but a historical and political construction, revealing continuities between colonial domination and post-colonial dependencies. Insurance thus appears as a governmentality device defining who deserves protection and who can be abandoned to their vulnerability.Cette étude retrace deux siècles d’histoire de l’assurance dommage aux Antilles françaises (1840-2024) et interroge un paradoxe : comment ces territoires, les plus exposés aux catastrophes naturelles de l’espace républicain français, demeurent-ils structurellement sous-assurés ? L’analyse met en lumière trois dynamiques. D’abord, une logique d’extraversion très marquée : la domination britannique jusqu’en 1940, puis la prise de contrôle par les groupes français hexagonaux, ont empêché l’émergence d’acteurs locaux solides dans le secteur. Ensuite, toutes les tentatives de créer une assurance locale autonome entre 1861 et 1910 ont échoué, révélant les tensions constantes entre les politiques impériales centralisatrices et les aspirations des populations créoles. Enfin, malgré une offre d’assurance qui semble aujourd’hui normalisée, une grande partie de la population reste non assurée. Ce paradoxe ne tient pas à des limites techniques, mais à un décalage profond entre un modèle d’assurance importé et les réalités sociales des Antilles : pauvreté, systèmes de solidarité informels, pratiques d’exclusion assurantielle. L’article montre ainsi que l’inassurabilité résulte d’une construction historique et politique qui prolonge, sous d’autres formes, les relations de domination coloniale dans le présent. L’assurance apparaît comme un instrument de pouvoir définissant qui protéger et qui abandonner face à la vulnérabilité
Weak trophic position–body mass relationships undermine simple size-spectrum models for coral reefs
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Unravelling food web dynamics across biological communities is a central goal of ecology. In size-structured ecosystems, the shape of trophic pyramids is often inferred from their size spectra—the distribution of biomass across body-mass classes. Size-spectrum analysis has become a popular tool to study ecosystem functioning in aquatic ecosystems, including coral reefs. However, the key assumption behind size spectra, that body size directly and positively correlates with trophic position, has rarely been evaluated in these systems. Here, we test this assumption by quantifying body mass, population densities and estimating trophic position from stable isotopes for 325 fish species across four Indo-Pacific locations. Consistent with prior studies, we found a positive relationship between biomass and body mass. However, weak and variable relationships between body mass and trophic position led to higher biomass in primary consumers than in predators, as expected in traditional bottom-heavy or diamond-shaped trophic structures. Our findings thus challenge previous reports of coral reef fish biomass prevalence in higher trophic levels (e.g. inverted biomass pyramids), supporting earlier suggestions that simple size-spectrum models do not adequately represent the trophic structure of reef fish communities
Geophysical evidence of mantle upwelling associated with slab tearing below Central Greece: Geodynamical implications
No full textInternational audienceThe tectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean region is largely influenced by two geological processes: subduction along the Hellenic arc and the westward extrusion of the Anatolian plate via the North Anatolian Fault. The interaction between these features, particularly at the termination of the North Anatolian Fault, has been widely studied but remains debated, largely due to the uncertain geometry of the African slab in the westernmost Hellenic arc. Here, we combined seismological and gravity datasets, revealing a complex deformation zone characterized by slab tearing, fault termination, and mantle upwelling. We processed two receiver function profiles, each about 500 km long and oriented perpendicular to the Hellenic trench, framing the southern tip of the North Anatolian Fault. These profiles reveal new slab geometry consistent with recorded seismicity, confirming slab break-off propagation. However, slab tearing alone cannot account for the regional mantle gravity field. Our findings indicate that asthenospheric upwelling at the slab tear location is necessary to explain the observed asymmetrical and bimodal gravity anomaly, coinciding with the North Anatolian Fault's termination and elevated surface heat flow. These insights enhance our understanding of deformation mechanisms in central Greece, suggesting that the slab tearing may have facilitated recent north-south extension in the Corinth rift, while asthenospheric flow concentrated strike-slip deformation on the North Anatolian Fault
Les chiens et les chats transportent les vers plats envahissants de jardin à jardin
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Impacts of Nearby Algae on Recruitment Success and Early Microbiome Development of the Coral Acropora cytherea
No full textInternational audienceThe persistence of coral reefs is dependent on the arrival and settlement of coral larvae followed by their post‐settlement growth and survival. Despite evidence showing that benthic algae have variable effects on corals, it is still unclear how benthic communities of the coral nursery habitat impact the early development of the coral microbiome and if these impacts relate to the survival and growth of newly settled corals. Here, we tested whether the survival and growth of Acropora cytherea recruits are impacted by surrounding algae, and whether specific algae influence their associated bacterial and Symbiodiniaceae communities. A 6‐month survey of coral larvae experimentally settled near different algae showed that crustose coralline algae enhanced recruit survival. However, despite variation in their microbiome, the presence of different algae did not impact the coral microbial community composition. The recruit microbiome was colonised by bacteria shared among all benthic substrates rather than bacteria unique to specific algae. Furthermore, the microbiome of coral larvae was different from that of the recruits. We conclude that the microbiome of corals in their early life stages is structured by host ontogeny rather than by their surrounding benthos, but that the surrounding benthos contributes to the transfer of opportunistic bacteria
First record of the genus Uroxys Westwood, 1842 in Martinique (Lesser Antilles), with descriptions of two new species from cloud forests (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)
No full textInternational audienceTwo new species of Uroxys Westwood, 1842 are described from Martinique: Uroxys martinicensis Huchet, sp. nov., and Uroxys aphanes Huchet, sp. nov. These species represent the first documented presence of Uroxys in Martinique. Both new species are flightless due to their brachypterous condition (reduced metathoracic wings), a condition that highlights the role of the cloud forests of the Lesser Antilles as centers of endemism and attests to the long-term isolation of some insular lineages of Scarabaeinae. These new taxa are compared with the three other Uroxys species currently known from the Lesser Antilles, namely U. vincentiae Arrow, 1903, U. productus Arrow, 1933, and U. trinitatis Arrow, 1933, and diagnostic characters are provided. An identification key to the Uroxys species from the Lesser Antilles is provided, along with two distribution maps: one detailing the Martinican records of the new taxa, and another summarizing the distribution of the genus across the archipelago.Deux nouvelles espèces du genre Uroxys Westwood, 1842 sont décrites de Martinique : Uroxys martinicensis Huchet, sp. nov., et Uroxys aphanes Huchet, sp. nov. Ces espèces représentent la première mention documentée du genre Uroxys pour la Martinique. Toutes deux présentent une brachyptérie marquée, caractérisée par des ailes métathoraciques extrêmement réduites et vestigiales, condition qui met en évidence le rôle des forêts de nuages des Petites Antilles comme centres d’endémisme et témoigne de l’isolement évolutif de certains Scarabaeinae insulaires. Ces nouveaux taxons sont comparés aux trois autres espèces actuellement connues des Petites Antilles, à savoir U. vincentiae Arrow, 1903, U. productus Arrow, 1933 et U. trinitatis Arrow, 1933, et leurs caractères diagnostiques sont présentés. Une clé d’identification des espèces du genre Uroxys des Petites Antilles est fournie, accompagnée de deux cartes de distribution : l’une détaillant les localités martiniquaises des nouveaux taxons, et l’autre illustrant la répartition des espèces du genre dans l’ensemble de l’archipel
Conservacionismo, protesta ambiental y emergencia del ecologismo político en España, del Franquismo a la Democracia (Galicia, Aragón y Andalucía)
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this article is to provide an approach to the history of environmentalism and to bring new perspectives to the study of Francoism and the Spanish transition by analyzing environmental conflicts on a regional scale. In response to the industrial, energy and urban planning policies of the regime, the main environmental conflicts of the period between 1960 and 1986 have proved to be a perfect historical laboratory for understanding in all their complexity the profound social and political transformations of the period. The methodology employed consists of consulting municipal, regional and national archives, press analyses and subsequently comparing our case studies (Galicia, Aragon and Andalusia). Through in-depth case studies of Aragon, Galicia and Andalusia, we observe the path from popular protest against environmental injustice to the subsequent formalization of an environmentalist political ideology in the 1980s. The article aims to highlight the links between popular environmentalism, social memory and processes of politicisation of the territory during the late Franco era and the TransitionEl objetivo de este artículo es dar un enfoque a la historia del ecologismo y aportar nuevas perspectivas al estudio del franquismo y la transición española, analizando los conflictos ambientales a escala regional. En respuesta a las políticas industriales, energéticas y urbanísticas del régimen, los principales conflictos ambientales del periodo compren-dido entre 1960 y 1986 se han revelado como un laboratorio histórico ideal para comprender en toda su complejidad las profundas transformaciones sociales y políticas del periodo. La metodología empleada consiste en la consulta de archivosmunicipales, regionales y nacionales, análisis de prensa y una posterior comparación en nuestros casos de estudio (Galicia, Aragón y Andalucía). A través de los estudios en profundidad de estos casos de Aragón, Galicia y Andalucía, analizamos el camino desde la protesta popular contra la injusticia ambiental hasta la posterior formalización de una ideología política ecologista en los años ochenta. El artículo pretende poner de relieve los vínculos entre ecologismo popular, memoria social y procesos de politización del territorio durante el tardofranquismo y la Transición
Meta-analysis of reference values of cardiorespiratory fitness and impact of interventions in patients with cirrhosis
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Runtime Monitoring for Safety-Critical Vision-based Runway Detection
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