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Highlighting the industrial origin of terpenoids in a coastal city in northern France : a source-apportionment approach of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
No full textInternational audienc
Establishing a Sorting Protocol for Healthcare Databases
No full textInternational audienceBackground Health information records in many countries, especially developing countries, are still paper based. Compared to electronic systems, paper-based systems are disadvantageous in terms of data storage and data extraction. Given the importance of health records for epidemiological studies, guidelines for effective data cleaning and sorting are essential. They are, however, largely absent from the literature. The following paper discusses the process by which an algorithm was developed for the cleaning and sorting of a database generated from emergency department records in Lebanon. Design and methods Demographic and health related information were extracted from the emergency department records of three hospitals in Beirut. Appropriate categories were selected for data categorization. For health information, disease categories and codes were selected according to the International Classification of Disease 10 th Edition. Results A total of 16,537 entries were collected. Demographic information was categorized into groups for future epidemiological studies. Analysis of the health information led to the creation of a sorting algorithm which was then used to categorize and code the health data. Several counts were then performed to represent and visualize the data numerically and graphically. Conclusions The article describes the current state of health information records in Lebanon and the associated disadvantages of a paper-based system in terms of storage and data extraction. Furthermore, the article describes the algorithm by which health information was sorted and categorized to allow for future data analysis using paper records
La lecture occidentale du roman francophone libanais : un plaisir ambigu
No full textInternational audienceLa littérature libanaise contemporaine ne se contente pas de raconter des histoires, d’être consentante (selon la formule de Dominique Viart). Elle prend le réel à bras-le-corps/cœur, s’en saisit et en fait l’arrière-plan des différentes fabulae. Comme les Libanais n’ont pas une Histoire commune, chaque communauté religieuse ayant sa propre version des évènements historiques, le roman francophone libanais comble les trous de l’Histoire pour « prendre possession du monde » (reprise de l’expression de Georges Perec).Cet article s’interroge sur le plaisir de lecture ambigu que procurent ces romans pour un lectorat occidental mis en parallèle avec un lectorat libanais francophone. Il se penche sur les liens qui subsistent entre l’Histoire et l’histoire à partir d’un large corpus de romans écrits dans les années 2000, soit 25 ans après la guerre civile
The healthcare costs of antimicrobial resistance in Lebanon: a multi-centre prospective cohort study from the payer perspective
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Our aim was to examine whether the length of stay, hospital charges and in-hospital mortality attributable to healthcare- and community-associated infections due to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria were higher compared with those due to susceptible bacteria in the Lebanese healthcare settings using different methodology of analysis from the payer perspective .Methods: We performed a multi-centre prospective cohort study in ten hospitals across Lebanon. The sample size consisted of 1289 patients with documented healthcare-associated infection (HAI) or community-associated infection (CAI). We conducted three separate analysis to adjust for confounders and time-dependent bias: (1) Post-HAIs in which we included the excess LOS and hospital charges incurred after infection and (2) Matched cohort, in which we matched the patients based on propensity score estimates (3) The conventional method, in which we considered the entire hospital stay and allocated charges attributable to CAI. The linear regression models accounted for multiple confounders.Results: HAIs and CAIs with resistant versus susceptible bacteria were associated with a significant excess length of hospital stay (2.69 days [95% CI,1.5-3.9]; p < 0.001) and (2.2 days [95% CI,1.2-3.3]; p < 0.001) and resulted in additional hospital charges (889 [95% CI, 378-1400]; p = 0.001) respectively. Compared with the post-HAIs analysis, the matched cohort method showed a reduction by 26 and 13% in hospital charges and LOS estimates respectively. Infections with resistant bacteria did not decrease the time to in-hospital mortality, for both healthcare- or community-associated infections. Resistant cases in the post-HAIs analysis showed a significantly higher risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 0.517 [95% CI, 0.327-0.820]; p = 0.05).Conclusion: This is the first nationwide study that quantifies the healthcare costs of antimicrobial resistance in Lebanon. For cases with HAIs, matched cohort analysis showed more conservative estimates compared with post-HAIs method. The differences in estimates highlight the need for a unified methodology to estimate the burden of antimicrobial resistance in order to accurately advise health policy makers and prioritize resources expenditure
Shelf Life and Storage Conditions of Universal Adhesives: A Literature Review
No full textThis paper presents state of the art universal adhesive systems and the effect of shelf-life and storage conditions on their bond performance. Three topics are explored in this review: an introduction to the topic, the mechanisms responsible for the degradation of the hybrid layer, and the factors that play a role in the stability of universal adhesives. In addition, issues such as potential durability and clinical importance are discussed. Universal adhesive systems are promising but must be handled and stored according to the manufacturer's instructions, with careful attention given to the details of shelf-life and storage conditions for maximal success. It appears that the components of universal adhesives play an important role in their stability. Furthermore, HEMA-free formulations using methacrylamides lead to longer shelf-life. Further research is needed to prove these hypotheses
The excuse is worse than the fault: It's time now to improve road safety in Lebanon
No full textRoad safety management and regulations have been neglected since a long time in Lebanon. Some efforts were made to reduce the number of casualties related to road crashes, but they were insufficient for curbing the evolution. With the increased population, the number of cars per household and the continuous deterioration of the country's infrastructure, now it's the time more than ever for the government to step up and put the appropriate measures the country needs. This paper examines the problems related to poor institutional, organizational and financial management of road safety in Lebanon. It focuses on the historical challenges and provides a critical analysis of road accidents statistics. It highlights the main actors fighting against road insecurity. It also seeks to provide an insight into how constrained funding and hindered policies may affect the effectiveness of the road safety management system. Finally, this article aims to raise awareness on road insecurity making the Lebanese government wanting to invest even more in improving the current situation
Occurrence of the Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and additional antibiotic resistance genes in ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from poultry in Lebanon: A nationwide survey
No full textInternational audienceThe objective of the present study was to determine genomic characteristics of expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Escherichia coli spreading in healthy broilers in Lebanon in 2018. Rectal swabs (n = 280) from 56 farms were screened for the presence of ESC-resistant E. coli isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility and extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC production were determined by the disk diffusion method. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 102 representative isolates of E. coli was performed to determine their phylogenetic diversity, serotypes, sequence types (ST), acquired resistance genes, and virulence-associated genes. Fifty-two out of 56 farms housed broilers carrying ESC-resistant E. coli isolates. These farms had large and recurrent antimicrobial practices, using, for some of them, critically important antibiotics for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Among the 102 sequenced multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates, the proportion of ESBL, plasmid-mediated AmpC b-lactamase (pAmpC) producers, and ESBL/pAmpC coproducers was 60%, 27.6%, and 12.4%, respectively. The most prevalent ESBL/ pAmpC genes were bla CMY-2 , bla CTX-M-3 , bla CTX-M-15 , bla CTX-M-27 , and bla CTX-M-14b (n = 42, n = 31, n =15, n = 9, and n = 7, respectively). These ESBL/pAmpC producers were distributed in different STs, most being well-known avian-associated and sometimes pathogenic STs (ST-10, ST-48, ST-93, ST-115, ST-117, and ST-457). Phylogenetic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis confirmed their genetic diversity and wide dispersion across the Lebanese territory. Most isolates were also resistant to ciprofloxacin (101/102 with 3 QRDR mutations), and 19/102 isolates from 11 unrelated STs also carried the mobile resistance gene mcr-1. This survey illustrates the alarming prevalence of MDR E. coli resistant to medically important antibiotics in broilers in Lebanon. This advocates the need for surveillance programs of antimicrobial resistance in Lebanon and the reduction of excessive use of antibiotics to limit the spread of MDR E. coli in food-producing animals
Évaluation d'impact de l'explosion du port de Beyrouth: Étude multidimensionnelle des incidences socio-économiques des explosions du 4 août 2020 de Beyrouth
No full textCe rapport a été financé par l'Institut français du Proche-Orient. Les analyses et conclusions de ce document sont formulées sous la responsabilité de leurs auteurs. Elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement le point de vue de l'Ifpo ni de leurs institutions partenaires.Les explosions du 4 août 2020 au port de Beyrouth ont plongé le Liban dans une détresse insoutenable. Cette étude a vocation à mesurer l’impact de l’explosion en considérant le point de vue des victimes des événements du 4 août 2020. Ce travail d’évaluation vient compléter les travaux et les rapports internationaux sur la quantification des dommages et des pertes causées, en mesurant les incidences de l’explosion à l’échelle sectorielle et dans le micro-social. Ce travail se concentre donc sur les préjudices causés aux travailleurs et aux habitants, plutôt que de se limiter aux effets sur les entreprises et l’habitat. Cette étude regroupe ainsi un ensemble de recherches sur les quartiers endommagés par l’explosion, afin de mettre en commun des analyses multidimensionnelles de son impact et de réfléchir aux pistes d’action prioritaires. Les conclusions de ce rapport ont pour but d’identifier les besoins des habitants et des travailleurs dans la zone de l’explosion, dans l’optique d’établir un ordre de priorité et d’orienter les futures recherches
Interfacial Water Many-body Effects Drive Structural Dynamics and Allosteric interactions in SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Dimerization Interface
No full textInternational audienceFollowing our previous work (Chem. Sci., 2021, 12, 4889 – 4907), we study the structural dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease dimerization interface (apo dimer) by means of microsecond adaptive sampling molecular dynamics simulations (50 microseconds) using the AMOEBA polarizable force field (PFF). This interface is structured by a complex H-bond network that is only stable at physiological pH. Structural correlations analysis between its residues and the catalytic site confirms the presence of a buried allosteric site. However, noticeable differences in allosteric connectivity are observed between PFFs and non-PFFs. Interfacial polarizable water molecules are shown to appear at the heart of this discrepancy, since they are connected to the global interface H-bond network and able to adapt their dipole moment (and dynamics) to their diverse local physico-chemical micro-environments. The water-interface many-body interactions appear to drive the interface volume fluctuations and to therefore mediate the allosteric interactions with the catalytic cavity
