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Where does AI come from? A global case study across Europe, Africa, and Latin America
No full textInternational audienceThis article examines the organisational and geographical forces that shape the supply chains of artificial intelligence (AI) through outsourced and offshored data work. Bridging sociological theories of relational inequalities and embeddedness with critical approaches to Global Value Chains, we conduct a global case study of the digitally enabled organisation of data work in France, Madagascar, and Venezuela. The AI supply chains procure data work via a mix of arm's length contracts through marketplace-like platforms, and of embedded firm-like structures that offer greater stability but less flexibility, with multiple intermediate arrangements. Each solution suits specific types and purposes of data work in AI preparation, verification, and impersonation. While all forms reproduce well-known patterns of exclusion that harm externalised workers especially in the Global South, disadvantage manifests unevenly in different supply chain structures, with repercussions on remunerations, job security and working conditions. Unveiling these processes of contemporary technology development provides insights into possible policy implications
Le petit commerce de l'indépendance. Une sociologie de la librairie au début du XXIè siècle
No full textEAN 9782753596870International audienceOn a pu penser les librairies menacées de disparition par l’efficacité des algorithmes de recommandation et des plateformes de vente en ligne. Leur rôle semble pourtant réaffirmé en ce début de XXIe siècle : valorisées dans les médias, plébiscitées par leur clientèle, soutenues par les pouvoirs publics, portées par de nouveaux profils de libraires, elles bénéficient d’un statut particulier parmi les commerces culturels. Leur réussite tient au fait qu’elles ont misé sur le conseil et la singularité de l’expérience en magasin. Elles ont su mettre en avant une identité « indépendante » qui, malgré le flou qui l’entoure, constitue une ressource précieuse pour se différencier dans le domaine culturel. Les librairies représentent ainsi bien plus que des lieux où acheter et découvrir des livres : leur succès participe de la montée en puissance de modes de consommation alternatifs, plus « authentiques » et incarnés. Le livre s’appuie sur une enquête menée en France, pays de « l’exception culturelle », et en Grande-Bretagne, l’un des marchés du livre les plus dérégulés au monde, et mobilise un vaste matériel empirique (entretiens, observations, corpus médiatique). Il met en valeur des traits communs à l’évolution du commerce du livre des deux côtés de la Manche et permet de comprendre pourquoi les librairies continuent d’incarner un modèle désirable d’accès aux ouvrages à l’heure du « tout numérique »
A slot-based energy storage decision-making approach for optimal Off-Grid telecommunication operator
No full textPreprint version at arXiv:2412.01731 Accepted journal version at https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1lU75VwcQvf4yInternational audienceThis paper proposes a slot-based energy storage approach for decision-making in the context of an Off-Grid telecommunication operator. We consider network systems powered by solar panels, where harvest energy is stored in a battery that can also be sold when fully charged. To reflect real-world conditions, we account for non-stationary energy arrivals and service demands that depend on the time of day, as well as the failure states of PV panel. The network operator we model faces two conflicting objectives: maintaining the operation of its infrastructure and selling (or supplying to other networks) surplus energy from fully charged batteries. To address these challenges, we developed a slot-based Markov Decision Process (MDP) model that incorporates positive rewards for energy sales, as well as penalties for energy loss and battery depletion. This slot-based MDP follows a specific structure we have previously proven to be efficient in terms of computational performance and accuracy. From this model, we derive the optimal policy that balances these conflicting objectives and maximizes the average reward function. Additionally, we present results comparing different cities and months, which the operator can consider when deploying its infrastructure to maximize rewards based on location-specific energy availability and seasonal variations. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms classical methods in large-scale scenarios. While Relative Value Iteration algorithm remains competitive on smaller instances, its convergence time increases significantly under strict precision requirements (e.g., Ɛ < 10^{-10}). In contrast, our method maintains both speed and robustness, solving MDPs with up to 2.10^5 states and 100 actions in under one hour, whereas standard approaches exceed 10^4 seconds
Assessing volatility persistence in fractional Heston models with self-exciting jumps
No full textInternational audienceWe derive a new fractional Heston model with self-exciting jumps. We study volatility persistence and demonstrate that the quadratic variation necessarily exhibits less memory than the integrated variance, which preserves the degree of long-memory of the instantaneous volatility. Focusing on realized volatility measures, we find that traditional long-memory estimators are dramatically downward biased, in particular for low-frequency intraday sampling. Conveniently, our Monte Carlo experiments reveal that some noise-robust local Whittle-type estimators offer good finite sample properties. We apply our theoretical results in a risk forecasting study and show that our frequency-domain forecasting procedure outperforms the traditional benchmark models
« Sénégal. Conseil constitutionnel, 23 avril 2025, Décision sur la loi modificative de la loi d’amnistie, n° 1/C/2025 – Contrôle de constitutionnalité d’une loi méconnaissant le caractère imprescriptible de certains crimes internationaux »
No full textInternational audienc
Cooperative games with unpaid players
No full textWe consider cooperative TU-games with unpaid players, which are described by a TUgame and two categories of players, paid and unpaid. Unpaid players participate in the cooperative game but are not rewarded for their participation, for instance for legal reasons. The objective is then to determine how the contributions of unpaid players are redistributed among the paid players. To meet this goal, we introduce and characterize axiomatically three values that are inspired by the Shapley value but differ in the way they redistribute the contributions of unpaid players. These values are unified as instances of a more general two-step allocation procedure
Un arrêt « écologique », qui mérite débat : à propos de l'obligation de délivrance d'un bien susceptible de polluer l'atmosphère
No full textInternational audience(Civ. 1re, 24 sept. 2025, no 23-23.869, D. 2025. 1621 ; JCP 2025, no 1126, note M. Hautereau-Boutonnet ; CCC 2025, no 141, note L. Leveneur ; ibid. no 155, note S. Bernheim-Desvaux
Regard psychosocial sur le droit administratif
No full textSéminaire organisé par le Centre de recherches en droit administratif, université Paris Panthéon-Assa