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Perspektivskifte som abduktiv metod för att reda ut frustrationer
No full textAbduction is described by Peirce as a process that occurs when the researcher encounters something that is puzzling in an empirical material and which, after some thought, contributes to the emergence of new ideas that can be investigated further. Despite Peirce's extensive publications dealing with this process, he is extremely frugal in providing methodological advice on how to move from something puzzling to new insights. Peirce's concept of habituation can provide some guidance, which according to Peirce means that the researcher needs a readiness to think in new ways, i.e. an ability to constantly learn in order to develop new thought patterns where inspiration can be obtained from a variety of materials and people. This article presents a shift of perspective as a method which can help the researcher with the moving from limiting to new thought patterns. The method initially means that the researcher stops at the statements and reflects on her/his own perspective, in fact her/his own thought patterns formed from previous experiences. The own understanding is then placed in relation to the perspective from which the interviewee speaks, which is also shaped by previous experiences. How to use the method is illustrated on the basis of an ethnographic interview material with older male local police officers that tells about the new organizational practice that arose with the local police reform.Abduktion beskriver Peirce som en process som uppstår då forskaren möter något som förbryllar i ett empiriskt material och som efter viss tankemöda bidrar till att nya idéer uppkommer som går att undersöka vidare. Trots Peirces omfattande publikationer som behandlar denna process är han ytterst sparsam kring att ge metodologiska råd hur förflyttningen från något som förbryllar till nya insikter går till. Peirces begrepp habituation kan ge en viss vägledning, vilket enligt Peirce avser att forskaren behöver ha en beredskap att tänka på nya sätt, det vill säga en förmåga att ständigt lära för att kunna utveckla nya tankemönster där inspiration kan erhållas från en variation av material och personer. I denna artikel presenteras perspektivskifte som en metod vilken kan hjälpa forskaren med förflyttningen från begränsande till nya tankemönster. Metoden innebär initialt att forskaren stannar upp vid utsagorna och reflekterar över det egna perspektivet, egentligen de egna tankemönstren formade utav tidigare erfarenheter. Den egna förståelsen ställs sedan i förhållande till det perspektiv från vilket intervjupersonen talar, vilket även det är format utav tidigare erfarenheter. Tillämpandet av metoden illusteraras utifrån ett etnografiskt intervjumaterial med äldre manliga närpoliser som berättar om den nya organisatoriska praktik som uppstod i och med närpolisreformen
Another Warning About Median Reaction Time
No full textContrary to the warning of Miller (1988), Rousselet and Wilcox (2020) argued that it is better to summarize each participant's single-trial reaction times (RTs) in a given condition with the median than with the mean when comparing the central tendencies of RT distributions across experimental conditions. They acknowledged that median RTs can produce inflated Type~I error rates when conditions differ in the number of trials tested, consistent with Miller's warning, but they showed that the bias responsible for this error rate inflation could be eliminated with a bootstrap bias correction technique. The present simulations extend their analysis by examining the power of bias-corrected medians to detect true experimental effects and by comparing this power with the power of analyses using means and regular medians. Unfortunately, although bias corrected medians solve the problem of inflated Type~I error rates, their power is lower than that of means or regular medians in many realistic situations. In addition, even when conditions do not differ in the number of trials tested, the power of tests (e.g., t-tests) is generally lower using medians rather than means as the summary measures. Thus, the present simulations demonstrate that summary means will often provide the most powerful test for differences between conditions, and they show what aspects of the RT distributions determine the size of the power advantage for means
Group Membership and Deviance Punishment: Are Deviant Ingroup Members Actually Judged more Negatively than Outgroup Ones?
No full textDeviance Punishment is an important issue for social-psychological research. Group members tend to punish deviance through rejection, ostracism and – more commonly – negative judgments. Subjective Group Dynamics proposes to account for social judgement patterns of deviant and conformist individuals. Relying on a group identity management perspective, one of the model’s core predictions is that the judgment of a deviant target depends on group membership. More specifically, the model predicts that deviant ingroup members should be judged more negatively than outgroup ones. Although this effect has been repeatedly observed over the past decades, there is a current lack of sufficiently powered studies in the literature. For the first time, we conducted tests of Subjective Group Dynamics in France and the US to investigate whether ingroup deviants were judged more harshly than outgroup ones. Across six experiments and an internal mini meta-analysis, we observed no substantial difference in judgment between ingroup and outgroup deviant targets, d = -0.01, 95% CI[-0.07, 0.06]. The findings’ implications for deviance management research are discussed
Defaults versus framing: Revisiting Default Effect and Framing Effect with replications and extensions of Johnson and Goldstein (2003) and Johnson, Bellman, and Lohse (2002)
No full textPeople tend to stick with a default option instead of switching to another option. For instance, Johnson and Goldstein (2003) found a default effect in an organ donation scenario: if organ donation is the default option, people are more inclined to consent to it. Johnson et al. (2002) found a similar default effect in health-survey scenarios: if receiving more information about your health is the default, people are more inclined to consent to it. Much of the highly cited, impactful work on these default effects, however, has not been replicated in well-powered samples. In two well-powered samples (N = 1920), we conducted a close replication of the default effect in Johnson and Goldstein (2003) and in Johnson, Bellman, and Lohse (2002). We successfully replicated Johnson and Goldstein (2003). In an extension of the original findings, we also show that default effects are unaffected by the permanence of these selections. We, however, failed to replicate the findings of Johnson, Bellman, and Lohse’s (2002) study; we did not find evidence for a default effect. We did, however, find a framing effect: participants who read a positively-framed scenario consented to receive health-related information at a higher rate than participants who read a negatively framed scenario. We also conducted a conceptual replication of Johnson et al. (2002) that was based on an organ-donation scenario, but this attempt failed to find a default effect. Our results suggest that default effects depend on framing and context. Materials, data, and code are available on: https://osf.io/8wd2b/
Comparative Evaluation of the ETDRS Visual Acuity Chart and Arclight Cloth Chart (ARCchart) for Primary Eye Care in Resource-Limited Settings
Get PDFThis study compared the Arclight Cloth Chart (ARCchart) to the gold standard ETDRS chart for visual acuity (VA) measurement in 63 participants. Despite its potential limitations as a tool to measure subtle changes in VA over time, the ARCchart showed a limit of agreement between -0.23logMAR and 0.26logMAR with ETDRS values. It demonstrated 93% (95% Confidence Interval 86% to 100%) sensitivity and 90% (84% to 97%) specificity when used to screen for vision worse than 0.20logMAR. This low-cost, portable cloth VA chart is a valuable alternative for measuring VA and screening for low vision in resource poor settings
Similar Needs, Similar Challenges: Is There a Silver Bullet for SMEs From the Manufacturing Sector On The Road To Digital Transformation?
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Understanding and Mitigating the Effects of Flooding in Kaduna Metropolis: The Interplay of Climate Change, Urban Expansion, and Effective Management Strategies
Get PDFKaduna Metropolis continues to grapple with the impact of seasonal flooding of the Kaduna River, exacerbated by the combined effects of climate change and rapid urban expansion. However, in 2022 despite evidence of rainfall patterns and water levels higher than those resulting in the 2012 and 2015 devastating floods, there were no reported incidents of flooding. This paper explores the complex nexus of rainfall patterns, flood management techniques, the rush to inhabit flood-prone regions, and the execution of dredging as a formidable countermeasure against flood risks.
The proposed solution comprises an integrative approach, enlisting diverse stakeholders in flood control activities, with a focus on dredging - a practice of excavating sediment and detritus from water bodies. This strategy is coupled with structural measures, such as constructing culverts and storm drains, and non-structural approaches, like land-use regulation, flood detection systems, and controlled inundation.
The paper accentuates the necessity of climate-informed flood management strategies, in preparation for potential extreme weather events. Conclusively, managing Kaduna's floods necessitates a comprehensive approach, acknowledging the intricate interplay of climate, human behavior, and infrastructure. This paper lays the groundwork for bolstering flood resilience in Kaduna, offering valuable insights for other urban environments grappling with the tripartite challenges of climate change, urbanization, and flood management
Mot hållbara samhällskonstruktioner i skolans läromedel? En diakron studie av texters skapande av aktörer och processer
Get PDFFöredraget diskuterar hur läromedelstexter genom språkliga strategier bidrar till att skapa olika bilder av det svenska samhället. Läromedelstexter utgör en auktoritativ diskurs som kan ha stor påverkan på läsarens uppfattning om den sociala verkligheten (van Dijk 2015), särskilt när det gäller barn vars egna direkta erfarenheter av världen är begränsade (Weninger & Williams 2005). Därför blir det relevant att undersöka hur läromedel konstruerar den sociala omvärlden för de unga läsarna. I det här föredraget fokuserar jag på matematikläromedel, som i hög grad innehåller fiktiva karaktärer och narrativ, vilket skapar förutsättningar för progressiv design (Kress 2000). Jag har närstuderat en handfull svenska läromedel för matematik i grundskolans årskurs 4 och gör här nedslag i enskilda texter under en längre tidsperiod från 1920-tal till 2010-tal, för att kunna peka på trender och förändringar i de språkliga valen inom genren. Med utgångspunkt i socialkonstruktivistisk teori (Fairclough 2003) och kritisk läromedelsanalys (Chisholm 2018) liksom den systemisk funktionella grammatikens begreppsapparat (Halliday 2004, Holmberg & Karlsson 2006) analyseras vilka processtyper som förekommer i texterna, i vilken mån olika processer knyts till olika aktörer i texterna (med fokus på sociala kategorier relaterade till genus, etnicitet och ålder) och hur detta bidrar till att över tid konstruera förändrade bilder av det svenska samhället