Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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    1228 research outputs found

    Problemy przypisywania odpowiedzialności karnej podmiotowi zbiorowemu

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    The article is an attempt to answer the question of whether criminal liability – in the narrow meaning of this concept – can be attributed to an entity other than a natural person (collective entity). This applies even to such elements of evaluation as guilt or mens rea. In the course of the considerations, the author uses the reasonable man standard (both in a normative and reconstructive form). The article consists of theoretical (model) considerations on the issuesof criminal liability and liability of collective entities. Analysing various levels of criminal law evaluation, the author comes to the conclusion that it would be possible to model them appropriately – so that they are tailored not only to a human being, but also to a collective entity. This applies even to aspects of evaluation such as guilt or the subjective component of the prohibited act.Artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy odpowiedzialność karną – w wąskim rozumieniu, jakie nadajemy temu pojęciu – dałoby się przypisać podmiotowi innemu niż osoba fizyczna (podmiotowi zbiorowemu). W toku rozważań autor posługuje się konstrukcją wzorca osobowego (zarówno w postaci normatywnej, jak i rekonstrukcyjnej). Artykuł obejmuje rozważania o charakterze teoretycznym (modelowym) nad problematyką odpowiedzialności karnej i odpowiedzialności podmiotów zbiorowych. Analizując poszczególne płaszczyzny prawnokarnego wartościowania, autor dochodzi do wniosku, że możliwe byłoby ich odpowiednie wymodelowanie – tak aby uszyte były na miarę nie tylko człowieka, lecz również związków osób. Dotyczy to nawet takich elementów wartościowania, jak wina czy strona podmiotowa czynu zabronionego

    Jak zachęcić studentów socjologii do antycypacji społecznej i prognostyki societas futura? Udział fantastyki socjologicznej w dydaktyce akademickiej

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    The subject of the article is social anticipation, contained in two different perspectives – scientific (sociological forecasting) and literary (science fiction with particular emphasis on its subgenre, i.e. sociological fiction). The intersection of these two cognitive areas made it possible to show the multifaceted nature of changes in social structures and their potential direction or character. Therefore, the considerations aimed to consider the status of social fiction in the context of contemporary sociology, as well as the possibility of its use in academic teaching. The presentation of selected forms of ‘cybernetic modelling’ of literary societies of the future made it possible to compare these constructs to the findings in the field of the conventional social sciences, including primarily in relation to stratification factors, issues of social inequality, but also mutual relations between people and communities. The main conclusion from the analyses carried out in this way was to determine the degree of saturation of the narrative of literary works from the presented area with strictly sociological elements, as well as the accuracy in their presentation and the logical sequence of development. It is worth adding here that the richness of social fiction literature results from many sources, including utopianism (issues of anti-utopias and dystopias), post-apocalyptic works, futurology and so-called alternative histories. The volume of works in the field of social fiction has also been significantly expanded – going beyond the commonly known works by Yevgeny Zamyatin, Aldous Huxley, George Orwell or Janusz A. Zajdel – and extended to contemporary novels and comic books or adaptations – both film, as well as serials. Thanks to the analyses contained in this study, sociologists can consider the use of literary social anticipations in their teaching – as a comparative material, but also as stimulating sociological forecasting itself.Tematem artykułu jest antycypacja społeczna, zawarta w dwóch odmiennych perspektywach – naukowej (prognostyka socjologiczna) oraz literackiej (fantastyka naukowa ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem jej subgatunku, czyli fantastyki socjologicznej). Skrzyżowanie tych dwóch obszarów poznawczych pozwoliło na ukazanie wieloaspektowości zmian struktur społecznych oraz ich potencjalnego kierunku czy też charakteru. Celem rozważań stała się zatem próba odpowiedzi na pytanie o status fantastyki socjologicznej w kontekście współczesnej socjologii, a także o możliwość jej wykorzystania w dydaktyce akademickiej. Prezentacja wybranych form „cybernetycznego modelarstwa” literackich społeczeństw przyszłości umożliwiła porównanie tych konstruktów z ustaleniami w zakresie konwencjonalnych nauk społecznych, w tym przede wszystkim w odniesieniu do czynników stratyfikacyjnych, zagadnień nierówności społecznych, a także wzajemnych relacji między ludźmi i zbiorowościami. Zasadniczym wnioskiem z tak przeprowadzonych analiz było określenie stopnia nasycenia narracji dzieł literackich prezentowanego obszaru przez elementy stricte socjologiczne, również dokładność w ich przedstawianiu oraz logiczne następstwo rozwoju. Bogactwo literatury social fiction wynika z wielu źródeł: utopistyki (zagadnień antyutopii i dystopii), dzieł postapokaliptycznych, futurologii czy tzw. historii alternatywnych. Dokonano także znacznego poszerzenia wolumenu dzieł z zakresu fantastyki socjologicznej, wychodząc poza znane powszechnie pozycje Jewgienija Zamiatina, Aldousa Huxleya, George’a Orwella czy też Janusza A. Zajdla i rozciągając ją na ukazujące się współcześnie powieści i komiksy czy też ekranizacje, zarówno filmowe, jak i serialowe. Dzięki zawartym w niniejszym studium analizom socjologowie mogą zastanowić się nad wykorzystaniem literackich antycypacji społecznych w dydaktyce – jako materiału porównawczego, a także stymulującego samą prognostykę socjologiczną

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    Selected determinants and directions of the new way of thinking in economic sciences

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    The text is devoted to new trends and changes emerging in the economic sciences, focused on growth, socio-economic development and income inequalities in the context of the idea of global rationality, understood as the ability to sustain the long-term existence of civilization on the entire planet. The thematic scope of this problem is broad; thus it is impossible to cover all its complexity in one study. Hence, attention is focused on selected aspects of the issues raised: on issues related to growth and development as well as economic inequalities, the economic foundations of growth, and the issue of substituting natural capital by human capital. A critical diagnosis and postulates for the future, with regard to measures of well-being in the context of the idea of sustainable development, are also considered as well as including the issue of sustainable development in development economics. The article ends with concluding remarks highlighting the thesis that economic growth should now be acceptable only when it does not excessively exploit natural capital and does contribute to deteriorating the quality of life. As for the methodological side of the text, it was created mainly through analysing the literature on the subject, but attention should be paid to the original nature of some predictions and recommendations, which were made as a result of the assumptions of the so-called diagnostic and prognostic analysis

    The fading flame of hope: the climatic and environmental emergency in the eyes of Polish pupils and students

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    The author’s motivation for undertaking this research was his own anxieties; anxieties arising from the global ecological and environmental emergency. The aim of my research was to determine young people’s awareness of the climate emergency and their agency (possible actions) related to remedying this phenomenon. In conducting the research, a mixed quantitative and qualitative strategy was used with an online survey, thus examining the opinions of the respondents. The text analyses the answers to questions eliciting opinions on the climate and environmental emergency (a term used in one of the European Parliament’s relevant resolutions), with particular regard to the possibility of stopping the aforementioned crisis. Respondents were primary and secondary pupils, and university students. Among the conclusions, the following should be singled out: 90.3% of respondents agree that we are dealing with an ecological and environmental emergency, but only 12.5% believe that we will stop the crisis, while 29.8% do not, and 57.7% do not know. Most importantly, the analysis of young people’s statements reveals the pessimistic nature of their opinions, revealing the fading hope of remedying the emergency. In combination with the literature review, this sends an alarming message about the need to act not only to deal with the crisis but also in the field of information addressed to all social groups. In summary, there is evident fear that predictions of disaster may turn out to be self-fulfilling prophecies (as defined by Robert K. Merton). The demonstrated ability of young people to influence politicians offers us a hope that we might prevent such a disaster. For such action to succeed, it needs to take place both inside and outside of schools and universities

    Holding company location: a Polish tax perspective

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    This paper aims to present the size and structure of passive income payments, such as dividends, interest, royalty payments, and fees for intangible services, made by companies domiciled in Poland belonging to a multinational enterprises (MNE) group. The authors formulate a hypothesis that tax jurisdictions offering extensive legal and tax incentives for holding structures, in particular concerning the tax treatment of dividends and other withholding tax payments, are the preferred location of holding companies. A review of the literature and legal sources precedes empirical research. The empirical analysis shows that passive income flows, including dividends, interest, royalties, and fees for intangible services, which constitute the dominant type of payments to holding companies, are directed from Poland primarily to countries with tax and regulatory solutions that are friendly to holding companies, including in particular the so-called intra-EU tax havens, namely Luxembourg, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Malta and Ireland. Real trade with these countries is neither significant nor proportional to the scale of passive income.This paper aims to present the size and structure of passive income payments, such as dividends, interest, royalty payments, and fees for intangible services, made by companies domiciled in Poland belonging to a multinational enterprises (MNE) group. The authors formulate a hypothesis that tax jurisdictions offering extensive legal and tax incentives for holding structures, in particular concerning the tax treatment of dividends and other withholding tax payments, are the preferred location of holding companies. A review of the literature and legal sources precedes empirical research. The empirical analysis shows that passive income flows, including dividends, interest, royalties, and fees for intangible services, which constitute the dominant type of payments to holding companies, are directed from Poland primarily to countries with tax and regulatory solutions that are friendly to holding companies, including in particular the so-called intra-EU tax havens, namely Luxembourg, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Malta and Ireland. Real trade with these countries is neither significant nor proportional to the scale of passive income

    Sustainability takes centre stage in public procurement

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    This article delineates how a shift in the priorities of EU laws can change public procurement’s current centre of gravity from its fixation on the lowest price to that of a more balanced consideration of different societal goals. There is an acknowledgement that public money can meaningfully contribute to support for social justice and the fight against climate change and environmental degradation. To this end, the present EU legal framework, together with more advanced experiences in Italy and in a few other EU Member States, are illustrated before an analysis of the many initiatives currently under consideration by the EU law makers as per the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Products Initiative. The article then highlights the need to reconsider the theory of public procurement law and practice as well as the current EU legislative framework for public procurement (and concessions).This article delineates how a shift in the priorities of EU laws can change public procurement’s current centre of gravity from its fixation on the lowest price to that of a more balanced consideration of different societal goals. There is an acknowledgement that public money can meaningfully contribute to support for social justice and the fight against climate change and environmental degradation. To this end, the present EU legal framework, together with more advanced experiences in Italy and in a few other EU Member States, are illustrated before an analysis of the many initiatives currently under consideration by the EU law makers as per the European Green Deal and the Sustainable Products Initiative. The article then highlights the need to reconsider the theory of public procurement law and practice as well as the current EU legislative framework for public procurement (and concessions)

    Bezgraniczny wzrost. Ramując na nowo relacje między ludźmi i roślinami

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    The text takes the form of a discussion with Magdalena Zamorska’s work entitled Attentiveness and care: feminist plant studies. The starting point is the postulate of the necessity of writing new narratives, so that we can perceive plants in a way that goes beyond treating them as half-alive, manipulable and passive creatures. Thus, the aim of the article is to develop this story in the form of two narratives: about man as a creative being who creates the proper conditions for the development of certain plants; and about the human order as fragile and prone to disturbances. The first story is based on the example of the ubiquitous and inevitable presence of plants in the city, the second one indicates that the practice of constantly fencing off the human-controlled sphere from natural spontaneity has its limitations and cannot be fully implemented. Both of these stories are proposed so as to look at human-plant relationships in a different way than the image of man as a destructive force hostile to life and biodiversity. Therefore, plants are presented as an integral and active part of social life. In the conclusion of the article, the normative idea of ‘getting overgrown’ is proposed, which postulates the necessity of adopting a flexible approach to the boundaries between humans and plants.Tekst ma formę dyskusji z pracą Magdaleny Zamorskiej zatytułowanej Z Uważnością i Troską. Feministyczne studia nad roślinami. Punktem wyjścia jest zaproponowany w nim postulat konieczności pisania nowych narracji, dzięki którym moglibyśmy postrzegać rośliny w sposób wykraczający poza traktowanie ich jako półżywnych, podatnych na manipulacje i pasywnych istot. Celem artykułu jest rozwinięcie tej opowieści w postaci dwóch narracji: o człowieku jako istocie kreatywnej, tworzącej dobre warunki dla rozwoju niektórych roślin; oraz o porządku ludzkim jako kruchym i podatnym na zaburzenie. Pierwsza z nich opisywana jest na przykładzie wszędobylskiej i nieuchronnej obecności roślin w mieście, druga wskazuje, że praktyki ciągłego odgradzania sfery kontrolowanej przez człowieka od samoistności przyrodniczej mają swoje ograniczenia i nie mogą być w pełni realizowane. Obie te historie zaproponowane są po to, aby spojrzeć na relacje ludzko-roślinne w inny sposób niż poprzez pryzmat obrazu człowieka jako destruktywnej siły wrogiej życiu i bioróżnorodności. Rośliny są dzięki temu ukazane jako nieodłączna i aktywna część życia społecznego. W podsumowaniu artykułu zaproponowano ideę  normatywną „dawania się zarastać”, która postuluje koniczność płynnego traktowania granic między tym, co ludzkie, a tym, co roślinne

    Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union: an empirical study

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    The purpose of the article is to indicate the need to popularize knowledge in Poland about the coordination of retirement pensions in the EU and to present good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected countries covered by the coordination regulation. The following research hypothesis has been presented: the level of Poles’ knowledge about the coordination of retirement pensions in the European Union is low. The author’s own research was carried out based on the quantitative CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) method. The research included a survey sample with a total of 1,000 respondents. The nationwide survey was carried out among the Polish working population. The author\u27s own research focuses precisely on the international aspect of pensions coordination. The research confirmed the low level of Poles\u27 knowledge about coordination. Poles do not know whether Polish workers migrating within the European labour market can benefit from EU regulations that make it easier to receive a pension and retirement benefits, or whether the social insurance contribution periods for work performed abroad count when determining the right to receive Polish retirement benefits. The article presents good practices for disseminating knowledge about coordination in selected EU countries – Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, as a basis for creating recommendations for Poland.Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na potrzebę popularyzacji wiedzy w Polsce na temat koordynacji emerytur w UE oraz przedstawienie dobrych praktyk upowszechniania wiedzy o koordynacji w wybranych państwach objętych rozporządzeniem koordynacyjnym. Postawiono następującą hipotezę badawczą: Poziom wiedzy Polacy na temat koordynacji emerytur w Unii Europejskiej jest niski. Badanie własne zrealizowano, wykorzystując ilościową metodę CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing). Badaniem została objęta próba badawcza licząca łącznie 1000 respondentów. Pomiar realizowany był wśród ogólnopolskiej populacji osób pracujących. Badania własne autorki koncentrują się na międzynarodowym aspekcie emerytur – koordynacji. Badanie pozwoliło na potwierdzenie niskiego poziomu wiedzy Polaków na temat koordynacji. Polacy nie wiedzą, czy polscy pracownicy migrujący wewnątrz europejskiego rynku pracy mogą korzystać z regulacji unijnych, które ułatwiają uzyskanie emerytury oraz czy okresy składowe z tytułu pracy wykonywanej za granicą liczą się przy ustalaniu prawa do polskiego świadczenia. W artykule przedstawiono również dobre praktyki popularyzacji wiedzy o koordynacji w wybranych państwach UE – Austrii, Belgii, Bułgarii, Dani, Finlandii, Hiszpanii, Irlandii, Niemczech, Szwajcarii i Wielkiej Brytanii, tworząc tym samym rekomendacje dla Polski

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