Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
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Wynagrodzenie opiekuna
Get PDFThe article aims to construct an optimal model of remuneration for legal guardians in Polish law. As a result of the analysis, the most favourable direction of interpretation of Article 162 of the Family and Guardianship Code is indicated. It is shown that the admissibility of awarding remuneration in a non-monetary form should be accepted, as well as the admissibility of the court indicating different sources of financing for the guardian’s remuneration in specific parts. It is proposed that this provision should be amended in order to increase its flexibility, by creating the possibility of granting the guardian a one-off remuneration during the relationship, including – several such remunerations for individual periods of time. It was also proposed to introduce a new time frame for the execution of a claim for remuneration and to correct the regulation excluding the guardian’s right to remuneration. The proposals are aimed at increasing the adequacy of the legal guardian’s remuneration to a dynamic situation, and appropriate remuneration is in the interest of both parties. It should be emphasized that the issue of the guardian\u27s remuneration has not been the subject of a separate study for over a decade, and the submitted recommendations are mostly innovative.Przedmiotem publikacji jest próba skonstruowania optymalnego modelu wynagradzania opiekuna za sprawowanie opieki w prawie polskim. W tym celu poddano szczegółowej analizie dogmatycznej treść art. 162 Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego, w wyniku której wskazano najkorzystniejszy pod względem skutków społecznych kierunek jego wykładni. Wykazano, że de lege lata należy przyjąć dopuszczalność przyznania wynagrodzenia w postaci niepieniężnej, a także dopuszczalność wskazania przez sąd różnych źródeł finansowania wynagrodzenia opiekuna w określonych częściach. De lege ferenda zaproponowano nowelizację tego przepisu zwiększającą jego elastyczność przez stworzenie możliwości przyznawania opiekunowi wynagrodzenia jednorazowego podczas trwania stosunku opieki, w tym kilku takich wynagrodzeń za poszczególne odcinki czasu. Zaproponowano również wprowadzenie innych niż dotychczas ram czasowych realizacji roszczenia o wynagrodzenie oraz korektę regulacji wyłączającej prawo opiekuna do wynagrodzenia. Zgłoszone propozycje zmierzają do zwiększenia stopnia adekwatności wynagrodzenia opiekuna do dynamicznej sytuacji, w której potrzeby pupila i nakład pracy opiekuna są zmienne, a należyte wynagrodzenie leży w interesie obu stron stosunku opieki. Należy podkreślić, że problematyka wynagrodzenia opiekuna nie była od ponad dekady przedmiotem odrębnego opracowania, a zgłoszone postulaty mają w większości charakter nowatorski
Strategiczne zamówienia publiczne jako instrument polityki rozwoju
Get PDFAs a result of the 2014 reform of the EU public procurement system, there has been a paradigm shift in public procurement law. The 2014 Directives underlined that public procurement plays a key role in implementing the EUROPA 2020 strategy, as one of the market-based instruments used to achieve smart, sustainable and inclusive growth while ensuring the most efficient use of public funds. Strategic public procurement, related to the implementation of the principle of sustainable development and the promotion of innovation, has been recognized as one of the basic elements of the investment environment and a strategic instrument in the economic policy toolkit of each Member State. As a consequence of the implementation of the 2014 directives,changes have been made to the Polish public procurement law. The Act of 11 September 2019 put more emphasis on the implementation of the Best Value for Money principle while simultaneously focusing on the principle of sustainable development. However, the mere regulation of public procurement law instruments is not sufficient to use the potential of strategic public procurement for the needs of development policy. This article suggests that a well-coordinated state policy should be taken into account in order to improve the efficiency of the procurement process. It also states that the adopting of behavioral economics tools and behavioral law & economic analysis, in order to develop appropriate practices on the public procurement market, might be crucial for correcting the dysfunctions of market mechanisms and achieving socioeconomic development goals.Na skutek reformy unijnego systemu zamówień publicznych z 2014 r. doszło do zmiany paradygmatu prawa zamówień publicznych. W dyrektywach z 2014 r. podkreślono, że zamówienia publiczne odgrywają kluczową rolę w realizacji strategii EUROPA 2020, ponieważ są jednym z instrumentów rynkowych wykorzystywanych w celu osiągnięcia inteligentnego, trwałego wzrostu gospodarczego, sprzyjającego włączeniu społecznemu, przy jednoczesnym zagwarantowaniu najbardziej efektywnego wykorzystania środków publicznych. Strategiczne zamówienia publiczne, związane z realizacją zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju oraz promowaniem innowacji, zostały uznane za jeden z podstawowych elementów środowiska inwestycyjnego i strategiczny instrument w zestawie narzędzi polityki gospodarczej każdego państwa członkowskiego. W konsekwencji przyjęcia dyrektyw z 2014 r. doszło do zmian w polskim prawie zamówień publicznych. Ustawa z 11 września 2019 r. położyła większy nacisk na realizację zasady Best Value for Money z jednoczesną realizacją zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju. Jednakże samo unormowanie instrumentów prawa zamówień publicznych nie jest wystarczające do wykorzystania potencjału strategicznych zamówień publicznych na potrzeby polityki rozwoju. Artykuł wskazuje, że potrzebna jest skoordynowana i przemyślana polityka państwa w tym zakresie, uwzględniająca podejście z wykorzystaniem ekonomii behawioralnej oraz behawioralnej ekonomicznej analizy prawa, aby wykształcić właściwe praktyki na rynku zamówień publicznych, pozwalające na korektę dysfunkcji mechanizmów rynkowych i osiągnięcie celów rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego
Theory or philosophy of law?
Get PDFThe article discusses the theory of law in terms of the extent to which it is part of jurisprudence, on the one hand, and a philosophical pursuit, on the other. The question is explored considering the historical development of the legal sciences and the situation of Polish theory of law in the latter half of the twentieth century. Also, the author relies on the analysis of selected theoreticallegal concepts, notably the so-called multiplane theory of law and the views thought of Zygmunt Ziembiński. The conclusions suggest that philosophy is inevitable in jurisprudence.The article discusses the theory of law in terms of the extent to which it is part of jurisprudence, on the one hand, and a philosophical pursuit, on the other. The question is explored considering the historical development of the legal sciences and the situation of Polish theory of law in the latter half of the twentieth century. Also, the author relies on the analysis of selected theoreticallegal concepts, notably the so-called multiplane theory of law and the views thought of Zygmunt Ziembiński. The conclusions suggest that philosophy is inevitable in jurisprudence
Values in Zygmunt Ziembiński’s theory of legal interpretation: sources
Get PDFThe early phase of Zygmunt Ziembiński’s theory of law interpretation was developed between the late 1950s and early 1970s. From the very outset, values would feature permanently in the theory as components of the axiological system of the legislator. Certain values, such as legal certainty and the correspondence between law and social life, became central to two interpretations: static and dynamic interpretation, respectively. Ziembiński was the first Polish legal theorist to define functional interpretation as a paradigm that invokes the legislator’s values. As he argued, two types of functional interpretation: analogia legis or extensive interpretation have their effect anchored in the adopted values, thus preventing cases which happen to be strongly justified axiologically by such values from being excluded from regulation. Values also enable identification of the norms-conclusions derived through analogia juris and argumentaa fortiori. By providing grounds for the postulation of the rule of law, values ultimately safeguard the legal system from abuse.The early phase of Zygmunt Ziembiński’s theory of law interpretation was developed between the late 1950s and early 1970s. From the very outset, values would feature permanently in the theory as components of the axiological system of the legislator. Certain values, such as legal certainty and the correspondence between law and social life, became central to two interpretations: static and dynamic interpretation, respectively. Ziembiński was the first Polish legal theorist to define functional interpretation as a paradigm that invokes the legislator’s values. As he argued, two types of functional interpretation: analogia legis or extensive interpretation have their effect anchored in the adopted values, thus preventing cases which happen to be strongly justified axiologically by such values from being excluded from regulation. Values also enable identification of the norms-conclusions derived through analogia juris and argumenta a fortiori. By providing grounds for the postulation of the rule of law, values ultimately safeguard the legal system from abuse
References to sex and gender differences in the social sciences: analysis of journal publication records (1971–2021)
Get PDFBased on the publication records of journal articles indexed in the Web of Science Social Sciences Citation Index, our analysis examines the underlying factors influencing the usage of ‘sex differences’ over ‘gender differences’ in Titles and Author Keywords. Our search query identified 16,362 articles published in 1971–2021 that use either of the phrases and have at least one of their Research Areas belonging to the Social Sciences. In concurrence with earlier research, we find a substantial shift towards using ‘gender’ in the 1980s. However, for records published after 1992, the Publication Year has a negligible aggregate impact on the likelihood of ‘gender’ over ‘sex’, although meaningful trend differences occur across subsets defined by article-level disciplinary associations. Using the available publication meta-data (Publication Year, Research Area, Publication Journal) as well as the results of topic modelling (LDA) on Titles and Abstracts, we implement multi-level regression modelling to demonstrate that the likelihood of referring to ‘gender’ rather than ‘sex’ is strongly influenced by article-level disciplinary associations and their topical classification. We find that Psychology articles, by far the most numerous, exhibit a lower propensity to use ‘gender’ than all the other Social Sciences, especially when collaborating with Life Sciences & Biomedicine
The golden algorithm and the Tower of Babel versus freedom and democracy: the answer to biodiversity
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Czy RRSO pozwala na wybór najlepszej (najtańszej) oferty kredytowej?
No full textThe article questions the informative value of the APRC (Annual Percentage Rate of Charge) – a loan cost indicator calculated in Poland for two decades. It has been implemented from EU legal regulations. The conducted research indicates that the APRC distorts the real cost of the loan borne by the debtor and does not allow the correct comparison of loan offers. Therefore, it is not a good tool for making optimal loan decisions. The APRC (based on the principles of financial mathematics) is always lower for loans whose repayment is more delayed, even though the total amount of costs actually incurred by the debtor is higher. This is the effect of taking into account the borrower’s lost benefit from hypothetically invested amounts of money saved on deferring loan repayment in the APRC value. This is due to the incorrect assumption in the construction of the APRC formula that a loan for a borrower is an investment, as well as the useof incompatible methods reserved for the investment to assess the cost of the loan.Artykuł podaje w wątpliwość wartość informacyjną RRSO (Rzeczywistej Rocznej Stopy Oprocentowania) – wyliczanego w Polsce już od dwóch dekad miernika kosztu kredytu, który zaimplementowano z unijnych regulacji. Przeprowadzone badania dowodzą, że RRSO zniekształca rzeczywisty koszt kredytu ponoszony przez dłużnika i nie pozwala prawidłowo porównywać ofert kredytowych. Nie jest więc dobrym narzędziem do podejmowania optymalnych decyzji kredytowych. RRSO (bazująca na zasadach matematyki finansowej) jest zawsze niższa dla kredytów, których spłata jest bardziej odsunięta w czasie, mimo że wówczas łączna kwota kosztów rzeczywiście ponoszonych przez dłużnika jest wyższa. To efekt uwzględniania w wartości RRSO utraconej przez kredytobiorcę korzyści z hipotetycznie inwestowanych kwot pieniędzy zaoszczędzonych na odraczaniu spłaty kredytu. Wynika to z przyjęcia błędnego założenia przy konstruowaniu formuły RRSO, że kredyt dla kredytobiorcy to inwestycja, i zastosowania do oceny kosztu kredytu nieprzystających metod zarezerwowanych dla świata inwestycji
Disqualification of en employee of a public administration authority in the European Union Member States
Get PDFOne of the rules contained in the Code of Good Administrative Behavior adopted in 2001 by the European Parliament is the principle of impartiality and independence (Article 8). The presence of this rule, despite its non-binding nature, prompted the author to examine – using the method of comparative law analysis – whether the EU Member States have regulated this issue in their legal systems – and if so, to what extent and how. The basic institution serving the implementation of this principle is the disqualification of an employee of the authority from participation in the proceedings in situations where their impartiality seems to be at risk. Not all EU countries explicitly provide for such an institution. Among the legal systems that contain it, only some regulate the entirety of issues related to it: the grounds for disqualification, the procedure for disqualification and the consequences of it, as well as the appealability of orders taken in this matter and the consequences of violating the provisions on disqualification. Regulations of individual issues differ in the degree of detail. This applies primarily to the reasons for the disqualification of an employee of the authority. The most important reason for the disqualification of employees (except when they or their spouse are a party to the proceedings) is the consanguinity or affinity between them and the party. However, the ranges of such ties resulting in automatic disqualification of an employee, adopted in EU member states, differ significantly. The second area of significant difference is the consequences of the potentially biased employee’s participation in the proceedings. The solutions adopted in this regard in legislation and jurisprudence depend on how the main purpose of the provisions concerning the disqualification of an employee is perceived: as strengthening the public’s trust in the executive, or as a fair settlement of the matter.One of the rules contained in the Code of Good Administrative Behavior adopted in 2001 by the European Parliament is the principle of impartiality and independence (Article 8). The presence of this rule, despite its non-binding nature, prompted the author to examine – using the method of comparative law analysis – whether the EU Member States have regulated this issue in their legal systems – and if so, to what extent and how. The basic institution serving the implementation of this principle is the disqualification of an employee of the authority from participation in the proceedings in situations where their impartiality seems to be at risk. Not all EU countries explicitly provide for such an institution. Among the legal systems that contain it, only some regulate the entirety of issues related to it: the grounds for disqualification, the procedure for disqualification and the consequences of it, as well as the appealability of orders taken in this matter and the consequences of violating the provisions on disqualification. Regulations of individual issues differ in the degree of detail. This applies primarily to the reasons for the disqualification of an employee of the authority. The most important reason for the disqualification of employees (except when they or their spouse are a party to the proceedings) is the consanguinity or affinity between them and the party. However, the ranges of such ties resulting in automatic disqualification of an employee, adopted in EU member states, differ significantly. The second area of significant difference is the consequences of the potentially biased employee’s participation in the proceedings. The solutions adopted in this regard in legislation and jurisprudence depend on how the main purpose of the provisions concerning the disqualification of an employee is perceived: as strengthening the public’s trust in the executive, or as a fair settlement of the matter
Environmental information disclosure: a cross-country analysis from European Union public companies
Get PDFOne of the contemporary challenges related to climate change and effectively managing raw materials is to reduce resource consumption and the negative environmental impact while simultaneously increasing the economy’s competitiveness. This requires that business entities change priorities and move to a sustainable relationship focused on ecological, economic and social well-being. Due to the transnational and global nature of the climate and the environment, actions in this area should be carried out at a supranational level. In European Union (EU) countries, successive directives are implemented regarding environmental changes and the taxonomy for non-financial reporting. This forces public companies, as large public interest units, to produce adequate quality data reporting in the ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) area, including the environmental (E) indicator and its components. The article’s purpose is to make a comparative assessment of the current situation and to consider the prospects for environmental data disclosure by public companies listed on the regulated markets of the EU, with particular emphasis on energy consumption, water, waste production, and CO2 emissions. The Refinitiv database was used to test the quality of the environmental indicators. Public companies listed on the leading stock markets in the 27 EU Member States were included. The research period covers 2012–2021. We focus on checking how many companies report environmental data in any given year, and those that present them for at least one year, or for three, five, or ten years. The findings support the clear advantage of the quality of environmental data disclosure in the ‘old’ EU Member States (which joined before 2004) compared to the ‘new’ EU Member States. However, reporting on key environmental issues (water and energy consumption, waste production, and carbon dioxide) is very incomplete