PTE Journals (University of Pécs)
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Baranya vármegye turisztikai kínálata az 1930-as években
Get PDFThe main question of the study is what opportunities for tourism appeared in the moderately developed Baranya County, of which one third had been annexed to the Kingdom of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia in 1920. The natural resources of the county were favourable. The Mecsek Mountains, the large rivers (Danube, Drava), the old historical sites and the spas have always attracted tourists. In this study, I present the developments that took place after the Great Depression in the 1930s, when the region was integrated into the system of national tourist organisations. In the mountain tourism industry, several villages experienced a growing number of visitors thanks to the development of paid hospitality, with mainly urban citizens visiting the accommodation facilities built in the forest environment. The Harkány medical spa saw a huge turnover, as did the Sikonda spa, which was built in 1928. The historical sites, especially Mohács, were very popular. Religious tourism also flourished – mostly the shrine at Máriagyűd stood out with its tens of thousands of visitors a year. The tourism developments in the 1930s significantly transformed the environment, increased employment, and raised real wages. However, this boom was ended by the Second World War.A tanulmány alapkérdése, hogy a közepesen fejlett Baranya megyében, amelynek egyharmadát 1920-ban a Szerb-Horvát-Szlovén Királysághoz csatolták, milyen lehetőségek nyíltak a turizmus számára. A megye természeti adottságai jók voltak. A Mecsek hegység, a nagy folyók (Duna, Dráva), a régi történelmi emlékhelyek és a gyógyfürdők mindig is vonzották a turistákat. A tanulmányban azt mutatom be, hogy a világgazdasági válság után, az 1930-as években, bekapcsolódva az országos turisztikai szervezetek rendszerébe, milyen fejlesztések történtek. A hegyvidéki turizmus ágazatában a fizetővendéglátás kiépülésével számos falu látogatottsága nőtt meg, főleg városi polgárok látogatták az erdei környezetben kiépült szálláshelyeket. Hatalmas forgalmat bonyolított le a harkányi gyógy- és strandfürdő, akárcsak az 1928-tól kiépített sikondai gyógyfürdő. Nagy látogatottság jellemezte a történelmi emlékhelyeket, főleg Mohácsot. Fellendült az egyházi turizmus is, ahol Máriagyűd kegyhely emelkedett ki a sorból az évi több tízezer fős látogatottságával. Az 1930-as években végbement turisztikai fejlesztések jelentősen átalakították a környezetet, növelték a foglalkoztatottságot és emelték a lakossági jövedelmeket. A fellendülésnek azonban a második világháború véget vetett. 
Vidék- és agroturisztikai fejlesztés Oroszországban: Eredmények és feladatok
Get PDFRural and agritourism is a new phenomenon in the Russian countryside. The first rural tourism initiatives took place more than two decades ago. Rural tourism contributes to the preservation of the rural way of life in Russia, to the revival of traditions and customs, to the increase of the cultural and social attractiveness of life in rural areas, as well as to the level of income of the rural population through the creation of additional jobs and the development of rural infrastructure. The period of the coronavirus pandemic has shown that this type of tourism is viable because of its small scale, its location outside cities, healthy food, and other specific features. Involving the local population in the reception of tourists develops the rural community and arouses interest in the protection and conservation of nature. Our paper describes the first two decades of rural and agritourism development and reflects on the policy support and governmental and regional policies that have been enacted in the last 5-6 years to accelerate this form of rural entrepreneurship and community involvement. We also look at the institutional background that underpins the development of rural and agritourism.A falusi és agroturizmus viszonylag új jelenség Oroszországban. Az első, ilyen irányú kezdeményezésekre mintegy két évtizede került sor. A falusi turizmus hozzájárul az oroszországi vidéki életforma megőrzéséhez, a hagyományok és szokások újjáéledéséhez, a vidéki élet kulturális és társadalmi vonzerejének növeléséhez, valamint a vidéki lakosság jövedelmi szintjének emelkedéséhez további munkahelyek teremtésének és a vidéki infrastruktúra fejlesztésének köszönhetően. A koronavírus-járvány időszaka megmutatta, hogy emberléptékűsége, városon kívüli elhelyezkedése, az egészséges élelmiszerek hozzáférhetősége és egyéb sajátosságai miatt ez a fajta turizmus életképes. A helyi lakosság bevonása a vendégfogadásba erősíti a vidéki közösségeket és felkelti az érdeklődést a természet védelme és megóvása iránt. Írásunk a falusi és agroturizmus fejlesztésének első két évtizedével ismertet meg és reflektál azokra a szakpolitikai támogatásokra, valamint az elmúlt 5-6 évben megvalósult kormányzati és regionális politikákra, amelyek a vidéki vállalkozói tevékenység és a közösségi szerepvállalás ezen formájának felgyorsítását célozták. Megvizsgáljuk a falusi és agroturizmus fejlődését megalapozó intézményi hátteret is
Kelet-európai menekültek a 11–13. századi Magyarországon
Get PDFContrary to the general belief about the Middle Ages, mobility within one’s country was part of everyday life. Fleeing from an attack from outside the border or a dynastic conflict was not a rare phenomenon either. Dynastic conflicts spurred the losing party to attempt to regain its former position. Fleeing was also accompanied by a request for help, which they could hope for from relatives or neighboring dynasties. Narrative sources of the time, which were created in connection with the ruler’s court, usually give news about such cases. We know much less about the refugees outside the dynasty. We obtain information about the elite of society, those who played a role in the affairs of the dynasty, in the secondary threads of the dynastic story. In the lower strata of society the protection of their lives and property led to fleeing. Compared to the events of the war, we hardly have any documentation on this. The survival of a small number of cases reported is accidental.Contrary to the general belief about the Middle Ages, mobility within one’s country was part of everyday life. Fleeing from an attack from outside the border or a dynastic conflict was not a rare phenomenon either. Dynastic conflicts spurred the losing party to attempt to regain its former position. Fleeing was also accompanied by a request for help, which they could hope for from relatives or neighboring dynasties. Narrative sources of the time, which were created in connection with the ruler’s court, usually give news about such cases. We know much less about the refugees outside the dynasty. We obtain information about the elite of society, those who played a role in the affairs of the dynasty, in the secondary threads of the dynastic story. In the lower strata of society the protection of their lives and property led to fleeing. Compared to the events of the war, we hardly have any documentation on this. The survival of a small number of cases reported is accidental
A kisebbségi emlékezet változásai a 20. századi Magyarországon a német kisebbség emlékműveinek példáján
Get PDFThe study examines the culture of remembrance and memory of the German minority in Hungary in the light of the memorials of two selected events — the First World War and the deportation to Soviet forced labour in 1944/1945. In both cases, the focus is on historical experiences that were not exclusively limited to members of the German minority. Therefore, the main question is, whether and if yes, how the memorials refl ect the participation of the minority in the events, whether and if yes, how they have developed representations and narratives that differ from those of the Hungarian majority. According to my hypothesis, while the commemoration of the First World War still largely aligned the memorial traces of the German minority with the majority society, the deprivation of their rights and the expulsion of 1945 caused a rupture between minority and majority that could no longer be left without refl ection on the level of communal memory. Therefore from this time the German minority developed its own narrative of the past, which is also reflected by the memorials.The study examines the culture of remembrance and memory of the German minority in Hungary in the light of the memorials of two selected events — the First World War and the deportation to Soviet forced labour in 1944/1945. In both cases, the focus is on historical experiences that were not exclusively limited to members of the German minority. Therefore, the main question is, whether and if yes, how the memorials refl ect the participation of the minority in the events, whether and if yes, how they have developed representations and narratives that differ from those of the Hungarian majority. According to my hypothesis, while the commemoration of the First World War still largely aligned the memorial traces of the German minority with the majority society, the deprivation of their rights and the expulsion of 1945 caused a rupture between minority and majority that could no longer be left without refl ection on the level of communal memory. Therefore from this time the German minority developed its own narrative of the past, which is also reflected by the memorials
A magyar királynék hatalma az anyagi kultúra tükrében – jegyzetek egy könyv margójára
Get PDFThe defi nition of queenship and queens’ power is a rather complex task, since it cannot be sharply separated from the interpretation and essence of royal power. The question of its characteristics is a serious challenge, since there are relatively few and rather heterogeneous sources and records available from the period in question, from 11th-14th century Hungary. From this perspective, this paper examines, in the context of a recently published book, how the study of material culture can help to defi ne queens’ powerThe defi nition of queenship and queens’ power is a rather complex task, since it cannot be sharply separated from the interpretation and essence of royal power. The question of its characteristics is a serious challenge, since there are relatively few and rather heterogeneous sources and records available from the period in question, from 11th-14th century Hungary. From this perspective, this paper examines, in the context of a recently published book, how the study of material culture can help to defi ne queens’ power
Félelem a Kelettől: Európa és a vallási motivációjú identitás-, másság- és idegenség-konstrukciók a középkorban és a kora újkorban
Get PDFThe allegorical presentation of one’s own country as an antemurale Christianitatis (“forewall of Christianity”) is a European phenomenon which can be found everywhere where Latin Christianity borders, or has bordered, other cultural regions, such as for instance Islamic or Orthodox ones. In Hungary, Poland and Croatia in particular, but also in the Mediterranean area, on the Iberian peninsula and in the Baltic states, concepts were developed from the Middle Ages onwards, which stylized these countries and societies as “forewalls/bulwarks of Christianity” – later secularized as “forewalls/bulwarks of Europe”. The emergence of this notion of frontier identities and their accompanying ideology was closely connected to the political and religious situation of the time. The presumed existence of an antemurale implies the existence of a murus, and of an area protected by it. This was believed to be inhabited by members of the Christian community. This western Respublica Christiana – subordinated to the secular power of the Emperor and the spiritual power of the Pope – bordered on heathen, Muslim and schismatic countries to the East. In order to gain a better understanding of the background of the bulwark topoi mentioned above and the accompanying discourses concerning the Western fear of the East in particular, it is essential to consider the ideological basis for these ideas, which were built upon frontier identities, alterity and alienity constructions, as well as on relations between the centre and the periphery.The allegorical presentation of one’s own country as an antemurale Christianitatis (“forewall of Christianity”) is a European phenomenon which can be found everywhere where Latin Christianity borders, or has bordered, other cultural regions, such as for instance Islamic or Orthodox ones. In Hungary, Poland and Croatia in particular, but also in the Mediterranean area, on the Iberian peninsula and in the Baltic states, concepts were developed from the Middle Ages onwards, which stylized these countries and societies as “forewalls/bulwarks of Christianity” – later secularized as “forewalls/bulwarks of Europe”. The emergence of this notion of frontier identities and their accompanying ideology was closely connected to the political and religious situation of the time. The presumed existence of an antemurale implies the existence of a murus, and of an area protected by it. This was believed to be inhabited by members of the Christian community. This western Respublica Christiana – subordinated to the secular power of the Emperor and the spiritual power of the Pope – bordered on heathen, Muslim and schismatic countries to the East. In order to gain a better understanding of the background of the bulwark topoi mentioned above and the accompanying discourses concerning the Western fear of the East in particular, it is essential to consider the ideological basis for these ideas, which were built upon frontier identities, alterity and alienity constructions, as well as on relations between the centre and the periphery
Szentgrót végvárváros a XVII. században
Get PDFSummary of the Doctoral DissertationDoktori értekezés tézise
Digitális bizalomépítés a B2B kapcsolatokban. Avagy: üzletember, küzdj és bízva bízzál!
No full textTHE AIMS OF THE PAPER
The aim of this study is to investigate the process and importance of digital trust building in B2B relationships, with a special focus on the role of online information acquisition. The research aimed at exploring how B2B companies can build trust with their business partners during online interactions and what factors play a key role in establishing and maintaining trust.
METHODOLOGY
Ten semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with company decision-makers who had recently been involved in a purchasing decision with another company that had been preceded by an online information search.
MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS
Indirect touchpoints like forums and reviews are pivotal for trust-building online. Website reliability, transparent information strategies, and digital security communication are key to increasing trust, alongside the transparency of pricing/contact details and website quality.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The research suggests that companies in the B2B sector should pay more attention to the quality and presentation of information content. A clear presentation of digital security and privacy, diversification of communication channels and the development of customer-oriented services are essential to adapt to the challenges of the digital age. Companies are recommended to promote word of mouth and testimonials, and to actively monitor and manage digital touchpoints, especially indirect touchpoints. To support the business decision-making process, data management and payment terms should be communicated in a transparent and accessible way.A TANULMÁNY CÉLJA
A tanulmány célja a digitális bizalomépítés folyamatának és jelentőségének vizsgálata a B2B kapcsolatokban, különös tekintettel az online információszerzés szerepére. A kutatás arra irányult, hogy feltárja, miként alakíthatnak ki a B2B vállalkozások bizalmat az üzleti partnereikkel online interakciók során, és milyen tényezők játszanak kulcsszerepet a bizalom kialakításában és fenntartásában.
ALKALMAZOTT MÓDSZERTAN
Tíz félig strukturált mélyinterjú készült olyan vállalati döntéshozókkal, akiknek a közelmúltban része volt olyan másik vállalattal kapcsolatos beszerzési döntésben, amelyet online információkeresés előzött meg. A mélyinterjúk mélyebb és árnyaltabb megértést adnak a B2B bizalom összetett jelenségéről.
LEGFONTOSABB EREDMÉNYEK
Az eredmények rávilágítottak, hogy a bizalom kialakításában az indirekt érintkezési pontok, mint például fórumok, blogok és partnerértékelések meghatározó szerepet töltenek be, különösen az online vállalkozások esetében. Az átlátható és következetes információs stratégia, a weboldalak és a hírlevelek megbízhatósága, valamint a digitális biztonsági intézkedések világos kommunikációja növelik a bizalom szintjét. A válaszadók kiemelték az árképzés és a kapcsolati adatok átláthatóságát, valamint a weboldalak esztétikai és tartalmi minőségét mint a bizalom erősítőit.
GYAKORLATI JAVASLATOK
A kutatás alapján javasolt, hogy a B2B-szektorban tevékenykedő vállalatok fokozott figyelmet fordítsanak az információs tartalom minőségére és megjelenítésére. A digitális biztonság és adatvédelem világos bemutatása, a kommunikációs csatornák diverzifikálása és az ügyfél-orientált szolgáltatások fejlesztése elengedhetetlen a digitális kor kihívásaihoz való alkalmazkodásban. A vállalatoknak ajánlott a szájreklám és az ajánlások előmozdítása, valamint a digitális érintkezési pontok – különösen az indirekt csatornák – aktív figyelemmel kísérése és kezelése. Az üzleti döntéshozatali folyamat támogatása érdekében átláthatóan és hozzáférhető módon kell kommunikálni az adatkezelési és fizetési feltételeket