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Érzékenységvizsgálat az Európai Unió Tanácsának döntéshozásában
No full textThe Council of the European Union is an important decision-making body in the European Union (EU) that negotiates, agrees, and adopts legislative acts, mostly together with the European Parliament. It is an intergovernmental institution, where each country is represented by a national minister whose voting weight is proportionate to the population of its country.
If the Council votes on a proposal by the European Commission or the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the proposal is adopted if it is supported:
(i) by member states representing at least 65% of the total EU population (population criterion); and (ii)by member states representing at least 55% of the EU member states (states criterion). Furthermore, any blocking minority must include at least four countries. Qualified majority is the most widely used voting method in the Council of the European Union; about 80% of all EU legislation is adopted with this procedure. Therefore, the above conditions of qualified majority, stipulated by Article 16 of the Treaty on European Union, have a powerful impact on the voting power of the member states.
The previous literature has extensively studied the effects of Brexit, as well as other possible entries and exits. On the other hand, it has never been examined thoroughly how the power distribution changes if the qualified majority rules are modified. Our paper aims to address this research gap.
Besides the academic community, the issue can be interesting for policy-makers and political scientists. For example, the French and German governments have recently convened a ``working group on EU institutional reforms\u27\u27, which has submitted a report entitled ``Sailing on High Seas: Reforming and Enlarging the EU for the 21st Century\u27\u27 in September 2023. This includes an adjustment of the two qualified majority thresholds to 60-60%, however, the impact of the reform with respect to the voting power of the member states has not been examined.
Our sensitivity analysis is based on the Shapley--Shubik index, one of the most widely used measures of voting power in weighted voting games. The population criterion is analysed between 51% and 80% since 51% is a natural lower bound and the population weight of the largest member state, Germany, is 18.59%. The number of supporting member states is assumed to be between 11 (40.7% of the 27 EU countries) and 20 (74.1%). A lower threshold would be harmful for the small countries, and a higher threshold would make it challenging to adopt any proposal.
The populations of the countries are updated every year; the weights in our analysis come from the Council Decision (EU, Euratom) 2022/2518 of 13 December 2022 amending the Council\u27s Rules of Procedure. The Shapley--Shubik indices are computed with the python package powerindices of Frank Huettner. They are exact values, not approximations by simulations, but the blocking minority rule is ignored as it affects only 21 coalitions.
The decision ability of the European Union is measured by the proportion of winning coalitions. The inequality of voting powers is quantified by the normalised Herfindahl--Hirschman index.
The main results can be summarised as follows:
(i) Currently, 13.2% of all possible coalitions is able to accept a proposal. The decision ability is guaranteed to decrease if the population criterion is at least 69% or the states criterion is at least 17.
(ii) The proportion of winning coalitions can be increased only by lowering the states threshold if the relative power of large countries is not allowed to decrease.
(iii) The recently suggested reform with 60-60% thresholds strongly favours small countries as the normalised Herfindahl--Hirschman index would drop below one-third of its current value, and it also reduces the decision-making probability to 8.4%.
(iv) The voting power of Hungary cannot be substantially lower than its population share of 2.17% under any pair of thresholds. However, it cannot be higher than 3% if the states criterion remains at 15, and will be lower than 3.5% even if the states criterion becomes higher.
Our findings are essential to assess any proposal for reforming the qualified majority voting system in the Council of the European Union.Az Európai Unió Tanácsa (korábban Miniszterek Tanácsa) az Unió egyik fő döntéshozó szervezete, amelyben minden országot egyetlen fő képvisel, akinek szavazási súlya az adott ország népességével arányos. A döntések meghozatalához számos szavazás során minősített többség szükséges, amely megfelelő számú és összlakosságú tagállam támogatását jelenti. A korlátokat és súlyokat az Unió bővülésével gyakran újratárgyalták, ugyanakkor Nagy-Britannia kilépésével nem módosultak. Kutatásunkban az egyik legelterjedtebb hatalmi index, a Shapley--Shubik index segítségével elemezzük, hogy a két korlát változtatása hogyan befolyásolná az erőviszonyokat. Vizsgáljuk az Európai Unió döntésképességét és a tagállamok befolyásának egyenlőtlenségét is. Eredményeink szerint Magyarország szavazati ereje alig csökkenthető az összlakosságból való 2,17%-os részesedése alá. Ugyanakkor 15 tagállam egyetértésének megkövetelésével nem lehet magasabb 3%-nál, és kisebb tagállamkvóta esetén sem emelkedhet 3,5% fölé
Középértékek a gyakorlatban
No full textMean values are among the most frequently used statistical indicators/methods. The textbooks also discuss them in a fairly similar way and structure. In this article, we undertake to briefly summarize what we mean by mean value, within which we mainly deal with averages. We will review what types there are, and what are the properties of mean values/averages based on the literature (mainly economic Hungarian higher education curricula and Statistical Review articles). On the other hand, we expand the discourse on averages with some novel aspects, mainly in connection with the types of averages, their practical use, and the generalizations and variations of the most commonly used arithmetic average.First, we briefly describe the situational mean values, the limitations and advantages of their use, and the problems that arise in practice. After that, we move on to the characterization of the averages (calculated mean values). We show that, in theory, averages can be generalized in several ways, but in practice, in addition to the arithmetic average, other averages are only used in special cases. Especially in the case of using the harmonic mean, the priority of the aspect of practical application over theoretical systematization appears, and we give several examples of this. We take a closer look at the properties of the most commonly used arithmetic mean. We have presented a rarely used, but useful from a practical point of view, the so-called perceived average, as well as its relation to the traditional arithmetic average. In the last part of the article, we use an example to illustrate the possibilities of calculating the mean values, the relationship between the mean values, and the problems that may arise.Időről időre (főleg a gyakorlati alkalmazásokból leszűrhető tapasztalatok alapján) érdemes áttekinteni még az egyszerűbb statisztikai módszerek elvi alapjait, gyakorlati alkalmazhatóságát is. Ebben a leírásban ezt tesszük a középértékek esetében. A középértékek a leggyakrabban használt statisztikai mutatók/módszerek közé tartoznak. A tankönyvek is eléggé hasonló módon, szerkezetben tárgyalják őket. Ebben a cikkben arra vállalkozunk, hogy röviden összefoglaljuk, mit is értünk középértéken, ezen belül főleg az átlagokkal foglalkozunk. Áttekintjük, milyen fajtái vannak, melyek a középértékek/átlagok tulajdonságai a szakirodalom (pl. a gazdasági jellegű magyar felsőoktatás tananyagai, illetve Statisztikai Szemle cikkek) alapján. Másrészt néhány újszerű szemponttal bővítjük az átlagokról szóló diskurzust, főleg az átlagok fajtái, azok gyakorlati használata, valamint a leggyakrabban használt számtani átlag általánosításai, variációi kapcsán
Nők atipikus pályákon -- munkaerőpiaci vizsgálat Közép-Kelet-Európa országaiban
No full textIn our study, we examine atypical forms of employment as a potential incentive for women\u27s labour market participation. Our research question aims to identify the specific personal characteristics of women who participate in atypical forms of employment in the labour market instead of remaining inactive. We use the Eurostat Labour Force Survey microdata for 10 Central and Eastern European countries, analysing 54,000 female respondents aged 18-64 from a total sample of approximately 220,000. We identify those employed in temporary or part-time jobs as atypical workers. After detailed variable transformation and preparation, our multivariate logit model reveals that women with higher education levels and those living in larger cities are more likely to be in atypical employment. In terms of age, this is more prevalent among women in their early middle age, particularly those aged 40-49, compared to being inactive or in stay-at-home status. We also identified household composition, the presence of one\u27s own children, and the age of the youngest child as significant factors. For these latter factors, we found that the more adults and active workers there are in a household, the lower the occurrence of atypical employment. Women are most likely to work in atypical forms when they have their own children, and the youngest child is between 4 and 14 years old.Tanulmányunkban az atipikus munkavégzési formákkal mint a nők munkavállalási hajlandóságának potenciális ösztönzőjével foglalkozunk. Kutatási kérdésünkkel arra keressük a választ, hogy milyen specifikus személyes jellemzői azonosíthatók azon nőknek, akik atipikus munkavégzési formákban vannak jelen a munkaerőpiacon az inaktivitás helyett. Az Eurostat munkaerőpiaci mikróadatbázisát (Labour Force Survey) használjuk 10 közép-kelet-európai országra, és a mintegy 220 ezer fős teljes minta 54 ezer fő 18--64 év közötti női válaszadóját vizsgáljuk. Atipikus munkavégzőként azonosítjuk az átmeneti, valamint a részmunkaidőben foglalkoztatottakat. Részletes változótranszformációs előkészítés után többváltozós logit modellünk alapján arra jutottunk, hogy a magasabb végzettségű, nagyobb városokban élő nőket nagyobb arányban jellemzi az atipikus foglalkoztatás, életkor tekintetében pedig a középkoruk elején járó 40--49 éveseknél fordul elő inkább az inaktív, háztartásbeli léttel szemben. Szintén szignifikáns faktorként azonosítottuk a háztartásban élők összetételét, valamint a saját gyermek meglétét, és a legfiatalabb gyermek életkorát. Ez utóbbi faktoroknál azt találtuk, hogy minél több felnőtt és aktív munkavállaló él egy háztartásban, annál kisebb az atipikus foglalkoztatási forma előfordulása, valamint akkor dolgoznak a nők leggyakrabban atipikus formában, ha van saját gyerekük, és azok közül a legfiatalabb életkora 4 és 14 év között van
Sir Henry Sumner Maine et les systemes juridiques traditionnels
Get PDFThe birth of comparative law in England is strongly linked with the Ancient Law, its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas, of Sir Henry Sumner Maine published in 1861. Maine is the first in England to be endowed ‘ad personam’ with the Chair of Comparative Law in Oxford in order to teach legal history and comparative (foreign) law. It is undoubtedly the Roman law that stood in the focus of interest of Sir Henry Sumner Maine serving as basis to carry out comparative legal studies. That approach is in particular manifested in Ancient Law as Maine attributes significance to the various institutions of Roman law. The author draws in particular a comparison between Maine and Bachofen as far as their approach relating to the basis of foreign law related research is concerned. The role that Roman law (ius Romanum), i.e. Civil law (ius civile), played in the development of English law during the centuries is also underlined in this paper, and in its last part, the author emphasizes the contemporary significance of Ancient Law and traditional legal systems for the foreign law related research on the basis of the works of Maine.The birth of comparative law in England is strongly linked with the Ancient Law, its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas, of Sir Henry Sumner Maine published in 1861. Maine is the first in England to be endowed ‘ad personam’ with the Chair of Comparative Law in Oxford in order to teach legal history and comparative (foreign) law. It is undoubtedly the Roman law that stood in the focus of interest of Sir Henry Sumner Maine serving as basis to carry out comparative legal studies. That approach is in particular manifested in Ancient Law as Maine attributes significance to the various institutions of Roman law. The author draws in particular a comparison between Maine and Bachofen as far as their approach relating to the basis of foreign law related research is concerned. The role that Roman law (ius Romanum), i.e. Civil law (ius civile), played in the development of English law during the centuries is also underlined in this paper, and in its last part, the author emphasizes the contemporary significance of Ancient Law and traditional legal systems for the foreign law related research on the basis of the works of Maine.The birth of comparative law in England is strongly linked with the Ancient Law, its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas, of Sir Henry Sumner Maine published in 1861. Maine is the first in England to be endowed ‘ad personam’ with the Chair of Comparative Law in Oxford in order to teach legal history and comparative (foreign) law. It is undoubtedly the Roman law that stood in the focus of interest of Sir Henry Sumner Maine serving as basis to carry out comparative legal studies. That approach is in particular manifested in Ancient Law as Maine attributes significance to the various institutions of Roman law. The author draws in particular a comparison between Maine and Bachofen as far as their approach relating to the basis of foreign law related research is concerned. The role that Roman law (ius Romanum), i.e. Civil law (ius civile), played in the development of English law during the centuries is also underlined in this paper, and in its last part, the author emphasizes the contemporary significance of Ancient Law and traditional legal systems for the foreign law related research on the basis of the works of Maine
Az igazságosság mint indok a Kúria 21. századi magánjogi gyakorlatában
Get PDFAfter a brief overview of the ancient and medieval history of the notion of justice in philosophy, and some anthropological remarks, the paper examines the precedent decisions of the supreme judicial forum of Hungary (Kúria) delivered over the past 10 years in the field of private law with respect to whether the legal reasoning of the judgments contain a manifest reference to the notions of “just” or “justice”. As a result of this research, we find that the judgments, without any further reference, and apart from the modern notions of substantive and procedural justice, are based mainly on the concepts of corrective (rectificatory) justice and on that of distributive justice as well, as if by instinct following the teachings of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas.After a brief overview of the ancient and medieval history of the notion of justice in philosophy, and some anthropological remarks, the paper examines the precedent decisions of the supreme judicial forum of Hungary (Kúria) delivered over the past 10 years in the field of private law with respect to whether the legal reasoning of the judgments contain a manifest reference to the notions of “just” or “justice”. As a result of this research, we find that the judgments, without any further reference, and apart from the modern notions of substantive and procedural justice, are based mainly on the concepts of corrective (rectificatory) justice and on that of distributive justice as well, as if by instinct following the teachings of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas.After a brief overview of the ancient and medieval history of the notion of justice in philosophy, and some anthropological remarks, the paper examines the precedent decisions of the supreme judicial forum of Hungary (Kúria) delivered over the past 10 years in the field of private law with respect to whether the legal reasoning of the judgments contain a manifest reference to the notions of “just” or “justice”. As a result of this research, we find that the judgments, without any further reference, and apart from the modern notions of substantive and procedural justice, are based mainly on the concepts of corrective (rectificatory) justice and on that of distributive justice as well, as if by instinct following the teachings of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas
„Civilis, non tyrannica dominatio” (Tert. Apol. 2.14.) : Miért nem álltak ellen a keresztények a római hatalom üldözéseinek?
Get PDFIn the first three centuries of the existence of Christianity, it was exposed to sporadic and then increasingly organized persecution by the authorities of the Roman Empire. All of the Christian apologists emphasized the illegality of these persecutions. Tertullian, the jurist, who worked under Septimius Severus, emphasized that the Roman Empire is a state of law, not a tyrannical rule, and this law did not allow the execution of innocents. Although the number of Christians continued to grow despite the persecutions – in Carthage, for example, at the end of the 3rd century, one in ten inhabitants of the city declared themselves to be Christians – it seems that they resigned themselves to the constant oppression. In the Apologeticum, Tertullian lists three possible forms of resistance: internal disruption, open armed rebellion, or mass emigration, but he considers them both unjust and impracticable. According to him, the persecutions were approved by God in order to purify his Church. At the same time, there is also an eschatological reason why they did not stand against the tyrannical oppression: some Christian theologians interpreted the statement in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 about the “one who now holds it back” (niv) or “he who now restrains it” (esv), viz. who prevents the appearance of the Antichrist as being the Roman Empire or the emperor itself. If the current emperor falls, the Empire itself will collapse, and the “ten kings” will come, who will be the direct forerunners of the Antichrist. This is why Christians honour the emperors and they do not oppose them by force even if they are sent to death by the imperial authorities.In the first three centuries of the existence of Christianity, it was exposed to sporadic and then increasingly organized persecution by the authorities of the Roman Empire. All of the Christian apologists emphasized the illegality of these persecutions. Tertullian, the jurist, who worked under Septimius Severus, emphasized that the Roman Empire is a state of law, not a tyrannical rule, and this law did not allow the execution of innocents. Although the number of Christians continued to grow despite the persecutions – in Carthage, for example, at the end of the 3rd century, one in ten inhabitants of the city declared themselves to be Christians – it seems that they resigned themselves to the constant oppression. In the Apologeticum, Tertullian lists three possible forms of resistance: internal disruption, open armed rebellion, or mass emigration, but he considers them both unjust and impracticable. According to him, the persecutions were approved by God in order to purify his Church. At the same time, there is also an eschatological reason why they did not stand against the tyrannical oppression: some Christian theologians interpreted the statement in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 about the “one who now holds it back” (niv) or “he who now restrains it” (esv), viz. who prevents the appearance of the Antichrist as being the Roman Empire or the emperor itself. If the current emperor falls, the Empire itself will collapse, and the “ten kings” will come, who will be the direct forerunners of the Antichrist. This is why Christians honour the emperors and they do not oppose them by force even if they are sent to death by the imperial authorities.In the first three centuries of the existence of Christianity, it was exposed to sporadic and then increasingly organized persecution by the authorities of the Roman Empire. All of the Christian apologists emphasized the illegality of these persecutions. Tertullian, the jurist, who worked under Septimius Severus, emphasized that the Roman Empire is a state of law, not a tyrannical rule, and this law did not allow the execution of innocents. Although the number of Christians continued to grow despite the persecutions – in Carthage, for example, at the end of the 3rd century, one in ten inhabitants of the city declared themselves to be Christians – it seems that they resigned themselves to the constant oppression. In the Apologeticum, Tertullian lists three possible forms of resistance: internal disruption, open armed rebellion, or mass emigration, but he considers them both unjust and impracticable. According to him, the persecutions were approved by God in order to purify his Church. At the same time, there is also an eschatological reason why they did not stand against the tyrannical oppression: some Christian theologians interpreted the statement in 2 Thessalonians 2:7 about the “one who now holds it back” (niv) or “he who now restrains it” (esv), viz. who prevents the appearance of the Antichrist as being the Roman Empire or the emperor itself. If the current emperor falls, the Empire itself will collapse, and the “ten kings” will come, who will be the direct forerunners of the Antichrist. This is why Christians honour the emperors and they do not oppose them by force even if they are sent to death by the imperial authorities
Comments on Dante’s Conception of Value
Get PDFDante Alighieri (1265–1321) is arguably one of the greatest figures in Western culture. A separate discipline, Dantist Studies, is concerned with exploring the different layers of his art. Without wishing to place myself among the scholars of this discipline, I would like to offer a few thoughts, mainly of an ethical nature, on the relationship of Dante’s works to the Renaissance.Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) is arguably one of the greatest figures in Western culture. A separate discipline, Dantist Studies, is concerned with exploring the different layers of his art. Without wishing to place myself among the scholars of this discipline, I would like to offer a few thoughts, mainly of an ethical nature, on the relationship of Dante’s works to the Renaissance.Dante Alighieri (1265–1321) is arguably one of the greatest figures in Western culture. A separate discipline, Dantist Studies, is concerned with exploring the different layers of his art. Without wishing to place myself among the scholars of this discipline, I would like to offer a few thoughts, mainly of an ethical nature, on the relationship of Dante’s works to the Renaissance
Az Erzsébet Tudományegyetem történetének írott forrásai
Get PDFThe records of the Elisabeth University\u27s stay in Bratislava, then in Budapest and later in Pécs, are the primary sources of the history of the institution. They can also be effectively used by many other researchers in the fields of political, social, intellectual and educational history. The documents are not only important as relics but they also play an important role in shaping the identity of the university. Many of these documents are kept and can be researched in the University Archives of the University of Pécs.
Among the principal documents of the university as an institution, there are the minutes of the governing body: they are not only the most important repositories of organisational changes, infrastructure and personnel decisions, but also of the major university policy decisions. The records of the central administration, the faculties, the Quaestura, the clinics, the library and other units are a rich source of everyday university life. The richness of the student records makes them an important basis for social history research.
The private papers, mostly bequests of professors, are a significant source of academic contacts and public life. The small prints (invitations, posters, etc.) represent academic and scientific life.
The memoirs, interviews and works of fiction - although they can be used with strong source criticism - cover countless processes or events that cannot be found elsewhere, and their presentation gives even the non-specialist a vivid picture of this period of higher education.
Several journals and publication series were linked to the University of Pécs, and they provided an insight into the academic work of the individual faculties. At that time, the journals tended to be centred around an important teacher. Minerva was edited by Tivadar Thienemann, Pannónia by Jenő Koltay-Kastner and later József Halasy-Nagy, Műhely (Workshop) by János Koszó and Kisebbségi Körlevél (Minority Newsletter) by Ferenc Faluhelyi. Students published their academic work in the Specimina dissertation series, and their writings on student life were published in various student magazines.Az Erzsébet Tudományegyetem pozsonyi, átmeneti budapesti majd pécsi tartózkodásának iratai az egyetem történetének elsődleges forrásai, de ezen túlmenően több politika-, társadalom-, oktatás- vagy mentalitástörténeti kutatás használhatja eredményesen azokat. Az iratoknak önmagukban tárgyi emlékekként is fontos szerepük van az egyetem identitásának kialakításában. E dokumentumok nagy része a PTE Egyetemi Levéltárában található és kutatható.
Az egyetem mint intézmény iratai közül a legfontosabbak az egyik legfontosabbak a vezetőtestületi jegyzőkönyvek: nem csak a szervezeti változások, az infrastrukturális és személyi döntések, de a leglényegesebb egyetempolitikai döntések legfontosabb tárai. A központi igazgatás, a karok, a Quaestura, a klinikák, a könyvtár és az egyéb egységek iratai mindennapi egyetemi élet részletgazdag forrásai. A hallgatói nyilvántartások adatgazdagságuk miatt a társadalomtörténeti kutatások fontos bázisai.
A magániratok legnagyobbrészt professzorok irathagyatékai, melyek a tudományos kapcsolatok és közélet fontos forrásai. Az aprónyomtatványok meghívók, plakátok, stb.) az egyetemi és tudományos életet reprezentálják.
A visszaemlékezések, interjúk és szépirodalmi művek – bár erősebb forráskritikával lehet alkalmazni azokat – számtalan olyan folyamatra térnek ki vagy olyan történéseket mesélnek el, melyek máshonnan nem megismerhetők, előadásmódjuk pedig a nem szakember számára is plasztikus képet fest a felsőoktatásnak erről az időszakáról.
Az egyetem pécsi működéséhez több folyóirat és kiadványsorozat is kötődött, amelyek az egyes karokon folyó tudományos munkába engednek bepillantást. A folyóiratok ekkoriban egy-egy jelentősebb tanárszemélyiség köré szerveződtek: a Minerva Thienemann Tivadar, a Pannónia Koltay-Kastner Jenő, később Halasy-Nagy József, a Műhely Koszó János, a Kisebbségi Körlevél Faluhelyi Ferenc szerkesztésében jelent meg. A hallgatók a Specimina elnevezésű disszertáció-sorozatban adták közre tudományos dolgozataikat, a hallgatói élettel kapcsolatos írásaikat pedig a különféle diáklapokban publikálták
Latin American territorial disputes and China’s growing influence: Economic power and geopolitical implications in the 21st century
Get PDFLatin American countries managed to avoid major wars after their liberation from the colonial system. At the same time, smaller, local wars and territorial conflicts have affected the region, often creating a tense interstate atmosphere and delineating areas of geographically disputed affiliation. In the 21st century, the controversial territorial disputes of the 19th and 20th centuries continue to shape the re-gional dynamics of interstate relations. Among the numerous examples, this paper examines the land disputes between Chile and Bolivia (Atacama, Anto-fagasta), Argentina and the United Kingdom (Las Malvinas or Falkland Islands), Brazil and Uruguay (El Rincón de Artigas, Ilha Brasileira, Masoller), Costa Rica and Nicaragua (Isla Calero), Guayana and Ven-ezuela (Essequibo), Guatemala and Belize (Cayo, Belize, Stann Creek and the Toledo Territories). It explores the history and origins of these interstate conflicts, describes possible solutions, including measures taken to date to resolve them, and argues that existing problems with colonial roots are being exacerbated by the race for resources and global markets, with a particular focus on China’s role in regional geopolitical realities. The analysis con-cludes that these disputes are unlikely to be re-solved in the near future, despite the policies and efforts already undertaken
Parry, Kyle. A Theory of Assembly: From Museums to Memes. Routledge, 2023. 331 pp. ISBN 978-1-5179-1315-1
Get PDFAs it is often discussed in cultural theory and philosophy, the link between the “whole” and its constituents is more convoluted and abstract than it seems. Sometimes it cannot even be determined what the smallest unit of a system or structure is, or how the interplay between the elements of the whole affects what we call its meaning. The issue becomes infinitely more complicated as one moves from, for example, the meaning of individual utterances to that of complex structures made of a great many signifiers—such as images—where the question “what does it mean” seems to require a leap of faith across an infinite chasm. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari were thinkers who leapt over many similar conceptual fissures; they often connected unexpected constituents to change the way the whole is viewed. “Assemblage,” “rhizome,” and “deterritorialization” are among their key words used to denote surprising connections between seemingly incompatible elements. As such, they enjoy widespread usage among researchers who wish not just to show what something is made of, but also how revisiting the connection between its elements can change how the whole is perceived. In A Theory of Assembly: From Museums to Memes, Kyle Parry sets out to argue in a broadly Deleuzian fashion that there is an organizing force between “plywood and keywords to epoxy, pixels, and people” which makes up art, exhibitions, memes, and even whole communities (47)